水稻土FDA水解酶活性的测定方法及应用

在土壤质量指标研究中,许多研究人员认为荧光素二乙酸酯(Fluorescein d iacetate,又称3′6′-二乙酰-荧光素,FDA)水解反应能较好地反映土壤微生物活性和土壤质量的变化[1~3],将其作为土壤生物学指标之一[4]。FDA的水解反应最早于1963年由Kramer和Guibault用来测定脂肪酶的活性[5],直至1980年FDA的水解反应才被用来检测微生物活性[1]。Swisher和Carroll报告[1]FDA水解生成荧光素的量与冷杉叶上生长的微生物群体数量成正比;他们同时提出了测定土壤FDA水解酶活性的基本方法。Schnürer和Rosswall[2]利用这一反应测定了土壤     

太湖水稻土中的芳基硫酸酯酶活性

选取了 1 2个太湖地区的水稻土表土及其剖面 ,分析芳基硫酸酯酶活性变化。耕作层芳基硫酸酯酶活性平均为PNP 1 60 μgg- 1h- 1。大多数土壤其酶活性在PNP 1 0 0～ 2 0 0 μgg- 1h- 1之间。最低值和最高值分别为PNP 75 ,31 5 μgg- 1h- 1。犁底层土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性明显低于耕作层 ,60 %的土壤其酶活性低于PNP 5 0 μgg- 1h- 1。犁底层酶活性与耕作层酶活性之间没有相关性。土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性与土壤有机碳有显著正相关 (R2 =0 .5 33) ;与土壤pH关系较为复杂 ,在pH小于 5 .2时 ,随pH升高 ,酶活性增加 ,大于 5 .2时 ,酶活性则明显下降。除个别土壤外 ,大多数土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性沿剖面下降 ,在大于 60cm的土层中基本上没有芳基硫酸酯酶存在。不同土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性的剖面分布有所不同。根据酶活性变化下降趋势 ,其剖面分布基本上可以归结为四个类型。     

南方典型母质发育水稻土剖面酸化特征研究

明确我国南方典型母质发育水稻土的剖面酸化特征及其影响因素,为稻田土壤酸化有效防控及治理提供理论依据.选取湖南长株潭区域不同母质(板页岩、第四纪红土、花岗岩、河流冲积物、砂岩、石灰岩及紫色砂页岩)发育的潴育性水稻土剖面,分别测定耕作层(A)、犁底层(P)、潴育层(W)及母质层(C)各层次的土壤pH,利用A与C层间pH的变...     

6000年以来水稻土剖面中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源初探

研究了多环芳烃（PAHs）在含6000a（马家浜文化时期）古水稻土的土壤剖面中的分布特征,并对其可能来源进行了分析。结果显示,各层土壤中PAHs的总量在25．9—202．9μgkg^-1之间,并主要富集在表层土壤,其中含量较高的化合物及其大小顺序为Nap〉Phe〉Fla〉Pyr,4环以上的PAHs占总量的51.8％。表层以下各层土壤中PAHs含量大幅降低,检出种类也有所减少,并主要以2、3环化合物为主,古水稻土中4环以上的芳烃也占有一定的比例,达37％。聚类分析和主成分分析表明,Chr、BkF、BaA、IcP、BbF、Pyr、BaP、DaA和Fla等化合物主要是人为产生,Flu和Phe由生物合成,而Nap、BgP和Ant则可能来源于人为产生和生物合成的共同作用。     

杭嘉湖地区水稻土中氟的分布特征

测定分析了杭嘉湖地区400余份水稻土土样中氟（全氟、交换态氟和水溶态氟）的含量,对该地区水稻土中氟的土壤环境质量评价基准值进行了初步研究。结果表明,水稻土中的全氟与可交换态氟含量均呈正态分布。水溶态氟的含量符合对数正态分布。在5种不同母质发育的水稻土中,河相沉积物发育的水稻土全氟含量最高,算术平均值为333．1mgkg^-1;海相沉积物发育的水稻土次之,为324．3mgkg^-1;黄壤和红壤性坡残积物最低,为245．4mgkg^-1。海相沉积物发育的水稻土水溶态氟和可交换态氟含量最高,分别为1．55mgkg^-1和4．03mgkg^-1。不同类型的水稻土（渗育性水稻土、潴育性水稻土、潜育性水稻土和淹育性水稻土）剖面中耕作层的全氟含量均高于亚耕层,而剖面中水溶性氟的分布规律则相反。初步确定杭嘉湖地区水稻土中氟的环境质量评价基准建议值全氟为413．9mgkg^-1,水溶态氟为2．54mgkg^-1。     

6 000年以来水稻土剖面中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源初探

研究了多环芳烃(PAHs)在含6000a(马家浜文化时期)古水稻土的土壤剖面中的分布特征,并对其可能来源进行了分析。结果显示,各层土壤中PAHs的总量在25.9~202.9μgkg-1之间,并主要富集在表层土壤,其中含量较高的化合物及其大小顺序为Nap>Phe>Fla>Pyr,4环以上的PAHs占总量的51.8%。表层以下各层土壤中PAHs含量大幅降低,检出种类也有所减少,并主要以2、3环化合物为主,古水稻土中4环以上的芳烃也占有一定的比例,达37%。聚类分析和主成分分析表明,Chr、BkF、BaA、IcP、BbF、Pyr、BaP、DaA和Fla等化合物主要是人为产生,Flu和Phe由生物合成,而Nap、BgP和Ant则可能来源于人为产生和生物合成的共同作用。     

太湖地区典型水稻土水力学特征及土壤库容研究

针对气候变化条件下温度升高对土壤水分产生的影响,选择太湖地区典型水稻土——乌栅土作为研究对象,对其土壤的水力学特征及土壤库容进行了研究。结果表明：（1）影响乌栅土水分特征曲线的主要因素是容重与黏粒含量。饱和条件下和水吸力达到1.50×106 Pa时各土层的含水量（凋萎含水量）变化均表现为：耕作层〉犁底层〉潴育层〉潜育层。（2）乌栅土的有效水含量与容重和黏粒含量呈显著负相关关系,与孔隙度呈显著正相关关系。（3）在土壤的各种理化性质中,容重和总孔隙度是影响饱和导水率的主要因素,而毛管孔度与pH值为次要因素。（4）乌栅土耕作层总库容为91.48mm,有效水库容为22.02mm,滞洪库容为20.50mm,这种土壤具有良好的水分状况,既能保证太湖地区粮食作物的稳产高产,又具一定的蓄水调节功能。     

太湖地区典型水稻土中速效磷变化规律研究

为了定量研究太湖地区农田土壤中速效磷的变化情况,本文对不同季节太湖地区三种典型水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)中土壤速效磷的含量进行了分析。结果表明:速效磷含量在土壤剖面中由上层到下层呈现逐渐递减的趋势。三种土壤均以耕层含量为最高,在45cm以下基本上趋于稳定,但在接近地下水时又略有上升。季节性变化方面,速效磷含量一般在2月份的小麦分蘖-拔节期和9月份的水稻齐穗期较高。影响土壤速效磷含量的因素很多,经分析:土壤速效磷的含量与土壤的有机质含量呈极显著的线性正相关关系;旱作条件下与全磷含量之间呈显著的幂函数相关关系,在水作条件下与全磷含量之间呈极显著的线性正相关关系;与土壤的pH又有显著的线性负相关关系。     

长期施肥土壤中酶活性的剖面分布及其动力学特征研究

对连续25年的长期培肥试验地中土壤剖面酶活性的分布及土壤酶的催化反应特性进行了研究,结果发现,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性在土壤剖面中的分布从表层到深层,酶活性依次减小;而多酚氧化酶呈波浪型分布。土壤中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性与相应土层的有机质含量呈极显著正相关;多酚氧化酶无此相关性。土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均随时间的延长而逐渐趋于一个稳定值,且各个时段酶活性均为施肥处理高于不施肥处理,说明施肥能显著提高土壤酶活性。土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶酶促反应初速度(V0)均随温度和底物浓度的增加而增加,至一定温度和底物浓度时,V0不再增加;不同培肥措施下V0为:厩肥秸秆化肥对照。     

稻草还田免耕抛秧对水稻土剖面形态特征的影响

为探讨免耕抛秧栽培对土壤剖面形态特征的影响,分别对连续2年和7年结合稻草还田的常耕和免耕试验的土壤剖面进行了研究。结果表明,常耕对土壤剖面形态特征影响不明显。免耕改变了耕作层亚层的剖面形态特征,且表层土壤疏松和pH值变小;水稻根系向土壤表层集中和裂隙出现部位增高。普通免耕形成的耕作层构型是Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,疏松表层较薄、亚表层有变坚实的趋势。稻草还田免耕形成的耕作层构型是O-Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,鳝血斑的数量增加、土壤颜色加深、疏松和体积质量降低。以稻草还田免耕抛秧形成的土壤剖面协调土壤肥力效果最好。     

FDA水解检测井冈霉素的土壤微生物活性效应

通过FDA(荧光素双乙酸脂)水解,研究井冈霉素对土壤微生物活性的生态效应。结果表明:低浓度(7.5～15mlkg-1 dry soil)井冈霉素对土壤微生物活性无显著影响;中等浓度(30～60mlkg-1 dry soil)井冈霉素增加土壤微生物活性,60mlkg-1 dry soil井冈霉素处理土样21天微生物活性与对照相比增加21.6%;高浓度(120～240mlkg-1 dry soil)井冈霉素对土壤微生物活性起一定抑制作用,240mlkg-1 dry soil井冈霉素处理土样28天土壤微生物活性与对照相比下降14.7%;35天所有处理土样微生物活性均恢复到对照水平。     

Long-term application of compost influences microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropical Aeric Endoaquept planted to rice under flooded condition

In a field study, long-term application of compost to a tropical Aeric Endoaquept under continuous rice growing in a rice-rice-fallow sequence resulted in the stimulation of microbial biomass and select soil enzyme activities. Mean seasonal soil microbial biomass-C (C_mic) increased by 42%, 39% and 89% in inorganic fertilizer, compost and compost+inorganic fertilizer treatments, respectively, over the unamended control. C_mic content was also influenced by the rice crop growth stage and was highest at maximum tillering stage irrespective of treatments and declined thereafter. Soil organic C (C_org) content showed highly significant positive correlation with dehydrogenase, urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase and fluorescein di-acetate (FDA) hydrolysis activity, and a positive but not significant correlation with invertase and amidase activity. C/N ratio which was lowest in unamended control plots showed a significant positive relationship with only the enzymes involved in C cycle. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that for prediction of both total organic C and total N, FDA hydrolysis activity contributed significantly for the variance and explained up to 85-96% variability. Results demonstrated that microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity is sensitive in discriminating between long-term organic residue amendment practices.     

Enzyme activity and microbial biomass in a field soil amended with municipal refuse

Summary Changes in enzyme activity levels, in biomass-C content, and in the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis were measured in a loamy soil to which solid municipal refuse had been applied as compost over a 3-year period at two different rates. Addition of the compost caused significant increases in the activity of all enzymes tested. The increases were much higher at 90 t ha^-1 year^-1 than at 30 t ha^-1 year^-1. Significant increases were also observed in the biomass-C content and in the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis. Significant correlations among changes in biomass-C content and the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and the changes in all enzymes tested were found.Two activity indices were calculated; a biological index of fertility and an enzyme activity number. No correlations were found between the biological index of fertility and the changes in the various enzyme activities. However, significant correlations were found either between enzyme activity number and most of the changes in enzyme activity, or between the enzyme activity number index and the biomass-C content (r=0.850). The use of a new activity index, the hydrolysis coefficient, is proposed. This coefficient was significantly correlated with biomass-C content (r=0.925) and with the enzyme activity number index (r=0.780).     

Effects of Cover Crops on Soil Quality: Selected Chemical and Biological Parameters

Cover crops improve soil quality properties and thus land productivity. We compared soil chemical and biological changes influenced by hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and cereal rye (Secale cereal) cover crops grown in Menfro silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs), Mexico silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Epiaqualfs), or sand in the greenhouse. Cover crop biomass, soil β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase activities, and soil chemical properties were measured at six, nine, and twelve weeks after planting. Cover crop biomass increased with highest (p < 0.0001) yields for hairy vetch and cereal rye in Menfro and Mexico soils, respectively. β-glucosaminidase, FDA, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and total phosphorus (P) contents significantly decreased in all soils for both cover crops. However, β-glucosidase activity significantly increased (p < 0.0001). Long-term field studies are needed to evaluate soil quality improvement under cover crops, especially for soils with marginal organic matter and fertility.     

Application of respiration and FDA hydrolysis measurements for estimating microbial activity during composting processes

Olive-tree leaves (OL) were mixed with olive press cake (OPC) and extracted olive press cake (EPC) at 1:1 dw/dw ratios to prepare two composting mixtures (OL+OPC and OL+EPC). Both CO₂–C evolution and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis, determined as estimates of the microbial activity during composting, were related to temperature fluctuations in the compost piles, showing greater values at the temperature peaks, compared to the end, of each thermophilic phase. This, however, was only shown after handling and incubating samples at the temperatures of the compost mixtures at the sampling times and not at a low standard temperature. Incubating samples from thermophilic phases at low standard temperatures resulted in underestimation of the microbial activity occurring during composting. The effect of incubation temperature was less dramatic for FDA hydrolysis compared to CO₂–C evolution measurements, probably reflecting the reduced dependence of enzymes involved in FDA hydrolysis on the respective temperatures. However, FDA hydrolysis was a less sensitive indicator of microbial activity, probably due to extracellular cleavage of fluorescein by persistent esterases, at lowered microbial activity phases. Total microbial biomass, estimated by the fumigation–extraction method, was not consistently related to temperature fluctuations during composting and showed a clear increase at the end of composting, probably resulting from a large slow-growing mycelial community colonising the end products. Since high temperatures did not induce significant non-microbial CO₂–C release and FDA degradation, we propose the performance of microbial activity measurements during thermophilic composting phases at the actual temperatures evolving in the composts.     

Bioactivity in limed soil of a spruce forest

Summary The stimulative effect of lime on the bioactivity of various soil horizons was demonstrated by the ATP test, and respiration and microcalorimetric measurements, but not by FDA hydrolysis or the iron reduction test. The latter showed clear inhibition. When the natural structure of layers was saved while sampling, a smaller stimulation of bioactivity was observed than in the case of mixing natural layers. No stimulation was recorded when the lime layer was removed.