低钾胁迫对玉米自交系苗期部分信号分子的影响

研究在低钾胁迫下玉米苗期胞间和胞内部分信号分子的改变。玉米自交系A(不耐低钾)和B(耐低钾),以1/2Hoagland溶液培养12d后,转入3个不同钾离子浓度(5μmol/L,100μmol/L,1000μmol/L)连续培养50d,测定其胞间ABA,IAA,GA,ZR激素水平及胞内CaM含量、PMCa2 -ATPase和NADK激酶活性。结果表明:低钾条件下,ABA/GA、ABA/IAA、ABA/ZR比值上升;同时,耐性品种CaM含量增加;低钾诱导了PMCa2 -ATPase和NADK响应,耐性品种的PMCa2 -ATPase和NADK活性高于非耐性品种。低钾条件下,(耐低钾自交系B通过胞间ABA/GA、A-BA/IAA、ABA/ZR比值变化,促进胞内CaM含量升高,导致下游PMCa2 -ATPase和NADK激酶活性升高),通过改变胞内Ca2 和NADP/NAD水平,适应低钾胁迫。     

低钾胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和钾吸收特性的影响

研究低钾胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和钾吸收特性的影响。玉米自交系种子A(不耐低钾)和B(耐低钾)用三个钾离子浓度(5μmol/L,100μmol/L,1000μmol/L)进行液体培养,4周时将苗转入培养桶中,连续培养50天。在转入的0d、3d、10d、25d、50d天时距根尖2cm处取样,观察根部形态特征及解剖结构,对其根系活力、Imax、Km进行测定。结果表明:耐低钾品种B低钾条件下,根表形态结构上,根毛数量增加,且形成部位距根尖较近;根解剖结构上,木质部导管分化增强,并改善了疏导组织运输能力;根冠比上,长度、重量根冠比增加;根系吸收能力上,根系活力、Imax显著提高,Km显著降低。耐低钾品种从根形态结构改变及根系活跃吸收能力增强两方面协同作用适应低钾胁迫,提高钾吸收能力。     

低钾胁迫对玉米自交系苗期部分光合特性的影响

研究耐低钾玉米自交系在光合特性上的耐低钾机制。玉米自交系种子A(不耐低钾)和B(耐低钾),用3个不同钾离子浓度(5、100、1 000 μmol/L)进行液体培养,4周时将苗转入培养桶中,连续培养50 d。测定其光合速率、荧光效率、PEP羧化酶(PEPase)、ATP酶(ATPase)。结果表明,低钾条件下,自交系B的光合速率、PEPase、ATPase活性显著高于自交系A,荧光效率彼此无显著性差异。因此,低钾条件下,光能转化效率不是光合作用的限制因子,耐低钾自交系通过提高光合作用的暗反应而提高光合作用,从而适应低钾逆境。     

低钾胁迫对玉米光合特性及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以耐低钾的玉米自交系90-21-3和不耐低钾玉米自交系丹937为试材,利用4个水平钾浓度的水培方法,研究低钾胁迫对不同耐性玉米自交系光合特性和叶绿体荧光特性的影响。结果表明,低钾胁迫下,玉米光合面积减少,光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均下降,胞间CO₂浓度升高。且在严重低钾条件下不同耐性玉米自交系间差异达到了显著水平,丹937各指标的变化幅度大于90-21-3,90-21-3的光合速率和气孔导度显著大于丹937。低钾胁迫使玉米叶片Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP及ETR显著下降,NPQ上升,表明低钾对PSⅡ造成了伤害,但其能够有效地避免或减轻因PSⅡ吸收过多光能而引起的光抑制和光氧化。与钾敏感自交系相比,耐低钾玉米自交系在低钾胁迫下仍有较强的光合能力和抗光抑制能力,对低钾有更强的耐性。     

玉米自交系根系对低钾胁迫的响应

通过大田试验,研究15个玉米自交系幼苗在正常供钾和天然低钾下的根形态特征、干物质积累和钾积累量的变化,探讨玉米自交系根系对低钾胁迫的响应。结果表明:低钾胁迫下,不同玉米自交系根长增加,根表面积、根体积减小,根变细;不同玉米自交系根部及地上部的干物质积累量及钾积累量在低钾胁迫下表现出不同程度的降低;ZD-2、91-2、099和90-21-3的耐低钾能力相对较强,ZD-1、D937、8112和835对低钾胁迫较为敏感。     

不同耐性玉米自交系苗期根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应

通过水培试验,以典型耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3和低钾敏感玉米自交系835为试材,分别于4、6、7、9和10叶期测定玉米根形态、根系还原力、伤流量和干物质积累量,研究不同耐性玉米自交系苗期根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应。结果表明,低钾胁迫下,耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3表现为根长增幅大,根表面积、根体积降幅小,根平均直径降幅大。与低钾敏感玉米自交系835相比,低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3的根系相对发达、根系活力强、伤流量大及干物质积累量较大。     

芒果光合特性的研究

用Li-6400光合作用测定系统对贵妃、紫花及爱文3个芒果品种的2龄嫁接植株进行光合特性研究。结果表明:3个芒果品种Pn日变化基本一致,呈典型的中午降低型曲线,表现出明显的"午休"现象,蒸腾速率日变化趋势呈双峰曲线;光能利用率(LUE)、水分利用率(WUE)、表观量子效率(AQY)的日变化规律是早、晚高,中午低;芒果光补偿点在18.62～22.43μmol.m-2.s-1之间,光饱和点在1069～1318μmol.m-2.s-1之间;芒果CO2补偿点为17.6～79.65μmol/mol,饱和点为1620～1645μmol/mol;芒果光合作用最适温度在25～27℃之间。     

低钾胁迫下玉米逆境反应机制初探

采用低钾和正常供钾的液培方式,研究耐低钾玉米自交系Y₈对低钾胁迫的适应性生理生化反应机制。结果表明：与不耐低钾玉米自交系J₁₃相比,低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米自交系Y₈的SOD活性降低,CAT活性增加,Pro含量增加,MDA含量明显减少,POD活性和AsA含量基本稳定。     

耐低钾玉米苗期O2(*)含量、POD活性及其与钾素分布的关系

以耐低钾玉米自交系和不耐低钾玉米自交系为试验材料,比较低钾胁迫条件下两个玉米自交系苗期各个部位超氧阴离子(O-.2)产生速率、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和钾素分布的动态变化.结果表明,低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米自交系上部叶片的O-.2产生速率较低,叶片及根系的POD活性较稳定,能将较多的钾素转移到上部叶片;钾离子在植株体中的分布与O-.2数量、POD活性存在相关性.     

耐低钾玉米苗期O2·含量、POD活性及其与钾素分布的关系

以耐低钾玉米自交系和不耐低钾玉米自交系为试验材料,比较低钾胁迫条件下两个玉米自交系苗期各个部位超氧阴离子(O2)产生速率、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和钾素分布的动态变化。结果表明,低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米自交系上部叶片的O2产生速率较低,叶片及根系的POD活性较稳定,能将较多的钾素转移到上部叶片;钾离子在植株体中的分布与O2数量、POD活性存在相关性。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象,采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究,并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带,其中有37条多态带,多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果,在遗传距离为0.35时,12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类,第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体;第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体;第3类为浙江、广东种源个体;第4类为江西、福建种源个体;第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。