氟乐灵诱导甜瓜四倍体研究初探

氟乐灵是一种新型的具有染色体加倍功效的除草剂。该试验通过氟乐灵溶液处理刚刚发芽的甜瓜种子诱导四倍体,在室温条件下对甜瓜品种黄河蜜三号,以200,400,600倍浓度的氟乐灵溶液处理甜瓜种子4,6,8 h进行四倍体诱导试验,发现氟乐灵处理的根尖有明显的加粗现象。通过镜检,染色体计数法测定诱导率[1],结果表明,浓度为400倍的氟乐灵溶液处理露白的甜瓜种子8 h所获得的加倍效果最好,诱导率达到32.2%。试验结果表明,氟乐灵处理甜瓜种子可以成为获得四倍体甜瓜的有效途径之一,同时对其他作物的多倍体育种研究提供了参考依据。     

利用除草剂来高效加倍甜玉米单倍体

本试验通过比较双草醚、氟乐灵、乙草胺3种除草剂种在溶液浓度为40μmol/L、60μmol/L、80μmol/L时,采用浸种的加倍方法,分别处理经GT5号诱导系诱导的‘吉甜99’、‘吉甜188’、‘甜玉6号’甜玉米单倍体,选出最适合甜玉米单倍体加倍的方法。试验结果表明,3种不同类型的除草剂对甜玉米单倍体都有明显的加倍效果,不同浓度的药剂加倍效率不同。其中,经双草醚处理的加倍率为3.42%～9.39%,氟乐灵加倍率3.87%～12.34%,乙草胺加倍率为1.85%～9.28%,加倍效果最好的是80μmol/L的氟乐灵处理单倍体‘吉甜99’,加倍率最高可达12.34%。3种浓度的除草剂处理甜玉米单倍体的加倍率均达到显著差异,说明除草剂乙草胺、氟乐灵、双草醚均能有效加倍甜玉米单倍体。从而为提高甜玉米单倍体加倍效率的研究提供理论帮助。     

不同秋水仙素处理方法对罗汉果植株变异的影响

以二倍体罗汉果永青1号为研究材料,用0.05％、0.1％、0.2％三种不同浓度的秋水仙素对其进行滴生长点、浸种处理、定量注射法及涂抹法诱导多倍体.结果表明:滴生长点法诱变效果最好,诱变率可达24.3％,而定量注射法成活率为0,涂抹法诱变率为0.与正常植株相比,变异植株在前期生长缓慢,但中后期生长比较旺盛,植株形态有明显的改变,经染色体鉴定为多倍体.     

爆裂玉米单倍体诱导和加倍方法的研究

以4份东北地区推广面积较大的爆裂玉米种质(科爆201、沈爆3号、津爆1号和吉爆3号)为基础材料,以3个单倍体诱导系(BD11、BD12、BD26)为父本进行人工诱导,通过子粒外观形态鉴定,确定准单倍体子粒。以秋水仙素作为人工染色体加倍药剂,设0.3、0.5和0.7mg/m L浓度梯度处理,并辅以2.5%DMSO+5%甘油作为助渗剂,采取浸根、浸芽、滴心叶、针刺生长点4种处理方法加倍准单倍体,筛选适宜的爆裂玉米单倍体加倍方法。结果表明,3个单倍体诱导系的诱导率差异极显著,以BD11诱导率最高,为7.99%;4个爆裂玉米杂交种诱导率差异极显著,以津爆1号的诱导率最高,为7.57%。浸芽法(0.7mg/m L)和针刺生长点法(0.3mg/m L)处理的成活率低于50%;滴心叶法(0.5mg/m L)和针刺生长点法(0.7mg/m L)的散粉率较高,分别为28.9%、45.9%,结实率亦较高,分别为11.1%、15.2%。滴心叶法和针刺生长点法加倍效果较好。     

白魔芋多倍体诱导研究初报

采用种子浸泡法和根状茎顶芽滴液法进行白魔芋多倍体诱导，比较了不同秋水仙素浓度和不同处理时间对出苗率和变异率的影响。结果表明，滴液法对材料的毒害性更小，经同一浓度秋水仙素溶液处理后出苗率和植株形态变异率均高于种子浸泡法，但诱变加倍的效果不如浸泡法。实验中获得一株纯合四倍体植株，由0.20%秋水仙素溶液处理种子48h诱变得到。     

不同除草剂加倍玉米单倍体的效率

通过比较3种除草剂加倍玉米单倍体的效率,提出了利用除草剂加倍玉米单倍体的新方法。以先玉335、中农大4号和8607×8609三个基因型诱导的单倍体籽粒为材料,利用20、40、80和160 μmol L^-1浓度的甲基胺草磷、炔苯酰草胺和氟乐灵作为加倍药剂,在单倍体植株生长到三叶期和五叶期时,用滴心法处理幼苗,选择有花粉的单株自交,收获后调查果穗加倍率;采用细胞学方法观察单倍体的染色体数目和花粉的活性。结果表明,20~160 μmol L^-1的3种除草剂对玉米单倍体加倍均有效果,加倍率在3.42%~26.32%之间。甲基胺草磷、炔苯酰草胺和氟乐灵的加倍率分别为4.29%~26.32%、3.85%~20.81%和3.42%~17.61%;其中80 μmol L^-1甲基胺草磷的加倍效果最佳,使用80 μmol L^-1甲基胺草磷处理3个杂交种的单倍体,平均加倍率分别为25.02%、20.13%和14.99%。方差分析表明,3个基因型间的单倍体加倍率均呈极显著差异,可见使用甲基胺草磷、炔苯酰草胺、氟乐灵可以提高玉米单倍体的加倍频率,但不同基因型单倍体对除草剂的敏感性存在差异。     

聚乙二醇对谷稗种子萌发及相关生理指标的影响

摘要：【研究目的】研究聚乙二醇（PEG6000）渗透处理谷稗种子对其萌发及相关生理指标的影响,分析谷稗种子萌发和幼苗生长与水分胁迫的关系,旨在研究引发对促进供种萌发和活力的效应,为谷稗的生产管理提供科学依据。【方法】分别以15%、20%、25%、30%浓度的PEG6000对谷稗种子进行24h、60h、100h浸种渗透处理,研究谷稗发芽率、发芽速度、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量的变化。【结果】适宜的PEG6000浓度和浸种时间均能不同程度的促进谷稗种子的萌发,表现为谷稗种子发芽率增高、发芽速度加快、相对电导率下降。当25%PEG6000浸种24h时,脯氨酸含量达633.31ug/mg,是CK的3.56倍,存在极显著差异(P＜0.01)。【结论】PEG6000处理提高了谷稗种子的发芽率、发芽速度和细胞膜系统的完整性,25%PEG6000浸种24h是PEG引发谷稗种子较为适宜条件。     

几种糯玉米单倍体化学加倍方法的研究

以5份糯玉米杂交种为母本,以RH 20为父本进行杂交诱导获得的糯玉米单倍体籽粒为供试材料,比较不同化学加倍方法、处理浓度和处理时间对糯玉米单倍体的加倍效率.结果表明,滴心叶法的加倍效率最高,均值达11.14％;秋水仙素浓度为0.7 mg/mL时,加倍率最高,均值达11.00％;处理时间以10 h最好,加倍率均值达7.70％.     

大豆胚尖不定芽诱导影响因子的研究

以大豆胚尖为外植体,研究基因型、浸种时间和诱导时间对胚尖不定芽诱导的影响。结果表明,7个基因型大豆不定芽诱导率变化在35.0%~83.3%之间,黑农48适合于大豆胚尖不定芽再生系统;合丰35成熟种子诱导不定芽产生以浸种48h效果最好;黑农48诱导96h时不定芽诱导率达100%,诱导96h和84h大豆胚尖可形成较多的不定芽。     

秋水仙素诱导蚕豆及玉米根尖细胞染色体变异的研究

为进一步了解秋水仙素对农作物根尖细胞染色体畸变的遗传毒害效应,以地方品种敏感型绿皮小粒蚕豆和饲用玉米为材料,研究不同浓度秋水仙素（0、0.01%、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%、0.20%）及不同培养时间（24、48、72h）对2种作物染色体的畸变影响。结果表明：秋水仙素能诱发根尖膨大,当秋水仙素浓度为0.20%处理24h,蚕豆根尖膨大率100%;秋水仙素浓度为0.20%处理72h,玉米根尖膨大率65.8%;适当浓度秋水仙素（0.01%、0.05%）可促进蚕豆和玉米根尖细胞的有丝分裂,当浓度≥0.10%,反而抑制蚕豆和玉米细胞分裂。在染色体畸变类型中,微核最多,其次是染色体断片,最少是染色体桥。秋水仙素浓度0.20%,处理时间72h,蚕豆畸变率和玉米畸变率均最高,分别为11.92%和7.25%;秋水仙素浓度0.10%,处理时间72h,蚕豆染色体加倍指数最高为7.97%;秋水仙素浓度0.20%,处理时间24h,玉米细胞加倍指数最高为4.64%。     

Role of mitotic inhibitors and genotype on chromosome doubling of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rosa</Emphasis>

Dinitroanilines represent a class of compounds that are widely used in herbicide formulations as they depolymerise plant microtubles, causing chromosome doubling. The potential of microtubule depolymerising herbicides trifluralin, oryzalin, and amiprophosmethyl (APM) for in vitro chromosome doubling of Rosa was studied. Five concentrations (0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 μM) and three exposure periods (12, 24 and 48 h) for each of the compounds were compared. Oryzalin, trifluralin and APM were not significantly different in their ability to induce chromosome doubling of R. hybrida cv Iceberg. At concentration of 6 μM and exposure period of 24 h, chromosome doubling of R. hybrida cv Iceberg was not significantly different with each of the polyplodising agents. At higher concentration (24 μM) and longer exposure period (48 h), 66.7% and 62.5% chromosome doubling was achieved with APM and trifluralin, respectively. However, the application of 6 μM oryzalin to R. persica (2n = 2x), R. hybrida cv Iceberg (2n = 3x) and R. hybrida cv Akito (2n = 4x), resulted in 60.0%, 6.3% and 0% chromosome doubling, respectively, which suggest that chromosome doubling is genotype dependent and plants with lower ploidy level have a higher propensity for chromosome doubling. Flow cytometry results at 18 and 24 weeks after herbicide treatment, indicated that the best time to test the treated plants was after 24 weeks.     

Antimicrotubule herbicides for in vitro chromosome doubling in Beta vulgaris L. ovule culture

In vitro chromosome doubling during ovule culture of sugar and fodder beets (Beta vulgaris L.) was studied with four anti-microtubule herbicides: amiprophos-methyl (APM), oryzalin, pronamide, and trifluralin at concentrations of 0–300 μM. Best chromosome doubling results were obtained by treatment of the ovules with 100 μM APM which produced 4.7 diploid plants per 100 ovules. Highest chromosome doubling was found with oryzalin using 1 μM, with trifluralin at 10 μM, and with pronamide at 10 μM producing 2.8, 2.0, and 2.0 diploid plants per 100 ovules, respectively. The APM treatments showed relatively low toxicity on embryo formation which in combination with a high chromosome doubling effect, resulted in up to 89 diploids per 100 plants regenerated. Oryzalin and trifluralin had more severe toxic effects, which reduced embryo formation, thereby lower percentages of chromosome doubled plants were obtained from these treatments. Pronamide had no significant toxic effect but it induced chromosome doubling at lower frequencies. Compared to colchicine, APM seems to be as efficient for chromosome doubling during beet ovule culture, but at molar concentrations 100 times lower than those used for chromosome doubling with colchicine. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

两种南瓜再生体系建立的方法

为建立不同途径的南瓜再生体系,以‘大果蜜本’南瓜种子子叶节和授粉后2天的子房为外植体,对南瓜愈伤组织和胚状体发育两种再生途径进行研究。结果表明：愈伤组织发育途径中,3%的次氯酸钠溶液消毒15 min是最佳灭菌方式,MS+3.0 mg/L6-BA+ 0.1 mg/L NAA是诱导南瓜子叶节丛生芽形成的最佳培养基,MS+0.2 mg/L NAA是诱导单芽成苗的最佳培养基;胚状体发育途径中MS+4.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L NAA+1.0 mg/L 6-BA和MS+0.06 mg/L TDZ均能有效诱导南瓜胚状体形成,MS培养基是诱导胚状体成苗最佳培养基。本研究成功建立了南瓜愈伤组织和胚状体发育两种途径形成再生植株的体系。     

Efficient production of doubled haploid wheat plants by in vitro treatment of microspores with trifluralin or APM

Isolated microspore cultures from two doubled haploid (DH) lines of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., were used to develop an in vitro chromosome-doubling protocol. During the initial 24 h or 48 h of culture the microspores were treated with either of the two antimicrotubule herbicides trifluralin or amiprophos-methyl (APM) in concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 10μM. Untreated control cultures yielded 209 embryos per 100000 microspores, which is the equivalent of one spike. Among the regenerated plantlets 67% were green, and 15% of the flowering plants were spontaneously chromosome doubled. Treatments with both the herbicides had a significant effect on chromosome doubling, measured as the percentage of fertile regenerants. With the best combination of treatment duration (48 h) and herbicide concentration (10/μM) the percentage of fertile plants among regenerants could be increased up to 74% with APM and up to 65% with trifluralin. The largest numbers of DH plants per spike could be obtained with herbicide concentrations at 1–3 μM. Treatments with either herbicide at these concentrations resulted in an estimated average between the two genotypes of 27 DH plants per 100 000 microspores. These results demonstrate the high potential of APM and trifluralin as chromosome-doubling agents in isolated microspore cultures. The in vitro treatment integrated into tissue culture procedures will constitute an efficient method for chromosome doubling in future wheat breeding     

芦笋单倍体染色体加倍技术研究

研究了芦笋单倍体染色体加倍的方法。在离体培养条件下,以秋水仙素为诱变剂,分别用浸泡法和培养基添加法处理芦笋单倍体幼苗的茎尖,比较了秋水仙素不同浓度、不同处理时间的诱导效果。结果表明,培养基添加法的诱导效果好于浸泡法,当在培养基中添加0.3%秋水仙素并处理7天时诱导效果最佳,染色体加倍频率与成活率分别可达82.50%和80%。加倍后的二倍体植株与单倍体植株相比,茎干变粗,气孔与保卫细胞增大,保卫细胞内的叶绿体数增多。     

Doubling the chromosome number of bahiagrass via tissue culture

Crop improvement in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) is limited by apomixis in most natural tetraploids, however, diploid sexual types occur. Production of sexual tetraploids by chromosome doubling will allow hybridization with apomictic tetraploids. Diploid bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) embryogenic callus tissue was exposed to three concentrations of three antimitotic chemical agents, colchicine, oryzalin and trifluralin. Callus was generated to plants and ploidy was evaluated by stomata size, mitotic chromosome counts, and flow cytometry. A total of 310 plants were verified as tetraploid of 1,432 plants that reached transplanting size. All treatments yielded 4x plants. The mean percentage success over all treatments was 22%, with means of 31% for oryzalin, 24% for colchicine and 16% for trifluralin. The high rates of success indicate that all agents can be successfully used to double chromosome numbers in bahiagrass. The percentage of 4x plants ranged from 9% (20 μM trifluralin) to 43% (20 μM oryzalin). Several treatments adversely affected regeneration. Mitotic chromosome counts are difficult and labor intensive in bahiagrass. Therefore, leaf stomata measurements were used as a preliminary screen. Data gave a bimodal distribution with overlapping tails and based on chromosome counts would have given an error rate of 12%. Flow cytometry analysis of regenerated plants resulted in mean nucleus fluorescence distributions consistent with control diploid or tetraploid values. These values agreed with chromosome counts, and this method is recommended for determining bahiagrass ploidy level. Research goals and available resources should be taken into consideration when selecting a treatment for chromosome doubling in bahiagrass.     

灌水频率与灌水量对南瓜耗水特征与水生产力的影响

为探讨河西地区沟灌条件下南瓜需水规律与产量效应,于2014,2015年以甜栗南瓜为试材,研究不同灌水频率和灌水量对南瓜耗水特征、产量、水分利用效率及其果实形态指标的影响。试验设置5个处理,分别为苗期灌水45 mm(T1),苗期灌水45 mm+伸蔓期灌水30 mm(T2),苗期灌水45 mm+伸蔓期灌水45 mm(T3),苗期灌水45 mm+伸蔓期灌水45 mm+开花坐果期灌水30 mm(T4),苗期灌水45 mm+伸蔓期灌水45 mm+开花坐果期灌水45 mm(CK)。结果表明,随着灌水量的增加,果径大小逐渐增加,而不同灌水频率对南瓜瓜形指数无显著影响。南瓜全生育期耗水量随着灌水频率和灌水量的增加而增加,各处理不同生育期阶段耗水量从大到小依次表现为:开花坐果期伸蔓期苗期发芽期,日耗水强度大小依次表现为:伸蔓期开花坐果期苗期发芽期。2个试验年度中,T2(2014年)和T4(2015年)处理水分利用效率分别最大,较T1和CK处理分别显著增加了14.80%,19.71%(2014年)和25.59%,1.89%(2015年)。T2、T3、T4和CK处理的产量分别较T1处理显著增加了24.59%,29.75%,23.07%,21.20%(2014年)和39.81%,55.22%,71.85%,74.93%(2015年)。通过回归分析,表明在河西绿洲灌溉条件下南瓜产量、水分利用效率与耗水量均呈二次抛物线关系。因此,南瓜伸蔓期和开花坐果期为南瓜需水关键期,在该生育期内适度灌水可显著提高南瓜产量和水分利用效率。     

哈密瓜嫁接栽培的防病增产效果研究

以黑籽南瓜为砧木，哈密甜瓜为接穗，采用不同的嫁接方法和育苗方法，研究了嫁接对哈密甜瓜幼苗和植株生物学特性及对枯萎病抗性、产量、品质的影响。结果表明，4种嫁接方法都有较强的亲和性，在无土育苗条件下，嫁接苗成活率均在95%以上，田间防效达到95.4%以上，无土育苗嫁接比有土育苗嫁接效果好。嫁接哈密瓜比自根哈密瓜增产75.9%-112.3%，增产效果主要表现在后期产量上。