不同精料补饲水平对藏绵羊生产性能和消化代谢影响的研究

选择1~2岁藏羊30只,以青干草为基础日粮,每只按每天150,300,450 g 3种精料水平补饲。研究不同精料补饲量对藏羊生产性能和日粮营养物质的消化代谢的影响。结果表明:随精料补饲水平提高,日粮干物质、有机物、氮和钙、磷的表观消化率随之提高。藏羊能量摄入量、表观消化率和代谢率也随之升高,在300 g与450 g精料水平下,能量表观消化率和代谢率差异不显著(P>0.05);300 g粪能损失最低。ADF表观消化率随补饲水平提高而下降。在本试验条件下,从生产性能和藏羊营养代谢方面考虑,藏羊每天补饲精料300 g效果最佳。     

精料补饲水平对早期断奶山羊生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究精料补饲水平对早期断奶山羊牛长性能和血清生化指标的影响.试验选用32只(35±3)日龄早期断奶简阳大耳羊山羊[(8.576±1.831)kg BW],公母各占1/2,根据体重采用随机区组试验设计,将山羊分为4个组,每组8只(公母各占1/2),单栏单饲.对照组跟随母羊哺乳,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组在35日龄实施断奶,分别补饲50、150和250 g/d精料.试验期42 d.试验结果表明:1)补饲精料对断奶山羊的平均日增重有显著或极显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01).其中,250 g/d组平均日增重最高,较对照组提高了83.80%(P<0.01);50 g/d组平均日增重最低,显著或极显著低于其他各组(P<0.05或P<0.01).试验组间粗料采食量差异不显著(P>0.05).试验组山羊总料重比差异不显著(P>0.05);但按摄入精料计算,150、250 g/d组料(精料)重比极显著高于50 g/d组(P<0.01).2)250、150 g/d组山羊总干物质、消化能、粗蛋白质摄入量极显著高于50 g/d组(P<0.01),各试验组的饲粮总的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维摄入量差异不显著(P>0.05).3)各组山羊血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血浆尿素氮、血清IgA和IgM差异不显著(P>0.05).由此说明,补饲精料有利于提高早期断奶大耳羊山羊的营养物质摄入量,促进生长.补饲精料量(250 g/d)占食入饲料总量的(70.0±3.0)%时,可极显著提高山羊的生长性能.     

补充精料对绵羊育肥性能的影响

选用60只3月龄山西太谷绵羊为试验动物，随机分为4组，1组为对照组，2、3、4组每日每只分别补充250克、325克和400克精料。在自由采食玉米秸秆的条件下研究不同精料补饲水平对育肥羊生产性能和日粮消化率的影响。结果表明：在日粮中添加精料可极显著提高日增重；显著降低料肉比；显著提高日粮养分表观消化率。     

精料补饲水平对早期断奶羔羊复胃发育的影响

本试验旨在研究精料补饲水平对早期断奶羔羊复胃发育的影响.选用(35±3)日龄、平均体重为(8.58±1.83) kg的简阳大耳羊羔羊32只,随机分为4个组,每组8只(公母各占1/2),单栏单饲.对照组羔羊跟随母羊哺乳,试验组羔羊在35日龄实施断奶后分别补饲50、150和250 g/d精料,试验期42 d.结果表明:补饲精料可提高羔羊复胃重/体重(P<0.01),促进皱胃增重(P<0.05),增大瘤胃乳头宽度(P<0.01),降低瘤胃乳头密度(P<0.05),且补饲精料对上述指标的影响程度随补饲水平的增加而增加.补饲精料对瘤胃壁厚度、乳头长度的影响不显著(P>0.05).由此得出,精料补饲可提高早期断奶羔羊复胃的发育,且以250 g/d的添加量效果最佳.     

补饲女贞子对泌乳奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究补饲女贞子对泌乳奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响。选择48头健康的泌乳中期中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成4组,每个处理组12头奶牛,对照组饲喂全混合日粮(TMR),N1、N2、N3组分别在饲喂TMR日粮的基础上补饲150、300、450 g/d女贞子。预试期1周,正试期7周。结果表明,与对照组相比,补饲450 g/d女贞子可显著提高泌乳奶牛4%校正乳产量(P<0.05),补饲150 g/d女贞子可显著提高泌乳奶牛乳脂含量(P<0.05),而对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量及乳蛋白、总固形物含量和体细胞数均无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,补饲女贞子可显著降低泌乳奶牛血液中甘油三酯含量(P<0.05),而对其他血液生化指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,补饲女贞子具有提高泌乳中期奶牛生产性能、改善机体脂类代谢的作用。     

日粮营养水平对海南黑山羊肥育羔羊日粮养分表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究不同营养水平精料补饲对海南黑山羊肥育羔羊的日粮养分表观消化率的影响。选择3月龄、体重相近的海南黑山羊24只,随机分成6个处理组,每个处理组4只羊。设计2个粗蛋白质水平(15%和17%)和3个消化能水平(11.72、12.55、13.39MJ/kg)的精料补充料,自由采食,试验期90d。结果表明:日粮蛋白质水平对黑山羊日均干物质、能量、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)采食量无显著影响(P>0.05),日粮消化能水平对黑山羊日均粗脂肪、粗灰分和钙、磷、NDF和ADF采食量影响显著(P<0.05);日粮蛋白质水平对黑山羊日粮中各养分的表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05);随着日粮中消化能水平的增加,能量、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、ADF和NDF的表观消化率亦随之增加(P<0.05)。结果表明,日粮蛋白质水平对黑山羊日粮中各养分表观消化率无显著影响,而日粮能量水平对日粮中能量、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、ADF和NDF的表观消化率影响显著。     

日粮磷进食水平对西杂后备母牛日粮磷表观消化率的影响

为了研究日粮磷进食量对肉牛日粮磷表观消化的影响,试验选用体况良好、体重一致(347 kg±25 kg)的杂交后备母牛(西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀))16头,随机分为4组,即处理1、2、3和4组,每组4头,各试验组日粮磷的进食量分别为26、34、42和50 g/d,以精料饲喂量调整磷进食水平(每天育成母牛精料喂量分别为1.5、2.5、3.5和4.5 kg),粗料(玉米秸秆青贮)自由采食。总试验期30 d,预饲期20 d后进入正试期,试验最后7 d全收集粪样。结果表明,不同日粮磷进食量对消化道磷的表观消化量和表观消化率有显著影响(P<0.05),在日粮磷进食量为34g/d(日粮磷水平0.51%)时,消化率达最大(53.8%);日粮磷进食量大于34 g/d时,磷进食的增加使磷的表观消化率明显降低(P<0.05)。     

德国美利奴和河北细毛羊杂交四代羔羊肥育效果的研究

选用40只德国肉用美利奴和河北细毛羊杂交四代5月龄羔羊,平均分成4组,分别补饲莜麦和同一种精料的不同水平进行育肥,研究不同营养水平对羔羊生产性能的影响,并对其经济效益进行分析.试验结果表明:在放牧条件下,每天补饲0.35 kg精料可显著提高其日增重(239.17±45.50 g),并且经济效益显著;对于留作种用的公羔,补饲莜麦可显著地提高生产性能,日增重达到270.00±43.01 g;每天补饲0.25 kg精料的试验2组对能量和氮的表观消化率为最高(65.78%和73.16%).     

菊粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同水平菊粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及抗氧化能力的影响。选取32头平均体重为(7.10±0.20)kg的杜长大(DLY)断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加2.5、5.0和10.0 g/kg的菊粉(等量替代基础饲粮中的玉米)。试验期21 d。结果表明,与对照组相比:1)饲粮添加2.5、5.0和10.0 g/kg菊粉对断奶仔猪平均日采食量和平均日增重无显著影响(P>0.05),饲粮添加2.5、5.0和10.0 g/kg菊粉可显著提高断奶仔猪粗灰分表观消化率(P<0.05),饲粮添加2.5和5.0 g/kg菊粉可显著提高断奶仔猪粗蛋白质表观消化率(P<0.05)。2)饲粮添加2.5 g/kg菊粉可显著提高血清中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性(P<0.05);饲粮添加2.5、5.0和10.0 g/kg菊粉可显著降低肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05);饲粮添加2.5和5.0 g/kg菊粉可显著提高空肠中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性(P<0.05),饲粮添加2.5和5.0 g/kg菊粉可显著降低回肠中MDA含量(P<0.05),饲粮添加2.5 g/kg菊粉可显著提高十二指肠中CAT活性(P<0.05)。3)饲粮添加2.5、5.0和10.0 g/kg菊粉可显著提高肝脏中核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),饲粮添加5.0和10.0 g/kg菊粉可显著提高肝脏中血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05)。4)饲粮添加2.5、5.0和10.0 g/kg菊粉可显著提高十二指肠中HO-1的mRNA相对表达量和空肠中Nrf2的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),饲粮添加2.5和5.0 g/kg菊粉可显著提高回肠中HO-1和Nrf2的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),饲粮添加2.5 g/kg菊粉可显著提高空肠中Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Keap1)的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),饲粮添加10.0 g/kg菊粉可显著提高空肠中HO-1和Keap1的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加菊粉对断奶仔猪生长性能无显著影响,但可改善养分表观消化率,提高抗氧化能力。本试验条件下,断奶仔猪饲粮中菊粉适宜添加水平为2.5 g/kg。     

丙二醇对围产期奶牛日粮养分消化率的影响

选用24头体重(683.1±14.9)kg、胎次(2.5±0.2)、上一泌乳期305 d,产奶量(7 339±18)kg和预产期(24.5±0.2)d的经产奶牛,随机分为4组,从分娩前19 d到分娩后36 d分别在基础日粮中添加丙二醇0、150、300和450 ml/d,研究丙二醇对围产期奶牛采食量和日粮养分消化率的影响,结果表明:奶牛分娩后7、21和35 d干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)采食量显著高于分娩前(-21 d和-14 d),分娩后35 d各养分采食量显著高于分娩后7 d(P<0.05)。从分娩前14 d到分娩后35 d各组奶牛DM、OM和CP消化率呈先降低后升高的趋势,但差异均不显著;而分娩后7、21和35 d日粮NDF和ADF消化率显著低于分娩前(-21 d和-14d)(P<0.05)。日粮添加不同水平的丙二醇对围产期奶牛各养分采食量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,日粮添加丙二醇300 ml/d和450 ml/d,显著提高分娩前14 d和分娩后7、21和35 d DM、NDF和ADF消化率,显著提高分娩后7、21和35 d OM消化率,显著提高分娩后7和21 d CP消化率(P<0.05)。本试验结果表明在日粮中添加丙二醇有益于改善围产期奶牛日粮消化率,适宜添加量为300 ml/d。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -