轴流泵叶轮区域空化特性数值模拟

为了研究轴流泵内部叶轮区域空化特性,该文基于ANSYSCFX软件,分别应用Standardκ-ε,RNGκ-ε,κ-ω和SSTκ-ω湍流模型、均质多相流模型,对比转数ns=1033轴流泵在不同工况下进行全流道数值计算,将模拟值与试验结果进行对比分析,验证不同湍流模型及多相流模型的适应性并探究叶轮区域的空化特性。结果表明:在设计工况下,基于κ-ω湍流模型较其他3种湍流模型计算准确,临界汽蚀余量NPSHc计算值与试验结果误差为6.32%,可以较好反映轴流泵内部空化特性。随着有效汽蚀余量NPSH值的减小,空化首先在叶片背面进口靠近轮缘处发生,然后沿着主流方向往叶片中部发展直至充满整个流道,在临界汽蚀余量工况下,叶片中部区域空化面积较大,空化较严重时,叶片背面流线在叶片后部较紊乱,在靠近轮毂处形成漩涡微团,并向轮缘处移动,同时引起叶轮出口截面处轴面速度分布不均匀,增加了叶轮区域流场的紊乱性,揭示了叶轮区域内部空化流动特性。     

轴流泵小流量工况条件下叶顶泄漏空化特性

为了研究轴流泵小流量工况下叶顶泄漏涡的空化问题,该文以TJ04-ZL-02轴流泵水力模型为研究对象,基于修正的空化模型和SST k-ω湍流模型,分析了叶顶间隙泄漏涡的空化特性。数值计算结果表明,叶顶间隙内泄漏流在工作面拐角处产生分离涡空化,其与叶顶泄漏涡空化共同构成轴流泵的初生空化;在同一空化数下,不同叶片弦长系数的截面空化情况不同,随着弦长系数的增加,叶顶泄漏涡的空化区域和空泡体积分数逐渐增大。随着空化数减小,叶顶泄漏涡的卷吸区也出现空泡团,并与涡带连成一片形成空泡云。在小流量工况下,叶顶区工作面和背面压差较大,间隙轴向速度均出现矢量负值。高速摄影试验结果表明,在小流量工况下,随着空化数的降低,空化现象率先出现间隙内部,接着空化程度不断增加,泄漏涡导致的空泡急剧增加,形成的空泡云在叶片尾部区域发生爆破。当空化数为σ=0.187～0.232时,空泡布满了叶片背面,且叶顶区的空泡在轴向厚度增大,且在叶片后缘出现了明显的空泡脱落现象。     

螺旋离心泵内回流涡空化特性

为了研究回流涡空化特性,对一台螺旋离心泵内部的空化流动进行了可视化研究,在一定的工况下该泵内部发生了回流涡空化,捕捉到了不同流量下螺旋离心泵内部回流涡空化形态,发现回流漩涡空化中存在2个旋转的空化云,并且随着流量的减小,回流涡空化云体积逐渐减小;对该泵进行了数值模拟,发现随着流量的减小,泵进口外部形成的回流区域变小,从而导致回流涡空化云体积逐渐减小。该文对螺旋离心泵内回流涡空化体积演变机理的深入研究提供了参考。     

轴流泵叶顶泄漏涡与垂直涡空化特性

该文利用高速摄影和压力脉动测量结果,以某一模型轴流泵为研究对象,研究了轴流泵叶顶涡空化机理,探讨了不同流量、不同空化数下的叶顶空化形态及垂直空化涡发展的瞬态特性,分析了叶顶空化形态与压力脉动结果之间的关系。试验结果表明,小流量(0.6~0.8)Qopt(Qopt=365 m3/h)工况下,更易空化初生且叶顶空化形态更不稳定,随着空化数的降低,叶顶空化更加剧烈;垂直空化涡自叶顶三角形云状空化尾缘脱落,垂直于叶片压力面向相邻叶片移动,造成流道堵塞,影响泵的水力性能。随着流量的降低,垂直空化涡初生点向叶顶尾缘移动;减小空化数,其尺度与强度增大。压力脉动与空化结构图像对比表明,叶片吸力面为传感器所在圆周压力最低处。叶顶空化区为低压区范围,在大流量1.2Qopt工况下,叶顶泄漏涡涡带为狭长的低压区。随着流量与空化数的降低,叶顶泄漏涡与叶顶相连形成三角形空化云,形成较大范围的低压区。垂直空化涡的脱落使得云状空化面积减小,低压区范围减小。垂直空化涡向相邻叶片压力面移动中,与脱落的叶顶泄漏涡尾缘混合作用,使压力回升过程中产生波动。空化结构对轴流泵叶轮叶顶区压力具有重要影响。     

基于座头鲸"结节效应"的仿生离心泵空化特性

为了研究离心泵空化抑制策略，改善离心泵的空化特性，该研究基于仿生学中的座头鲸鲸鳍"结节效应"提出了一种仿生离心泵模型。对原型泵和仿生模型的瞬态空化流进行了数值模拟，并使用水力性能和空化性能试验对算法进行验证，分析了原型泵和仿生模型的外特性和空化特性，以及叶轮流道内空泡发展、压力脉动、涡量场、压力分布、湍动能分布情况。结果表明：数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好，仿生结构对原型泵水力性能影响较小，扬程变化范围为：-0.73%～0.77%，效率变化范围为：-1.74%～2.52%；仿生模型有效抑制了空泡发展，减少了空泡体积，在空化初生阶段抑制效果最好，平均空泡体积分数减少99.72%，仿生模型较原型泵的空化特性得到改善，提高了原型泵的水力性能；仿生模型降低了离心泵内多个位置的压力脉动主频幅值；仿生结构处产生的对漩涡会改变叶轮涡量场，使叶轮进口低压区减少的同时降低了叶轮流道内的湍动能，达到抑制空化发生和限制空化发展的作用。仿生模型可以有效的抑制离心泵空化的发生，改善离心泵的空化性能。     

混流式水轮机叶道空化涡诱发高振幅压力脉动特性

混流式水轮机部分负荷叶道空化涡不稳定特性已成为制约水电与其他可再生能源多能互补发展、扩大水轮机稳定运行范围急需研究的技术难题。该研究以HL702低水头混流式模型水轮机为研究对象,通过非稳态数值模拟技术及涡流可视化试验,对部分负荷工况下的叶道空化涡不稳定涡流演化及压力脉动特性展开研究。结果表明,叶道空化涡在水轮机转轮内为一个体积周期性变化的动态过程,其涡结构脉动主频为转轮转频的1.1倍。叶道空化涡诱发时,水轮机转轮叶片压力面和吸力面均捕捉到与涡结构频率相同的压力脉动信号。叶道空化涡体积的变化主要发生在转轮叶片背面出水边与下环交界附近,引起压力脉动幅值的局部放大。进一步分析发现,叶道空化涡发生工况下水轮机内部的瞬时压力脉动信号与空泡体积加速度成正比,表明涡流演化是引起压力脉动幅值上升的重要原因。研究进一步阐明了部分负荷工况叶道空化涡的演化特征,揭示了涡流诱发不稳定高振幅压力脉动的内在机制。     

叶片低压边厚度对水泵水轮机空化性能与强度的影响

水泵水轮机转轮叶片低压边相比其他部位更具有空蚀的危险性。首先基于低比转速混流式转轮设计程序,设计了3种具有不同厚度的叶片,厚度差异主要在叶片低压边位置;然后采用数值模拟方法对3种翼型转轮分别进行了3个不同出力的水轮机工况以及3个不同流量的水泵工况的全流道定常数值计算,对比分析了各计算工况下具有不同叶片低压边厚度的转轮的空化形态及流动特征;最后采用有限元方法对转轮叶片强度进行了校核。研究表明:3种叶片低压边厚度分布规律的转轮均满足强度要求。空化性能方面,水轮机42%出力工况下,翼型2转轮不发生空化;88%出力工况、100%出力工况和水泵大流量工况下,随着叶片低压边的厚度的增大,空化越剧烈;水泵小流量工况与设计工况下,转轮的空化程度并不因低压边厚度的增大而加剧,而是水泵设计工况下,低压边厚度相对最大的翼型3叶片头部绕流平顺,空化性能相对较好,其他2种翼型由于头部出现脱流和漩涡,出现严重空化。     

叶片低压边的轴面位置对高水头水泵水轮机空化性能的影响

水泵水轮机转轮叶片低压边相比其他部位更具有空蚀的危险性。首先基于低比转速混流式转轮设计程序,设计了3个具有不同低压边轴面位置的叶片。然后采用数值模拟方法对3个转轮分别进行了3个不同出力的水轮机工况以及3个不同流量的水泵工况的全流道定常数值计算,对比分析了各计算工况下转轮的能量特性、流动特征及空化形态。研究表明,在一定范围内,叶片低压边轴面位置前移可以改善大流量水泵工况下转轮叶片进口的脱流情况,从而提高大流量水泵工况的扬程和空化性能。低压边轴面位置的后移,使得水轮机设计工况和满负荷工况的水力效率降低,但是改善了水轮机大流量工况的空化性能;并且叶片低压边轴面位置后移可以改善小流量工况下叶片进口的来流均匀性,从而提高小流量水泵工况的空化性能。相比而言,低压边在上冠型线位置的直径与转轮直径之比为0.4998的第2种低压边位置转轮在水轮机和水泵2种工况下都表现出比较好的空化性能,满足设计要求。     

离心泵非设计工况空化振动噪声的试验测试

在离心泵闭式试验台上,基于虚拟仪器数据采集系统和泵产品测试系统建立了离心泵空化诱导振动噪声的试验测试系统,实现了泵性能参数和空化诱导振动噪声信号的同步采集。以一台单级单吸离心泵为研究对象,测量了模型泵在不同流量下,空化余量(NPSH)变化时的振动和噪声信号并对其进行了处理,得到了不同流量下振动加速度和噪声声压级随NPSH变化的曲线图。试验结果表明:不同流量下,随NPSH的下降,振动加速度和声压级先保持不变然后明显升高,据此可以初步判断泵的初生空化余量;泵体的振动强度高于其他测点;除轴向振动变化规律复杂外,其余测点随着流量的增加振动加强。     

三相磨粒流文丘里管结构空化辅助抛光机理与试验

为解决传统流体抛光效率低等问题,该文提出三相磨粒流文丘里管结构空化辅助抛光方法,进行了理论分析和试验研究。利用计算流体力学对三相磨粒流有无文丘里管结构空化2种情况分别进行数值模拟,分析和对比流场内的速度矢量、动压力和湍动能等参数。为了验证数值模拟的正确性和所提出方法的有效性,一方面进行了PIV(Particle image velocimetry)观测试验,观察和分析流场内空化云团的演化,进一步分析空化辅助抛光机理;另一方面进行了三相磨粒流空化抛光试验,对工件的表面粗糙度和表面形貌进行测量和分析。理论和试验结果表明:空化辅助下的流场速度、动压力、湍动能和有效加工区域明显增大,数值分析与PIV观测试验、抛光试验结果具有很好的一致性,三相磨粒流文丘里管结构空化辅助抛光方法显著提高了抛光效率。加工对比试验显示,空化辅助磨粒流抛光相比同参数的传统流体抛光效率大幅提高,经12 h抛光后工件表面粗糙度Ra从160 nm最低下降到4.95 nm。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.