抗（耐）丛根病两个甜菜新品种的选育

宁甜单优１号和宁甜双优１号杂优品种系以抗（耐）丛根病为选育目标，经１９９３、１９９４年在宁夏、甘肃、内蒙三省（区）病地、非病地广泛设点试验、示范育成。宁甜单优１号在病地产量平均为３５９１．４ｋｇ／亩，平均含糖１３．９１％，产糖量５００．３ｋｇ／亩，根产量、含糖率与产糖量分别比当地对照种提高２０７．５％、２．３７度与２７６．９５％；宁甜双优１号在病地平均根产量为３０３１．１ｋｇ／亩，平均含糖１３．６１％，产糖量４１４．１ｋｇ／亩，比当地对照种根产量、含糖率与产糖量分别增加１５９．５％、２．０７度与２１２．０２％。在非（轻）病地两品种分别比当地对照品种增产３７．７％、１２．８８％，含糖均比对照提高１．０度，适应性广泛，现已在宁夏、甘肃、内蒙等省区推广种植。     

甜菜多倍体新品种甜研307的选育

甜研３０７为标准型多粒多倍体杂交种。１９８６年以自育的四倍体杂交种与二倍体品系甜２０２杂交，经过试验鉴定，生产试验等，平均块根产量２１４７．１６ｋｇ／亩、含糖率１５．０４％、产糖量３１７．３８ｋｇ／亩，分别比对照种增产５．６８％～１０．９％、提高含糖率０．５１％～０．６９％、产糖量增加１１．３６％～１５．５３％：褐斑病发病病级为０．６～１．０级，比对照低０．３～０．７级，在黑龙江、内蒙、宁夏、新疆等地表现根产量、含糖率较高，抗病能力较强，稳产性好。     

甜菜氮磷钾肥效应与土壤肥力的关系

依１９８６～１９９３年试验结果建立的二次多项式回归方程，探讨了甜菜氮磷钾肥需要量及其效应与土壤肥力的关系。结果为：获得最高块根产量和最高纯经济效益的施氮量分别为９．４１ｋｇ／亩和７；６８ｋｇ／亩。在最高纯经济效益施氮量下，平均每公斤氮增加块根５１．９ｋｇ，降低含糖率（０．１０＋０．００２８ｘ＿１一０．００５４ｘ＿２一０．０７４ｘ＿５）度，其中ｘ＿１、ｘ＿２和ｘ＿５分别为土壤碱解氨、有效磷和有机质含量。获得最高块根产量和最高纯经济效益施Ｐ＿２Ｏ＿５量分别为（一２５．６一０．１４０ｘ＿２＋５．０４ｘ＿４）ｋｇ／亩和（一２７．８一０．１４０ｘ＿２＋５．０４ｘ＿４）ｋｇ／亩（ｘ＿４为土壤ｐＨ值）。在最高纯经济效益施磷量下，平均每公斤Ｐ＿２Ｏ＿５增加块根（一６２．３一０．３７２ｘ＿２＋１３．４０ｘ＿４）ｋｇ，提高块根含糖率（０．６３＋０．００２０ｘ＿１一０．０７７ｘ＿４一０．０９０ｘ＿５）度。当土壤有效Ｋ＿２Ｏ含量大于１１０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ土时，钾肥没有显著增产作用，只是有增产趋势；钾肥的增糖作用显著，每亩每公斤Ｋ＿２Ｏ提高含糖率０．００１４ｘ＿２度。     

纸筒育苗移栽甜菜高产优质栽培试验的模糊分析

本文对纸筒育苗移栽甜菜的４ 因素二次通用旋转试验设计结果进行了模糊处理， 即首先对根产量和含糖率指标进行了模糊量化合成， 再以上述两个指标的合成值与密度（ ｘ１） 、Ｎ（ ｘ２） 、Ｐ２ Ｏ５（ ｘ３） 、Ｋ２ Ｏ（ ｘ４） 施用量建立４ 因素对合成值的回归模型。对模型寻优结果表明，当密度在７９９２０ 株／ｈｍ２ ，施肥量分别为Ｎ １４１．５／ｈｍ２ 、Ｐ２ Ｏ５ １６２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２ 、Ｋ２Ｏ ５８ ．４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２ 时可获最高的根产量和含糖；模糊合成值与４ 因素关联度分析结果表明，其顺序为Ｒ１（ 密度） ＞ Ｒ３（Ｐ２Ｏ５） ＞ Ｒ２（ Ｎ） ＞ Ｒ４（Ｋ２ Ｏ） ，说明密度与根产量关系最为密切， 其次为施磷肥量。生产上应首先考虑建立一个合理的群体结构，然后增施磷肥，做到Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ 肥合理搭配，才能获得较高的产量与含糖     

甜菜膜下滴灌高产优质农艺栽培措施的研究

采用5因素5水平二次正交旋转组合设计试验方法,对膜下滴灌甜菜主要栽培措施密度与生物有机肥、N、P2O5、K2O以及对甜菜产量和产糖量间的量化关系进行研究。通过对建立产量和产糖量数学模型的优化与解析,明确了影响甜菜产量和产糖量的关键因子及实现膜下滴灌甜菜高产优质高效优化栽培的综合农艺措施。结果表明:5个因素影响甜菜产量大小顺序是:氮肥生物有机肥磷肥钾肥密度;5个因素对产糖量影响大小顺序是:生物有机肥氮肥密度磷肥钾肥,实现甜菜块根产量在4000~4500kg/667m2的最优农艺组合是:密度5000株/667m2,生物有机肥33.0kg/667m2,氮肥9.4kg/667m2,磷肥11.30kg/667m2,钾肥6.2kg/667m2;甜菜产糖量650kg/667m2的最优农艺组合是:密度5350株/667m2,生物有机肥36.0kg/667m2,氮肥9.5kg/667m2,磷肥11.5kg/667m2,钾肥6.3kg/667m2。     

旱地谷子高产栽培技术研究

在初步掌握谷子生产中的诸个单因素效应的基础上，对影响谷子产量的主要因素氮、磷、密度用Ｌ９（３）＾４正交设计进行综合试验研究。试验结果表明，在参试３因素中，增产效果依次是氮〉磷〉密度。且因素间互作效应明显，通过综合效益分析，谷子高产的最佳农艺措施组合是施纯氮２０７ｋｇ／ｈａ，纯磷１０８．７５ｋｇ／ｈａ，密度为７５￣１０５万株／ｈａ。     

生物磷肥与无机化肥混施对甜菜产质量的影响

生物磷肥与无机化肥混施对甜菜植株生长发育具有良好效果，单株地上鲜重增加１０３．６ｇ￣１３１．２ｇ，使甜菜块根增产７．１％￣１３．１％，提高含糖０．４￣１．０度，增加产糖量１３％￣２２％。一般生物磷肥与无机化肥混施量以生物磷肥２２．５￣３０ｋｇ加尿素９０ｋｇ加二铵１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２为最经济高效。     

甜菜高产高糖综合栽培措施及其数学模型研究初报

为了取得甜菜高产高糖高效益,试验采用五元二次正交回归旋转组合设计,将数据输入微型电子计算机.进行运算分析,得出甜菜产量、产糖量方程.由于两个模型拟合较好,有实践意义,从而也得出最佳农艺措施,即最优的产量和产糖量方案.产量、产糖量的主效应,依次为氮肥、垄距、株距、磷肥、钾肥。垄距、氮肥、钾肥对产量、产糖量存在着二次抛物线的曲线相关,株距对产量亦如此.株距与氮肥,氮肥与磷肥,氮肥与钾肥对产量、产糖量均有交互作用.     

甜菜种植密度试验

通过试验和调查研究，明确了内蒙古达拉特旗原料区甜菜纸筒育苗移栽的适宜种植密度为64442-67340株／hm^2，产量达到67t／hm^2以上，产糖量达10．876-12．51t／hm^2；比密植和稀植分别提高含糖率0．5度和1．04度；产糖量分别提高13．5％和8．4％。     

夏大豆行距、密度、肥料高产栽培措施的数学模型探讨

本试验应用二次回归通用旋转设计试验方法,研究了夏大豆主要栽培措施(行距、密度、氮肥和磷肥)与产量的关系,建立了数学模型,得出了各因素与产量的主次关系和双因素搭配的产量效应。根据模型求极值找到了亩产204公斤的最佳农艺措施(行距35厘米,密度2.3万株/亩,三料磷9公斤/亩,尿素9公斤/亩)。利用微机模拟仿真试验,得到了指定产量水平的最优农艺措施方案。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.