Utilisation of dried poultry manure by growing chickens fed on a practical diet

1. Dried poultry manure (DPM) has been tested as a replacement for groundnut cake in poultry diets.

2. Body weight gain, and the efficiency of food conversion were improved when the diet contained 50 g DPM/kg but higher rates of inclusion (100 or 150 g/kg) depressed growth.

3. Birds fed on diets containing 50 g DPM/kg yielded meat of comparable quality to those fed on the control diet whereas those fed on diets containing more DPM yielded meat containing more fat and less water.

4. The percentage moisture in the meat was inversely related to the lipid content.

5. Nitrogen retention was comparable in all groups.     

低蛋白饲粮添加植酸酶和非淀粉多糖酶对生长猪生长性能和养分排泄量的影响

试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮添加植酸酶和非淀粉多糖(NSP)酶对生长猪生长性能、养分排泄量的影响。54头平均初始体重为(41.92±2.6)kg的杜长大三元杂交猪分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪。1组为对照组(饲粮粗蛋白质水平为17.4%),2、3组为试验组,2组在1组基础上,饲粮粗蛋白质水平降至14.3%、总磷水平降低0.1个百分点,添加植酸酶;3组在2组基础上添加NSP酶,试验期38 d。试验结果表明,2组的平均日增重、料重比比1组分别提高7.64%和1.94%(P0.05),其余各组间差异不显著(P0.05);粪N浓度2、3组比1组分别降低18.58%、23.01%(P0.05);粪P浓度2、3组比1组分别降低40.23%、39.08%(P0.01)。由此可见,将常规饲粮粗蛋白质水平降低3个百分点、总磷水平降低0.1个百分点,并添加植酸酶,能显著提高生长猪平均日增重,显著减少粪氮含量,极显著减少粪磷含量;在此基础上,继续添加NSP酶不影响生长猪生长性能和粪中养分含量。     

Influence of a vegetarian diet versus a diet with fishmeal on bone in growing pigs

This study was conducted to examine if substantial bone loss occurs in growing pigs fed a vegetarian diet in comparison with a diet containing fishmeal. Twelve 6-week-old weaned pigs were assigned to two groups: group V [vegetarian diet; 0.61% phosphorus (P) in dry matter until 25 kg and 0.46% P until the end of the experiment] and group F (fishmeal diet; 0.61% P in dry matter until 25 kg and 0.46% P until the end of the experiment). Phytase was added to both diets. These two diets were fed to the two groups for a period of 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected weekly, faeces were collected three times a week. Concentrations of osteocalcin (OC) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) were measured in serum, using a radioimmunoassay, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. Bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) were determined by peripheral quantitative computer tomography (pQCT) in the tibia and phalanx. In addition, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (VitD) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured in serum. The digestibility of P was significantly decreased in group V. Significant changes in bAP activities and OC concentrations occurred with time during the 6 weeks. ICTP concentrations were significantly higher in group V. Total BMC and BMD in the tibia and BMD in the phalanx significantly decreased in group V. The results show that a vegetarian diet induces a significant loss of bone and a higher bone formation in group V compared with group F, although phytase was added to both diets. The dietary requirements for P in pigs, especially in the context of feeding vegetarian diets and adding an appropriate amount of phytase, should be investigated further.     

Nitrogen balance and mineral excretion in growing male pigs injected with a human growth hormone-releasing factor analog.

A human growth hormone-releasing factor analog ([Desamino-Tyr1,D-Ala2,Ala15] hGRF(1-29) NH2) has been reported to reduce feed intake and increase growth and feed efficiency in a dose-dependent manner in growing pigs. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of this analog on nitrogen (N) balance and mineral excretion. Fifteen castrated male Yorkshire x Landrace pigs (45.9 +/- 1.4 kg) were randomly allotted to 2 groups: control (saline, n = 7) and GRF (6.66 micrograms/kg sc, TID, n = 8). The animals were injected for 20 consecutive days: feces and urine were collected during the last 10 d of injection. The animals had free access to water and food until satiety (approximately 15 min) at 07:00, 11:00, 15:00, 19:00, 23:00 and 07:00 h. The diet consisted of a hog fattening ration (18.0% crude protein). Blood samples were collected on the last day of the study by venipuncture. This analog increased (P < 0.05) insulin-like growth factor-1 and glucose serum concentrations and decreased (P < 0.05) serum urea nitrogen concentration and feed intake. The GRF-treated animals ingested less N, excreted less N in urine and feces to retain a similar amount of N than controls. The apparent coefficient of digestibility of the N has been slightly increased (P < 0.05) by GRF. Urinary excretion of P, K, and Cl decreased (P < 0.01) with GRF treatment. In conclusion, this GRF analog increased N digestibility and retention relative to N ingestion and reduced urinary N, P, K, and Cl excretion.     

Nitrogen excretion at different stages of growth and its association with production traits in growing pigs

The objectives of this study were to determine nitrogen loss at different stages of growth and during the entire growing period and to investigate the associations between nitrogen excretion and production traits in growing pigs. Data from 315 pigs of an F(2) population which originated from crossing Pietrain sires with a commercial dam line were used. Nitrogen retention was derived from protein retention as measured using the deuterium dilution technique during different stages of growth (60 to 90 kg, 90 to 120 kg, and 120 to 140 kg). Pigs were fed ad libitum with 2 pelleted diets containing 17% (60 to 90 kg) and 16.5% (90 to 120 and 120 to 140 kg) CP. Average daily nitrogen excretion (ADNE) within each stage of growth was calculated on the basis of the accumulated difference between average daily nitrogen intake (ADNI) and average daily nitrogen retention (ADNR). Least ADNE, nitrogen excretion per BW gain (NEWG) and total nitrogen excretion (TNE) were observed during growth from 60 to 90 kg. In contrast, the greatest ADNE, NEWG, and TNE were found during growth from 120 to 140 kg. Statistical analyses indicated that gender, housing type, the ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) gene, and batch influenced nitrogen excretion (P < 0.05), but the degree and direction of influences differed between growth stages. Gender differences showed that gilts excreted less nitrogen than barrows (P < 0.05), which was associated with decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR; feed:gain) and lipid:protein gain ratio. Single-housed pigs showed reduced nitrogen excretion compared with group-housed pigs (P < 0.05). In comparison to other genotypes, pigs carrying genotype NN (homozygous normal) at the RYR1 locus had the least nitrogen excretion (P < 0.05) at all stages of growth except from 60 to 90 kg. The residual correlations indicated that NEWG and TNE have large positive correlations with FCR (r = 0.99 and 0.91, respectively) and moderate negative correlations with ADG (r = -0.53 and -0.48, respectively), for the entire growing period. Improvement in FCR, increase in ADG and reduction in lipid:protein gain ratio by 1 phenotypic SD reduced TNE per pig by 709 g, 307 g, and 211 g, respectively, over the entire growing period. The results indicate that nitrogen excretion changes substantially during growth, and it can be reduced most effectively by improvement of feed efficiency and to a lesser extent through the improvement of BW gain or body composition or both.     

日粮锌水平在家禽抗热应激中的作用

热应激会降低家禽的采食量和养分利用率,使得家禽生产性能和生产力下降,从而带来经济损失。热应激还可造成氧化应激,降低家禽体内的抗氧化水平,增加氧化损伤和降低血浆中抗氧化性维生素(如VE、VA和VC)和矿物质(如Zn)的含量。锌在家禽和哺乳动物发挥着非常重要的生物学作用。锌是许多生物酶的必要组成成分,也是许多金属酶的催化成分;锌是机体维持正常免疫功能、骨骼发育和维持机体正常机能所必需的营养物质;锌具有抗氧化作用,参与机体抗氧化系统的组成。本文主要综述了锌在家禽抗热应激中的作用。     

Dietary phytase increases the true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of zinc in growing pigs given a corn-soybean meal based diet

We investigated the effect of dietary phytase on the true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of zinc (Zn) using ⁶⁷Zn in growing pigs given a corn-soybean meal based diet. Ten crossbred barrows were fed the control diet containing 90-mg/kg Zn, 2.3-g/kg phytate-phosphorus and 3.7-g/kg non-phytate-phosphorus or the phytase diet containing similar amounts of Zn and phytate-phosphorus, and 1.4-g/kg non-phytate-phosphorus with 750-PU/kg phytase for 12 h/day. On day 6, the pigs were given 200 g of the corresponding diet labeled by ⁶⁷Zn for 2 h. We measured feed intake, fecal Zn concentration and ⁶⁷Zn abundance for the determination of apparent absorption, true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of Zn. Although the apparent absorption of Zn did not significantly differ between the dietary groups, the phytase group had significantly more ( P  < 0.05) true absorption of Zn than the control group. The endogenous fecal excretion of Zn tended to be more ( P  = 0.07) in the phytase group than in the control group. These results suggest that dietary phytase improves Zn bioavailability through increasing the true absorption of Zn in growing pigs, which results in stimulating the endogenous fecal excretion of Zn when dietary Zn satisfies its requirement.     

整粒谷物在家禽日粮中的应用

出于对原料成本、加工、运输和家禽健康的考虑．直接饲喂整粒谷物引起了营养学家和家禽生产者的广泛关注。本文对整粒谷物饲喂家禽的优势、饲喂效果、影响因素和有待进一步研究的问题等作综述，旨在为家禽生产者提供借鉴。     

Use of nanoscale metals in poultry diet as a mineral feed additive

The research was aimed at studying the efficiency of a nanoscale alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) to be used as a mineral additive for feeding broiler chickens, compared to inorganic and organic forms of these elements. Biochemical studies of the blood serum were performed using an automated analyzer. The mineral composition was determined by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (MS-ISP). The study was performed on broiler chickens of cross Smena 7 (n = 72) in the conditions of a vivarium. There were 3 treatment groups with 24 chickens in each. Replacing the inorganic form of mineral supplements with the nanosized alloy resulted in a positive productive effect, with a tendency to increasing the content of serum protein. The nanoscale form of metals improved (P ≤ 0.05) the activity of aminotransferases. At the same time, the liver microstructure of experimental groups is similar to that of the control. There was a moderate plethora and poor polymorphoncellular infiltration around the interlobular triads with a clear morphological organization of the stromal and parenchymal components of the liver. However, the lack of oxidative stress was confirmed by the dynamics of catalase (CT), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the concentrations of which did not exceed the reference level. Replacing Cu and Zn sulfates with the nanoscale alloy (group 1) and organic form (group 2) of these elements in the diet of broiler chickens was accompanied by the increasing pool of these elements in the organisms at the end of the experiment. Copper was accumulated throughout the experiment in experimental group 1, compared to the reference, with the maximum difference in the liver of 36.5% (P ≤ 0.05), in the feathers 2.5 times (P ≤ 0.01). Assessment of the Zn level dynamics in the feathers revealed a well noticeable tendency to reducing its concentrations during the experiment in all groups. Against the background of feeding a nanoscale alloy, Zn concentration in the liver exceeded the reference by 66.8% (P ≤ 0.01) only at the end of the experiment. Thus, nanoscale forms of Cu and Zn have a cumulative effect, and may become an alternative to inorganic and organic forms of these elements in poultry nutrition.     

Two cases of acute polyradiculoneuritis in dogs consuming a raw poultry diet

A 9-year-old female mixed-breed dog presented with ascending flaccid tetraparesis, and a 5-year-old castrated male Poodle dog presented with ventroflexion of neck, dysphonia, and hindlimb weakness, which progressed to acute ascending tetraparesis. Both dogs were fed raw poultry for over 9 and 5 years, respectively. Blood examination and other test results were normal or unrelated to the present case. Fecal polymerase chain reaction analysis in the Poodle dog was positive for Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter jejuni. Tetraparesis improved with supportive care in both dogs. Human IV immunoglobulin was only administered to the Poodle dog, which showed a shorter recovery (12 days compared to 34 days in the mixed-breed dog). Both dogs returned to normal conditions eventually.     

日粮纤维在生长鹅中的应用

鹅为节粮型食草水禽 ,能分解粗纤维 5 0 %以上 ,养鹅是一项投资少、见效快、经深加工附加值高的养殖业。生产 1ｋｇ鹅肉 ,在放牧加补饲的条件下仅需 1～ 1 5ｋｇ精饲料 ,大部分饲喂的是粗饲料。养鹅“以草换肉” ,同时生产出羽绒、鹅皮、鹅肝等产品 ,效益好。研究鹅对粗纤维的利用 ,探讨鹅利用纤维的特点及机理 ,有利于充分利用粗饲料养鹅。1　日粮纤维及成分目前 ,对日粮纤维 (Ｄｉｅｔａｒｙｆｉｂｅｒ,ＤＦ)比较公认的定义是指那些通常来源于植物 ,但又不能被动物胰腺或小肠消化酶所消化的细胞壁成分。实际上日粮纤维包括可溶性纤维 (如…     

Effects of diet and climate on growing horses

The effects of diet and climate were assessed in 42 light horse weanlings over 30 wk. Horses were fed diets varying in energy and phosphorus content. Diets were predominantly forage (73 to 77.5%) or concentrate (62 to 62.25%) and had 2.65 or 3.09 Mcal DE/kg DM, respectively. Horses were weighed every 14 d. Group feed intakes and climatic variables were recorded daily. Dietary phosphorus content did not affect intake or gain. Horses fed forage diets ate 18% more (P less than .001) DM than horses fed concentrate, but DE intakes did not differ. Average DE intakes, 21.5 Mcal daily, were 33% more than those given in 1978 National Research Council (NRC) tables. Overall ADG by forage- and concentrate-fed horses were .83 and .89 kg, respectively. These values were 23 and 32% above mean ADG values given for horses at 6 and 12 mo in 1978 NRC tables. Average daily gain declined (P less than .01) with age, although daily DE intake increased (P less than .01). Total DM and DE intakes were determined largely by body weight, but age was the main determinant of weight-scaled DE intake. Weight- and age-scaled DE intakes were reduced (P less than .001) by 6.1% at temperatures below -10 degrees C compared with temperatures above -10 degrees C. Temperatures below -20 degrees C had no greater effect on DE intake than those between -10 to -20 degrees C. Neither precipitation nor wind alone affected weight- and age-adjusted DE intake. In conclusion, weanling horses fed readily digested diets ad libitum gained weight at or above expected values even at severely cold ambient temperatures.     

植酸酶对成年公鸡日粮养分消化率的影响

<正>家禽日粮的主要成分来自植物性原料,植物籽实中大约60%～80%的磷是以植酸形式存在。单胃动物如猪、鸡的消化道中缺乏水解植酸磷的植酸酶,导致这些动物很难利用植酸磷及与其结合的营养物质。同时,植酸磷的磷酸根对阳离子具有不同程度的亲和力,能与钙、镁、铁、锌等矿     

Effect of diet composition on water consumption in growing pigs

Concerns relating to use of water resources by the livestock industry, combined with the rising cost of manure management, have resulted in greater interest in identifying ways to reduce drinking water utilization by pigs while maintaining animal well-being and achieving satisfactory growth performance. The objective of this experiment was to determine if increasing the dietary CP or mineral concentrations increases water intake and excretion and, conversely, if reducing the dietary CP content reduces water intake and excretion. Forty-eight barrows (34.3 +/- 4.6 kg of BW; 12/treatment) were given free access to diets containing a low protein (16.9% CP), high protein (20.9% CP), or excess protein (25.7% CP) level, or a diet with excess levels of Ca, P, Na, and Cl. Water was available to each pig on an ad libitum basis via dish drinkers that were determined to waste less than 3% of total water flow. The excess CP diet tended to increase average daily water intake (ADWI) and urinary excretion (P < 0.10) and increased the water:feed ratio (P < 0.05); lowering dietary CP did not lower water intake or excretion. The excess mineral diet did not increase ADWI or urinary excretion but did increase water excretion via the feces. Daily nutrient intake and dietary nutrient concentration were poor predictors of ADWI; only daily intake of N and K were significantly correlated with ADWI (P < 0.05), and the r-values were low (0.39 and 0.32, respectively). There was no relationship between ADFI and ADWI. The average water:feed ratio was 2.6:1. Any study of water utilization is complicated by behavioral as well as nutritional and physiological influences, and isolating physiological need from so-called luxury intake is a significant experimental challenge. Because the impact of dietary treatment on water utilization was small, we conclude that factors other than dietary protein and mineral concentration and daily protein and mineral intake have a relatively large effect on water intake and excretion. Consequently, strategies to reduce water intake must recognize, understand, and manage these additional behavioral and physiological factors. Diet composition may be a part of strategies designed to reduce excessive water utilization by the pig industry but may have a limited effect if other important factors are ignored.     

低蛋白日粮在家禽养殖中的研究进展

家禽低蛋白日粮能够降低氮排泄量,但会对生产性能产生不利影响,而通过分阶段合理降低蛋白水平、应用氨基酸平衡理念、结合养殖环境因素及添加抗氧化剂及酶制剂等方式,能够在节约成本降低排放前提下改善家禽的生产性能、免疫功能、肠道微生态及抗应激力。文章结合国内外关于低蛋白日粮在家禽饲料中应用的文章,就低蛋白日粮在家禽养殖中的研究进行系统综述,为低蛋白质日粮在家禽生产中的应用提供参考。     

The fate of recycled urate in hens fed on a diet containing dried poultry manure.

1. Seven colostomised hens were fed on a control diet free of dried poultry manure (DPM) or one including 20% DPM. 2. Urate excretion was greater during DPM feeding by approximately the amount consumed: little urate was present in faeces. 3. Doses of 10-6 muCi of 14C-urate introduced into the crop were quantitatively excreted in the urine within 24 h. 4. The results show that none of the urate present in DPM is utilised by the laying hen.     

Reduction of urinary nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry by feeding a low protein diet supplemented with apple pomace to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing a reduced crude protein (CP) diet with apple pomace on the urinary nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry in the growing pigs. Four barrows (35 kg bodyweight) were assigned to one of two diets. Each pig was placed in a metabolism cage and fed a low CP, amino acid-supplemented diet (CP 11.33%; low CP diet) or a low CP, amino acid-supplemented diet containing 23.08% dried apple pomace (CP 9.47%; apple pomace diet) for two 14-day experimental periods. After the completion of the first period, the pigs were switched to the other diet. Urine and feces were quantitatively collected daily for 5 days after a 9-day adaptation period. The daily nitrogen intake for the low CP diet and the apple pomace diet was 17.76 g/pig and 18.64 g/pig, respectively. The pigs fed the apple pomace diet excreted more fecal nitrogen (6.86 g/day) than the pigs fed the low CP diet (3.63 g/day) ( P  < 0.001), but urinary nitrogen excretion with the apple pomace diet was 3.11 g/day, which was much lower than that for the low CP diet (5.95 g/day) ( P  < 0.001). The daily ammonia emission from the mixture of urine and feces determined by an in vitro method was much lower for pigs fed the apple pomace diet (120 mg) than that for pigs fed the low CP diet (603 mg) ( P  < 0.01). The addition of apple pomace to a reduced CP, amino acid-supplemented diet reduces urinary nitrogen excretion and thereby ammonia emission.     

日粮成分对生长猪饮水量的影响

1前言历史上,人们一直把水看成是充裕而廉价的资源,所以缺乏确定猪需水量或对影响水利用情况因素进行研究(Fraser等,1990)的积极性。现在,人类社会正越来越意识到水是有限的资源,而家畜生产行业却又是一个主