秸秆青贮制作与利用

1青贮池的修建1.1选址要求根据当地气候特点,选择地势平坦、干燥不积水的地方修建。1.2青贮池的建设根据饲养量修建青贮池,一般饲养50～150只羊修建16m3青贮池较适宜。青贮池墙用24cm水泥砖砌成,中间用14cm水泥砖隔成8m3的小池2个(按每立方米贮     

达川区秸秆堆贮青贮饲料技术

正堆贮是青贮的形式之一,它是在青贮池(窖)的基础上发展而来的,即用青贮池(窖)青贮改用塑料薄膜在地面上密封堆贮。它较青贮池(窖)有许多优点:一是节约修建青贮池(窖)的资金,降低青贮成本;二是方便、快捷,操作简单易行,不择场地,在田、地、院坝随地可贮;三是密封性能好,青贮质量高。     

青贮窖的准备和清理

设计合理、清洁的青贮池是成功制作青贮饲料的先决条件。 （一）青贮池的设计 青贮池大小要与养殖场规模相适应。 1．容量。按每天每头牛15千克青贮料（不分大小）,每立方米装500千克青贮饲料（实际容量650～700千克）计算青贮池大小。     

真空青贮技术对全株玉米青贮品质的影响试验

为探索优质青贮玉米的加工方法,试验以乳熟后期至蜡熟前期的全株玉米为青贮原料,采用真空青贮袋、扎捆青贮袋和青贮池3种青贮方式进行青贮效果比较,青贮发酵时间48 d.结果:(1)感观评定得分:真空袋青贮料感观评分最高为20分,与扎捆袋青贮相近,明显优于青贮池青贮.(2)乳酸含量:真空袋青贮比扎捆袋青贮高2.6％,比青贮池青...     

永久青贮氨化池设计与施工技术初探

在我国 ,对于大中型的建筑 ,都有专门的设计与施工单位 ,而对于小型的农业性建筑 ,如 1栋牛舍或 1个青贮氨化池 ,很难找到专门的技术资料。在完成农业部下达我市《秸秆养牛示范项目》工作中 ,笔者对永久青贮氨化池设计与施工问题做了一些探讨 ,现提出来 ,供大家参考。1　位置选择建池选址应以“方便管理使用 ,易于施工操作 ,节约物料投资”为基本原则。肉牛育肥场青贮氨化饲料加工制作量大 ,应选择离草料场或牛舍较近的地方建池。农户一般选择院墙内外或几户可以共用的空闲场地建池。2　池形设计青贮氨化池的设计 ,重点要考虑两个要素 ,即容…     

德国的青贮饲料生产与利用

介绍了德国青贮饲料生产与利用特点,并对常用的青贮池青贮技术进行了重点介绍,供国内养殖场户参考。     

永久青贮氨化池设计与施工

我们在完成农业部下达我市《秸秆养牛示范项目》建设工作中，对永久青贮氨化池设计与施工问题作了一些探讨，提出来与大家共同磋商。1 位置选择建池选址应以“方便管理使用，易于施工操作，节约物料投资”为基本原则。肉牛育肥场青贮氨化饲料加工制作量大，应选择离草料场或牛舍较近的地方建池。农户一般选择院墙内外或几户可以共用的空闲建地建池。2 池形设计青贮氨化池的设计，重点要考虑容积和形状。2.1 容积主要根据牛只数量，每次氨化青贮秸秆量的大小来确定。可按1立方米净容积氨化秸秆140～150千克或青贮秸秆550～600千克，设计所建…     

青贮中心在石漠化地区草地畜牧业中的作用

针对石漠化地区生境破碎、地理单元小而多、养殖场规模较小且较为分散、难以实现青贮池配套的问题,简要分析了石漠化地区发展草地畜牧业的意义,以及发展中存在的问题,提出草地畜牧业发展的突破点,即建立青贮中心,分配所属区域的养殖场。从石漠化地区构建青贮中心的技术可行性以及效益分析出发,深入挖掘构建青贮中心和集约化农场对石漠化地区发展草地畜牧业的重大意义。     

秸秆黄贮实用技术

适用于养殖场养殖规模扩大,现有的青贮池容积不够其养殖场牛羊青贮饲喂料的贮备。     

青贮秸秆与养牛

秋收将至,青贮的黄金季节来了,为了帮助养殖户算好帐、备好池,搞好今年的青贮工作,现将青贮与养牛有关知识做一简单介绍: (一)青贮池咋建设 1.地点选择:要求土质坚硬、干燥向阳、排水容易,距离畜舍较近,远离粪坑、污水池,操作及取用方便的地方.     

不同季节对青贮窖中全株玉米青贮品质和营养价值的影响

为探讨季节对青贮窖中全株玉米青贮品质和营养价值的影响,分别在冬、春、夏季从地上青贮窖中以每日取料厚度5、10、20、40 cm取样,进行青贮品质检测、化学成分分析和体外消化率测定。结果显示:冬季、春季对全株玉米青贮的微生物含量无显著影响(P0.05),但夏季取料厚度5、10 cm时真菌含量极显著高于冬季和春季(P0.01);全株玉米青贮过程中当pH降到3.76后还有一个漫长的缓慢降低过程,这个过程从冬季一直持续到第2年夏季;在这个过程中,NDF、ADF等不易被微生物利用的营养物质比例逐步提高,而容易被微生物利用的总糖比例逐步减少,体外DM消化率逐步降低。结果提示,青贮窖中全株玉米青贮随着保存时间延长,营养价值会逐渐降低;夏季时全株玉米青贮每日取料厚度应大于10 cm。     

NaCl Addition to the Top Layer of Corn Ensiled in Bunker Silos

The objective of this study was to examine fermentation characteristics and the quality of corn silage in response to top-dressing with NaCl after ensiling. Two bunker silos were divided into six sections each. Three alternate sections per silo had salt applied at a rate of 22.5 kg/121-m² section. The other three sections were not treated. The silos were covered with black plastic sheeting and secured with tire sidewalls. Four weeks after covering, seven silage samples were taken from the top layer of each of the sections, composited, and analyzed for DM, pH, NDF, ADF, acetic acid, lactic acid, mold, yeast, total aerobic bacteria, clostridia, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone. The silage samples from the salt-treated sections exhibited several properties that indicated improved fermentation and reduced spoilage, including trends for reduced pH, NDF content, zearalenone concentrations, and total aerobic bacteria counts, when compared with the unsalted silage. Adding salt to the top layer of corn silage is an economically feasible way of reducing top layer spoilage and may reduce silage waste.     

A third-generation esterase inoculant alters fermentation pattern and improves aerobic stability of barley silage and the efficiency of body weight gain of growing feedlot cattle

This study investigated the effects of a mixed bacterial inoculant possessing ferulic acid esterase (FAE) activity on silage fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability, and growth performance of growing feedlot steers. Whole-crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) forage (35% DM) was chopped and ensiled without a silage inoculant (UN) or with a mixed bacterial culture containing 1.0 × 10(11) cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri LN4017 that produces FAE, 2.0 × 10(10) cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum LP7109, and 1.0 × 10(10) cfu/g of Lactobacillus casei LC3200 at a combined rate of 1.3 × 10(5) cfu/g of fresh forage (IN) in mini and Ag-Bag (Ag-Bag Int. Ltd., Warrenton, OR) silos. Silages from the mini silos were assessed for the effect of inoculation on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability, whereas silages from Ag-Bags were used to formulate 2 barley silage-based total mixed rations (UN and IN) that were fed to growing feedlot steers for 112 d. The IN silage exhibited a homolactic fermentation during the first 7 d of ensiling as reflected by an increased (P ≤ 0.02) lactic acid concentration and an accelerated rate (P < 0.01) of pH decline. Thereafter, fermentation of IN silage became more heterolactic, resulting in greater concentrations of acetic acid (P < 0.01) and pH (P < 0.01) but less (P < 0.01) lactic acid than UN silage. Inoculation did not affect DM losses (P = 0.52) from mini silos. The IN silage remained stable during 21 d, but temperature and yeasts counts in the UN silage increased after 5 d of aerobic exposure. Growing steers fed the IN silage diet had superior (P = 0.03) feed conversion efficiency compared with those fed UN silage. Inoculation of whole-crop barley silage with a mixed culture of homolactic lactic acid-producing bacteria and FAE-producing L. buchneri at ensiling changed fermentation from a homolactic to a heterolactic form during ensiling and improved aerobic stability of the silage and efficiency of BW gain of growing feedlot steers.     

不同乳酸菌添加剂对青贮黑麦草和青贮玉米微生物群集的影响

在青贮黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和青贮玉米(Zea mays)中添加鼠李糖乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌,研究其对微生物群集的影响,青贮饲料贮藏时间为14,56,120 d.结果表明:添加布氏乳杆菌的青贮黑麦草组细菌与真菌群集都很稳定,大肠菌中的Erwinia persicina, Pantoea agglomerans和Rahnella aquatilis 在青贮黑麦草对照组中被发现,鼠李糖乳杆菌组没有发现.Saccharomyces cerevisiae 和Pichia anomala是对照组与鼠李糖乳杆菌组青贮黑麦草中的主要真菌;P. anomala在布氏乳杆菌组未检测到.Candida magnolia, Cryptococcus flavus和Candida intermedia在青贮玉米原料与发酵过程中均检测到,Candida glabrata 和Candida quercitrusa 只在发酵过程检测到.有氧腐败发生时,青贮玉米真菌菌群发生明显变化,Saccharomyces exiguus, Saccharomyces martiniae, Pichia fermentans, Pichia deserticola 和Pichia kudriavzevii 可在腐败的青贮玉米中检测到.这表明添加乳酸菌制剂可以改变青贮黑麦草的菌群,但是对青贮玉米菌群影响较小,发生腐败时真菌菌群与细菌菌群均发生变化.     

不同乳酸菌添加剂对青贮黑麦草和青贮玉米发酵产物和有氧稳定性的影响

在青贮黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和青贮玉米(Zea mays)中添加鼠李糖乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌,研究其对发酵产物与有氧稳定性的影响.青贮饲料贮藏时间为14,56和120 d.无添加青贮黑麦草发酵产物中乙醇含量较多,在14 d开封时,乙醇和2,3-丁二醇含量为乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸总和的7倍.添加鼠李糖乳杆菌与布氏乳杆菌可以抑制乙醇型发酵,使乳酸型与乙酸型发酵占主导.无添加青贮黑麦草与添加鼠李糖乳杆菌的黑麦草发生了有氧腐败,但是添加布氏乳杆菌的黑麦草保持了有氧稳定.在青贮玉米中,添加鼠李糖乳杆菌未影响发酵品质,但添加布氏乳杆菌增加了发酵产物中乙酸含量,降低了乳酸含量.添加布氏乳杆菌的青贮玉米从56 d开封开始保持了有氧稳定,其它组在120 d开封时保持了有氧稳定,所有组乙酸含量都增加.     

添加糖蜜和乙酸对西藏发酵全混合日粮青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性影响

为研究乙酸和糖蜜对发酵全混合日粮(FTMR)品质及有氧稳定性的影响,试验以全混合日粮(TMR)为发酵原料,设对照组、乙酸(A)、糖蜜(M)、乙酸和糖蜜组合添加(AM)4个处理,发酵45 d后分析FTMR的发酵品质,同时将所有FTMR暴露到空气中,分别在第6,9和12天取样评定其有氧稳定性。结果表明,与对照相比,A和AM组降低了乳酸含量(P>0.05),各组仅检测到微量的丙酸、少量的丁酸和较低的氨态氮/总氮,表明各组FTMR发酵品质均良好。有氧暴露6 d后,各组乳酸、乙酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量均呈不同程度的下降,对照和M组pH值在第12 天显著(P<0.05)上升至5.70和6.50,具有较高的氨态氮/总氮和酵母菌数量。而A和AM组乳酸含量均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,且好氧性微生物和酵母菌数量在整个有氧暴露的过程中始终维持在较低水平,有氧暴露12 d后pH值仍维持在4.50左右,延长了有氧稳定时间。综合考虑,为了获得品质优良的FTMR饲料,可在TMR中添加0.3%乙酸,既不影响发酵品质,也可提高其有氧稳定性。     

添加乙醇对象草青贮发酵品质的影响

本试验研究了不同添加水平的乙醇对象草青贮发酵品质的影响。乙醇的添加比例分别为0,1.5%,2.5%,3.5%和4.5%(占鲜重的比例)。在青贮后的第1,3,5,7,14和30天打开青贮罐,测定青贮饲料发酵品质的动态变化。试验结果表明,乙醇抑制了好氧性微生物对蛋白质的分解,在青贮过程中,各添加处理青贮饲料的氨态氮/总氮低于(P>0.05)或显著低于(P<0.05)对照处理。最初3 d乙醇处理的pH值下降速度较对照慢,3 d后pH值下降幅度较大。随着青贮发酵的进行青贮饲料的乳酸含量呈增加趋势,第7天左右达到最大值,而且30 d后乙醇处理的乳酸含量均高于对照。在发酵的开始阶段,青贮饲料的水溶性碳水化合物含量下降较快,添加乙醇后青贮饲料的水溶性碳水化合物利用效率比对照高,发酵30 d后各添加处理的水溶性碳水化合物含量均高于对照。在第1和14天乙醇添加处理的青贮饲料乙酸含量显著(P<0.05)低于对照,但各处理间含量差异不显著 (P>0.05)。在象草青贮中添加乙醇能抑制发酵初期好氧性微生物对蛋白质和水溶性碳水化合物的利用,减少发酵过程中的损失,为乳酸菌发酵提供更多的发酵底物,产生更多的乳酸,从而提高象草的青贮发酵品质。     

Effect of enzyme additives on kikuyu silage quality

Chopped kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass of low digestibility and low in non‐structural carbohydrates was treated with three commercial enzyme preparations, namely, Celluclast, SP 249 and Silo Guard II. These enzymes were added to the kikuyu prior to ensiling in laboratory silos with a capacity of 1 kg. After 120 days, silage was removed and analysed for different chemical parameters to evaluate silage fermentation characteristics and changes in digestibility. Under the experimental conditions, the addition of Celluclast improved (P≤0.01) the fermentation characteristics of kikuyu silage relative to the control. No significant improvement was observed from the addition of SP 249 and Silo Guard II relative to the respective controls. None of the additives tested succeeded in improving kikuyu silage digestibility in vitro.     

Effect of inoculants on whole-crop barley silage fermentation and dry matter disappearance in situ

Whole-crop barley harvested at the mid-dough stage was ensiled in 3-L laboratory silos either directly (at 30.7% DM) or after wilting (37.8% DM), and with or without application of Inoculant A, B, or D. Each inoculant contained multiple strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium. Two silos per treatment were opened on d 1, 3, 7, 15, and 47 for silage analysis. Wilted silages had higher (P < 0.05) pH than unwilted silages, and Inoculant B (unwilted crop) and Inoculants A, B, and D (wilted crop) decreased (P < 0.05) silage pH compared to the controls. Reducing sugars concentration was 36% lower (P < 0.05), on average, in the wilted than in the unwilted silages. Silages prepared with Inoculants B or D had lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of reducing sugars than the control. Wilting of the barley crop further increased the difference between inoculated and control silages (wilting x inoculation P < 0.05). Neither wilting nor silage inoculants affected concentrations of nonprotein N, ammonia N, or free amino acid N in silage. Wilting did not affect the concentration of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the silages. Across DM levels, inoculant-treated silages had larger (P < 0.01) populations of LAB than did the uninoculated controls (7.1 x 10(9) vs 2.3 x 10(9) cfu/g silage DM). Wilting resulted in lesser (P < 0.05) silage lactic acid concentration than the directly ensiled crop. At both DM levels, lactic acid concentration was higher (P < 0.001) in inoculated silages than in controls. The in situ soluble and potentially degradable fractions of silage DM were not affected by wilting or inoculant treatment. The rate of degradation of the potentially degradable silage DM was 35% lower (P < 0.05) in wilted than in unwilted silage. As a result, the calculated effective degradability of silage DM was lower (P < 0.001) in wilted than in unwilted silage. Inoculants did not influence the rate of degradation or effective degradability of silage DM in the rumen. Whole-crop barley ensiled at approximately 30% DM (without wilting) contained higher concentrations of soluble sugars and lactic acid and had higher ruminal degradability of DM than wilted silage (38% DM). Although inoculants did not improve DM degradability of barley silage, lower terminal pH and increased concentrations of lactic acid may improve aerobic stability upon feed-out.     

Nitrogen dioxide (silo gas) poisoning in dairy cattle

Toxic silo gases are a potential danger to livestock housed in close proximity to roughage silos. These gases, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), may be produced during the early stages of (maize and grass) silage making. In humans, inhalation of these gases causes a condition known as 'Silo Filler's Disease' (SFD), which is a recognized occupational hazard for workers in upright forage silos in many countries. NO2 accumulates on top of silage, is inhaled by workers, and reacts with water on the airway surfaces to form nitrous acid, which damages the lung and causes pulmonary oedema, bronchiolitis, and death in severe cases. On a dairy farm, a cloud of reddish-brown NO2 gas (which is heavier than air) was noticed to escape from underneath the plastic sheet of a horizontal maize bunker and to enter a cubicle house for dairy cows 1 day after ensiling. Eleven cows became dyspnoeic, 3 of which subsequently died. A combination of weather conditions, an insufficient sand load on the maize bunker, the utilization of a lactobacillus starter culture, and the close proximity of the silo to the cubicle house may have caused the incident.