微生物酶和小牛皱胃酶凝乳特性的研究

以黑白花奶牛的新鲜奶为原料,研究了微生物酶和小牛皱胃酶的最适作用温度、热稳定性、酸度影响、pH稳定性、金属离子及有机溶剂的影响.结果表明微生物酶和小牛皱胃酶的最适作用温度分别为65℃和60℃;两种酶在温度分别低于50℃和45℃时,热稳定性较好;二者的活力随酸度增加而上升,并且在pH值为4时其稳定性最好;Ca2+、Fe2+是两种酶的激活剂,Cu2+是二者的抑制剂,Na+、Mg2+对二者无显著影响;丙酮有一定的促凝乳作用.     

羔羊皱胃酶和微生物凝乳酶部分特性的探讨

探讨了温度、pH值及金属离子(Ca2+、Al3+、Cu2+、Zn2+)等因素对羔羊凝乳酶和微生物凝乳酶凝乳活性的影响。结果表明:羔羊凝乳酶和微生物凝乳酶的最适作用温度分别为70℃和45℃;两种酶在温度分别低于60℃和50℃时,热稳定性较好;二者的最适凝乳pH值均为5,其活性随底物pH增加而下降;Ca2+、Al3+是两种酶的激活剂,Cu2+、Zn2+都是它们的抑制剂。     

羔羊皱胃酶和微生物凝乳酶部分特性的探讨

探讨了温度、pH值及金属离子(Ca2+、Al3+、Cu2+、Zn2+)等因素对羔羊凝乳酶和微生物凝乳酶凝乳活性的影响.结果表明:羔羊凝乳酶和微生物凝乳酶的最适作用温度分别为70℃和45℃;两种酶在温度分别低于60℃和50℃时,热稳定性较好;二者的最适凝乳pH值均为5,其活性随底物pH增加而下降;Ca2+、Al3+是两种酶的激活剂,Cu2+、Zn2+都是它们的抑制剂.     

纤维素酶的酶学性质研究

本试验采用DNS法对一种微生物产纤维素酶的酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明:酶作用的最适温度和pH值分别为37℃和5.5。该酶是一种耐热酶,在有底物保护条件下,酶的热稳定性可大幅度提高。酶的pH稳定性范围为5.0～7.0。金属离子Ba2 、K 对酶都有激活作用,Cu2 、Ca2 、Fe3 、Mn2 、Zn2 、Fe2 对酶起抑制作用。该酶对纤维素类底物具有较强的分解作用,对茶叶多糖分解能力较弱。     

β-葡聚糖酶的酶学性质研究

本试验采用DNS法对某种微生物产β-葡聚糖酶的酶学性质进行研究。结果表明:酶作用的最适温度和pH值分别为37℃和6.5。该酶是一种耐热酶,在有底物保护条件下,酶的热稳定性可有一定幅度的提高,酶的pH稳定性范围为3.5～6.0。金属离子Cu~(2+)、K~+对酶有激活作用,Ca~(2+)、Ba~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Zn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)对酶起抑制作用。该酶对纤维素类底物有较强的分解作用,但对滤纸的分解能力相对较弱。     

不同纤维素酶的酶学性质比较研究

在pH4.8,温度40℃的条件下,测定不同纤维素酶A、B和C的CMCase活力和FPase活力,其中A、B和C的CMCase活力分别为30.088、25.541和3.542u/g,FPase活力分别为6.558、6.703和1.513u/g。同时比较了3种纤维素酶的最适pH、温度及热稳定性,结果表明,酶A、B和C的CMCase最适pH相同,均为4.8;酶A和B的FPase最适pH也相同,为4.8;而酶C为5.4。酶A、B和C的CMCase最适温度均为50℃;酶A和B的FPase最适温度为50℃,而酶C为60℃。热稳定性酶C最好。     

干酪凝乳酶代用品研究

针对干酪凝乳酶供应短缺，为寻找凝乳酶的最适代用品，采用L16（4^5）正交实验设计，研究加入不同水平的小牛皱胃酶、乳猪胃酶、育肥猪胃酶对干酪生产的影响，结果表明：乳猪胃酶能以50－66．7％的比例替代小牛皱胃酶，育肥猪胃酶不能用来替代。三种凝乳酶对干酪特性好坏影响的排序是小牛皱胃酶＞乳猪胃酶＞育肥猪胃酶。     

瘤胃微生物植酸酶的分类与酶学性质研究进展

反刍动物能很大程度上依靠瘤胃微生物来消化利用饲料中的植酸盐,但目前国内有关瘤胃微生物植酸酶的研究报道较少.本文对瘤胃微生物植酸酶的主要来源和活性进行了综述分析,发现主要有5种瘤胃细菌能分泌植酸酶,其中,反刍兽新月形单胞菌(Selenomonas ruminantium)分泌的植酸酶活性最高(199.1～703.6 U·mL-1)；根据酶促反应的最适pH和催化机理,可将瘤胃微生物植酸酶分别归类为酸性植酸酶和半胱氨酸磷酸酶植酸酶；根据植酸酶水解植酸时的立体专一性,发现瘤胃微生物植酸酶中可能同时存在3-植酸酶和5-植酸酶2类植酸酶.最后本文论述了瘤胃微生物植酸酶酶促反应动力学特性,发现反刍兽新月形单胞菌植酸酶的最适pH为4.0～5.5、最适温度为50～55℃、对植酸和ATP表现出较强的活性；埃氏巨形球菌植酸酶的最适pH为5,0、最适温度为60℃、仅对植酸表现出活性.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌NY-1产蛋白酶酶学性质研究

试验为研究纳豆芽孢杆菌NY-1产蛋白酶的酶学性质,在液体培养基中培养该菌株并获得粗酶液,之后分别在不同处理条件下对粗酶液中蛋白酶活性进行测定。结果表明,该酶最适反应温度为65 ℃,最适反应pH为9.0,45 ℃时有较好的热稳定性,pH 8.0~9.0有较好的pH稳定性。金属离子Mn²⁺和Zn²⁺对该蛋白酶活性有激活作用,Fe²⁺、Cu²⁺和Mg²⁺对酶活性有抑制作用。     

淀粉分解菌的筛选及产酶条件的优化

研究旨在从马铃薯渣中筛选出一株酶活较高的淀粉分解菌,通过优化菌株的产酶条件来提高其淀粉酶产量,同时还测定了所产淀粉酶的酶学性质。根据菌体的形态和生化特征,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌LZ-1;利用DNS法测定了淀粉酶的酶活,并优化了其产酶培养基。结果表明,最适培养基为:马铃薯淀粉2%、蛋白胨1%、硫酸镁0.05%、氯化钙0.05%、硫酸亚铁0.005%、氯化钠0.5%、磷酸二氢钾0.1%,pH值7.0。180 r/min,37℃摇床发酵48 h后,产酶量达到了58.63 U/ml。通过酶学性质测定,表明酶反应最适温度和pH值分别为70℃和6.0,在pH值4.0~8.0范围内稳定,当温度低于75℃时,热稳定性良好。该淀粉分解菌在设计发酵条件下能够产生较高酶活的淀粉酶,且所产酶具有较好的热稳定性和pH值稳定性。     

柞蚕饲料转化效率继代表现规律研究

以提高柞蚕饲料转化效率 ,选择培育高饲料转化效率品种为目标 ,选择不同饲料效率的 4个柞蚕品种 ,调查茧重转化率与茧层生产率 ,并对调查结果进行方差分析与显著性检验 ,结果显示饲料转化效率有很好的继代稳定性。春、秋养无论茧重转化率还是茧层生产率 ,年份间差异均不显著 ;4个品种除 882 1选择继代的表现值逐年有所增加外 ,其余 3个品种年份间的相对开差春、秋期都在 1%左右 ,且 4年春、秋养 4个品种的差异性表现趋势完全一致 ,即 882 1>海青 >青 6号 >抗病 2号 ;证实了春养品种与年份交互作用显著 ,秋养不显著 ,882 1继代选择效果春养是秋养的 3倍 ,说明饲料转化效率选择有效 ,即有微效基因作用 ,提示饲料转化效率秋期表现更稳定 ,符合二化地区养蚕的需要。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.