GIS支持下的海南岛土壤侵蚀空间分布特征

在地理信息系统的支持下,采用通用土壤流失方程（USLE）及其修改式估算了海南岛现实土壤蚀量和潜在土壤侵蚀量,分析了土壤仇蚀因子R,K,LS在海南岛的表现,得到了海南岛现实土壤侵蚀量和潜在土壤蚀量的空间分布特征,研究结果表明,中部山区的现实土壤侵蚀量和潜在土壤量均较其它地区大。     

SOTER支持下海南岛土壤侵蚀模拟与影响因子分析

基于SOTER数据库,利用USLE方程对海南岛土壤的现实和潜在侵蚀量进行了定量估算,结果表明海南岛92.82%的面积土壤侵蚀量在500t/km2·a以下,侵蚀主要发生在中坡度坡地和高坡度丘陵区;而由于其所处的特殊气候区,潜在侵蚀量巨大,中度以上侵蚀面积达到全岛的90.67%。酸性常湿雏形土、铝质湿润雏形土和铁质湿润雏形土相对侵蚀程度大,粉砂岩、泥岩地区最容易发生侵蚀。     

长春市土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分级及侵蚀背景的空间分析

在ARCG IS 8.3地理信息系统（GIS）支持下,实现了土壤侵蚀潜在危险的分级及其空间分析。首先,采用美国通用土壤侵蚀模型估算土壤侵蚀量,再用土壤年均侵蚀量、土层厚度和土壤容重得到土壤抗蚀年限图,按水利部标准将长春市土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分为5级,并提出了土壤侵蚀潜在危险指数的概念。借助GIS方法,通过分析不同坡度、不同坡向、不同地貌类型以及不同土地利用类型等背景条件下的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度情况,探讨了土壤侵蚀潜在危险度的空间分布特点。     

GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分级方法研究及应用

根据土壤侵蚀特点,在ARCGIS8.3地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,有效地实现了区域土壤侵蚀强度分级并在此基础上进行了区域土壤侵蚀潜在危险的分级及其空间分析。首先,采用区域土壤侵蚀定量模型估算土壤侵蚀量,再用土壤年均侵蚀量、土层厚度和土壤容重得到土壤抗蚀年限图,按水利部标准将土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分为5级。最后,为了表明该区域土壤侵蚀潜在危险度的大小,还提出了土壤侵蚀潜在危险指数(SEPDI)。以三峡库区的丰都县城为例进行了研究,并且分析了其空间分布特点。     

共和盆地塔拉滩土壤侵蚀潜在危险度评价

以青藏高原东北部的共和盆地塔拉滩草原为研究对象,采用地球化学放射性同位素——137Cs侵蚀模型来进行土壤侵蚀量的估算;通过野外调查以及土壤资料获得土壤容重和有效土层厚度;在ArcGIS 9.3下,由土壤年均侵蚀量、土层厚度和土壤容重得到抗蚀年限图.根据土壤侵蚀的特点参照水利部标准对土壤侵蚀潜在危险度进行分级,研究表明:共和盆地塔拉滩的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度以轻险型为主,面积为1 692.98 km2,占塔拉滩总面积的61.64％,从土壤侵蚀潜在危险指数(SEPDI)来看,为2.42,属于轻度危险区域.     

济南市土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分级及侵蚀背景的空间分析

在估算土壤侵蚀量、编制土层厚度图和土壤容重图的基础上,利用地理信息系统的空间分析功能估算土壤的抗蚀年限,从而有效地实现对济南市山丘区土壤侵蚀危险度的分级;借助GIS方法,通过分析不同坡度、不同坡向、不同地貌类型以及不同土地利用类型等背景条件下的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度状况,探讨土壤侵蚀潜在危险度的空间分布特点。     

重庆市万州区紫色土侵蚀潜在危险度的影响因素

在选择典型地段野外调查的基础上,利用GIS技术实现了重庆市万州区紫色土侵蚀潜在危险度的分级,并提出土壤侵蚀潜在危险度指数(SEPDI),分析了1990年和2005年两个不同时期SEPDI值,对该区紫色土的侵蚀潜在危险度进行了综合评价.评价结果表明,按照水利部颁布的标准,该区紫色土的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分为3级--无险型、轻险型和危险型;土壤侵蚀潜在危险度指数SEPDI值从1990年到2005年没有显著的变化,1990年的SEPDI值为2.05,2005年为2.07.分析了两个时期土地利用类型、植被盖度、土层厚度、坡度等因素对土壤侵蚀潜在危险度的影响,综合评价了其空间分布特征,总结出研究区造成土壤侵蚀的原因主要是自然地理因素、大规模移民搬迁和水土保持治理措施的不合理.     

基于栅格数据估算侵蚀量方法在蔚汾河流域的应用

在分析土壤侵蚀形成的主要影响因子基础上,提出了基于栅格数据的流域土壤侵蚀量估算的指标模型.结合山西蔚汾河流域,以降雨、地形、沟谷密度、植被盖度、成土母质为主要影响因素,对流域土壤侵蚀量进行了估算和土壤侵蚀分级,并对土壤侵蚀量的空间分布进行了划分和分析.模拟计算结果与实测数据较为符合.     

基于GIS和USLE的汶川地震后理县土壤侵蚀特征及分析

为了较准确地评估汶川地震后理县的土壤侵蚀状况,该研究结合GIS、RS、USLE(universal soil loss equation)定量地分析了汶川地震灾区理县的潜在土壤侵蚀和实际土壤侵蚀状况,并对地震前后土壤侵蚀量做了简要的对比分析,并且从坡度、坡向、土地利用类型、高程4个方面系统地研究了不同侵蚀强度区的面积和土壤侵蚀量的变化。研究结果表明:震后理县全年土壤侵蚀量达844.46万t/a,平均侵蚀量为1957.79t/(km2·a),属于轻度侵蚀,相比地震前轻度侵蚀、强度侵蚀、极强度侵蚀区域面积都有很大增长,有林地、坡度≥30°～50°、海拔≥2000～3000m、坡向为南坡、西坡的地带土壤侵蚀比较严重。该研究为理县震后土壤侵蚀的预防和治理工作提供了很好的依据。     

红壤区土壤侵蚀危险程度分级初探

土壤侵蚀危险性分级是研究土壤侵蚀危险程度的重要方法.为了探索更加符合实际的土壤侵蚀及其危害程度分级方法,依据水利部土壤侵蚀分级标准和水利部科考成果,对南方红壤科考区的土壤侵蚀强度和土壤侵蚀潜在危险性及其所处流域主要湖泊泥沙输比(SDR)进行分级.结果表明,科考区内轻度、中度、强度和极强度侵蚀均存在.中度侵蚀和强度侵蚀为主要侵蚀类型,占总侵蚀类型的84％.轻度和极强度侵蚀占16％.潜在危险性分级中,无险型、轻险型、危险型和极险型均存在,轻险和危险为主要类型,占总潜在危险类型的84％,无险和极险类型占16％.土壤侵蚀对异地的危害比较大,60％的湖泊SDR＞0.5,其上游土壤侵蚀对异地是危险甚至极险的.研究结果可为红壤全区土壤侵蚀分级和治理工作提供参考.     

基于SOTER的海南岛土壤水侵蚀模拟

The actual and potential water erosion rates of soils with different land covers in Hainan Island,China,were estimated based on the universal soil loss equation(USLE) and a 1:200000 Soils and Terrain digital Database(SOTER) Ddatabase,from which soil water erosion factors could be extracted.92.8% of the whole island had a current erosion rate of lowerthan 500t km^-2 a^-1.Soil erosion risk was considered to be high because of its abundant rainfall.Without vegetation tcover,the potential soil erosion ratewould be extremely high and 90.8% ofthe island would have a soil erosion rate higher than 2500t km^-2a^-1.Relative erosion vulnerability of different soil zones,landform types,and lithological regions of the island was compared by introducing a relative erosion hazard parameter α.Cambosols developed from siltstone and mudstone in low hill regions were pinpointed as soils with the highest erosion risk in the island.     

SOTER支持下海南土壤侵蚀量估算

在已建立的SOTER数据库基础上,利用SWEAP模型运算可知:海南土壤侵蚀主要发生在丘陵和陡坡地;海南土壤侵蚀量的空间分布与地形构造一致,中部山区(保亭)土壤侵蚀量较大,北部(琼山)沿海平原区侵蚀量较小;坡度为8%～30%的丘陵地区,采用梯化或等高种植的耕作措施可以大幅度降低土壤侵蚀量.研究表明,在SOTER数据库的支持下,SWEAP用于海南土壤侵蚀量的估算结果可靠程度较高.     

海南岛三大流域农业土壤源污染物流失特征研究

采用径流场结合人工模拟降雨方式,研究了海南岛万泉河、南渡江和昌化江三大流域土壤中氮、磷、有机质等营养物质的流失特征。结果表明,三大流域土壤径流系数和泥沙流失速率的大小顺序为：暴雨〉大雨〉中雨;相同雨强条件下,万泉河的径流系数与南渡江相近,昌化江最小;泥沙流失速率大小顺序为：万泉河〉南渡江〉昌化江;雨强对总磷（TP）流失速率的影响达到极显著水平,磷随径流流失以颗粒磷（PP）为主;氮在雨强较小时以可溶氮（DN）流失为主,当达到暴雨时则以颗粒氮（PN）流失为主;雨强越大,地表径流中COD、TN、DN和PN流失速率越高。三大流域区土壤养分随泥沙流失特征相似,不同雨强条件下,三大流域的总氮、总磷和有机质流失速率的规律一致,雨强越大,流失速率越高;在同一雨强条件下,三流域区总氮、总磷和有机质随泥沙流失速率为：昌化江〉万泉河〉南渡江。影响面源流失的主要因素为坡度、雨强、土质等。     

贵州省猫跳河流域土壤侵蚀量计算及其背景空间分析

以贵州省猫跳河流域为研究区，在GIS 技术支撑下，应用修正的通用土壤流失方程计算研究区的土壤侵蚀量，分析土壤侵蚀的空间分布格局，对土壤侵蚀与其环境背景因子包括海拔高程、坡度、坡向和土地利用类型等进行叠加和空间统计分析，揭示土壤侵蚀与其环境背景等因子的空间关系，为土壤侵蚀的有效防治和治理提供科学依据。结果表明：研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为28.6 t/(hm²·a)，1200～1400 m的海拔高程带、6°～25°坡度带和南坡是发生土壤侵蚀的主要区域，也是水土流失防治及治理的重点区域。在各种土地利用类型中，旱地发生土壤侵蚀面积和侵蚀量最大，其次是灌草地，水田最小。在县域中，清镇市土壤侵蚀面积和土壤侵蚀量最大，其次是平坝县和修文县，息烽县土壤侵蚀面积和土壤侵蚀量最小。     

Soil tillage methods to control phosphorus loss and potential side-effects: a Scandinavian review

In Scandinavia high losses of soil and particulate-bound phosphorus (PP) have been shown to occur from tine-cultivated and mouldboard-ploughed soils in clay soil areas, especially in relatively warm, wet winters. The omission in the autumn of primary tillage (not ploughing) and the maintenance of a continuous crop cover are generally used to control soil erosion. In Norway, ploughing and shallow cultivation of sloping fields in spring instead of ploughing in autumn have been shown to reduce particle transport by up to 89% on highly erodible soils. Particle erosion from clay soils can be reduced by 79% by direct drilling in spring compared with autumn ploughing. Field experiments in Scandinavia with ploughless tillage of clay loams and clay soils compared to conventional autumn ploughing usually show reductions in total P losses of 10–80% by both surface and subsurface runoff (lateral movements to drains). However, the effects of not ploughing during the autumn on losses of dissolved reactive P (DRP) are frequently negative, since the DRP losses without ploughing compared to conventional ploughing have increased up to fourfold in field experiments. In addition, a comprehensive Norwegian field experiment at a site with high erosion risk has shown that the proportion of DRP compared to total P was twice as high in runoff water after direct drilling compared to ploughing. Therefore, erosion control measures should be further evaluated for fields with an erosion risk since reduction in PP losses may be low and DRP losses still high. Ploughless tillage systems have potential side-effects, including an increased need for pesticides to control weeds [e.g. Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski] and plant diseases (e.g. Fusarium spp.) harboured by crop residues on the soil surface. Overall, soil tillage systems should be appraised for their positive and negative environmental effects before they are widely used for all types of soil, management practice, climate and landscape.     

延河流域土壤侵蚀经济损失评估

利用环境经济学原理方法,借助ArcGIS 9.3和统计分析工具,对延河流域土壤侵蚀主要经济损失进行定量评价,旨在为当地生态补偿和绿色GDP核算提供依据。结果表明:延河流域年土壤侵蚀经济损失总量达到38.52亿元,其中养分流失经济损失最多,占到总损失的94.73%,说明土壤侵蚀最直接、最严重的危害是导致土地生产力下降。延河流域的土壤侵蚀模数和单位面积土壤侵蚀经济损失大体均呈现从上游向下游递减的趋势。土地利用情况对土壤侵蚀经济损失的影响十分明显,主要表现为生态系统服务功能越完善,植被覆盖情况越好,土壤侵蚀经济损失越小。延河流域土壤侵蚀经济损失总量占到其GDP总量的17.49%,明显高于全国及陕西省平均水平,说明土壤侵蚀损失对该区域经济可持续发展的影响巨大。     

Wind erosion and airborne dust deposition in farmland during spring in the Horqin Sandy Land of eastern Inner Mongolia, China

In the Horqin Sandy Land of eastern Inner Mongolia in northern China, wind erosion in farmland is very common in a period from thawing of frozen surface soil in mid-March to sowing of crops in the end of April, largely because of dry and windy weather. However, little is known about the magnitude of wind erosion and associated nutrient losses due to erosion and the addition of nutrients by airborne dust deposition to farmlands during this period. A field experiment was conducted in an Entisol with sand origin under corn (Zea mays L.) production to investigate daily changes in wind speed and wind erosion intensity (as measured by soil transport rate) over a period from 20 March to 30 April 2001. We also measured daily rates of airborne dust deposition during the spring seasons with the high frequency of dust storm occurrence. The rates of soil transport by wind varied greatly from 13.2 to 1254.1 kg ha⁻¹ per day, averaging 232.1 kg ha⁻¹ per day, largely attributable to great variation between days in wind speed within the study period. The potential losses of nutrients through wind erosion were 0.26–24.95 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 4.62 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in organic matter, 0.02–1.64 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 0.31 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in nitrogen and 0.01–0.7 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 0.13 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in phosphorus. The mean rates of airborne dust deposition ranged from 4.0 to 48.9 kg ha⁻¹ per day, averaging 19.9 kg ha⁻¹ per day, during the spring seasons. The potential addition of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus by dust input to the experimental field was, on average, 0.54, 0.04 and 0.02 kg ha⁻¹ per day, respectively. Although the addition was a fraction of the losses due to erosion, nevertheless, dust input in the spring seasons is one of the major suppliers of soil nutrition. The fact that the addition of nutrients by dust is about 1/10 of the losses of soil nutrients through wind erosion suggests that developing and adopting more effective management practices to reduce soil erosion losses and to improve soil fertility are crucial to achieve a sustainable agricultural system in a fragile, semiarid sandy land environment.     

Evaluation of magnetic iron oxides as sediment tracers in water erosion experiments

Water erosion is one of the major concerns with regard to sustainability of agricultural systems in Mediterranean countries (e.g. olive farming areas in Southern Spain). The limitations of the technologies traditionally used in erosion measurement has created increased interest in the use of innovative erosion tracers useful for monitoring erosion and determining deposition rates in the field. In this work, we evaluated the potential of magnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) as a soil tracer. Particle size distribution of the magnetic iron oxide, mobility under drainage conditions and the effect of the aggregate size distribution in blank and tagged soils were studied. The use of magnetic iron oxide to estimate soil losses at small-scale was also examined using a portable rainfall simulator and measuring magnetic susceptibility before and after each simulated rainfall. The properties of the magnetic iron oxide, including a particle size distribution similar to that of soil aggregates, strong binding to soil particles, little mobility in soil, very high magnetic susceptibility relative to the typically low background values of the studied soils, innocuous to environment and low cost, make it an effective soil tracer for estimating soil losses at a small-scale.     

水土流失对宣城地区经济影响及其若干对策研究

宣城地区位于安徽省东南部,总面积12340km²,根据宣城地区水土流失现状,分析了造成水土流失的自然和人为两大因素,从水土流失导致生态失调、资源衰退、建设破坏三个基本方面阐述了水土流失对宣城地区经济和人民生命财产造成的损失,并探讨了防治水土流失的若干方法。