Aufnahme und Verlagerung von 15N-Stickstoff bei Sommergerste in Abhängigkeit von K-Ernährung und Mehltaubefall

¹⁵N uptake and distribution by spring barley in relation to K nutrition and mildew attack Barley cv. Aramir was grown in complete nutrient solution containing 0,5 (K₁), 1,5 (K₂) and 4,5 mM K (K₃) respectively till maturity. Part of the plants was infected by mildew (Erysiphe graminis), whereas control treatments were kept mildew-free by fungicide sprays. Symptoms of mildew attack were less at K₂ and K₃ and grain yields of infected plants were raised from 98 (K₁) to 160 (K₂) and 165 g/pot (K₃). In control treatments grain yields were 130 (K₁), 164 (K₂) and 163 (K₃) g/pot. During anthesis nitrogen in the nutrient solution was labelled with ¹⁵N for two days and ¹⁵N metablism was studied within 7 consecutive days. The aim of this pulse-chase experiment was to find out, how mildew attack and K nutrition influence N metabolism. The following results were obtained: a) ¹⁵N uptake increased from K₁ to K₂ in infected and healthy plants, though at slightly lower levels in the infected treatments. b) During 7 days after the ¹⁵N pulse up to 17,1% of the ¹⁵N absorbed were translocated into the grains. Better K status as well as spray treatments stimulated nitrogen translocation. c) Mildew attack of leaves does not seem to influence the conversion of grain-¹⁵N into grain proteins. Better K supply stimulates the rate of protein synthesis in the grain. d) In mildew infected leaves relatively more of the ¹⁵N absorbed is incorporated into leaf proteins. But this may be a consequence of slower grain growth, because already 7 days after anthesis infected plants in all K treatments had significantly lower grain yield. In spite of the short duration of the experiment the ¹⁵N data do not indicate that the visible depression of mildew attack by better K nutrition of the crop might inter alia be due to K stimulated defense reactions within N metabolism. This is in agreement with a previous experiment.     

Einfluß von K-Ernährung und Mehltaubefall auf den N-Haushalt von Sommergerste während des Kornwachstums

Influence of K nutrition and mildew attack on N metabolism of spring barley during grain development Spring barley cv Aramir was grown in complete nutrient solutions containing 0,4 (K₁) and 4 me K/l (K₂) respectively. Half of the plants were sprayed regularly with a fungicide, the other half became naturally infected by mildew, Erysiphe graminis. Mildew attack was clearly visible in unsprayed plants, especially at K₁. Accordingly also grain yield was depressed by 18% (K₁) and 15% (K₂) compared to the controls. Better K nutrition reduced symptoms of mildew infection drastically and increased grain yield from 87 g/pot (K₁) to 169 g (K₂). Similar yield increases (106 to 199 g/pot) were obtained in the control plants, revealing that under the experimental conditions better K supply stimulated growth in general rather than inducing specific defense mechanism against the pathogen. The latter was hoped to be detectable by applying ¹⁵N-nitrogen during 3 days at anthesis. Although K₂ plants absorbed more ¹⁵N and incorporated more ¹⁵N into leaf protein, this cannot be considered as a K induced defense reaction. Instead due to lower grain yields in infected plants less proteolysis in the vegetative plant parts occured.     

Stärkegehalte von Kartoffelknollen in Abhängigkeit von Kalium-Ernährung und Knollenentwicklung

Starch content of potato tubers in relation to K nutrition and tuber growth In a pot experiment with potato (cv Saturna) K content in tubers increased from 1.0 to 2.6 % of tuber-DM due to increasing rates of K fertilizer. Simultaneously starch in tuber fresh matter decreased from 21 to 15 %. Highest starch content in tuber dry matter was obtained in that K treatment which gave the highest yield in dry tubers. Measuring starch accumulation during tuber growth revealed that already in the flowering stage differences exist in the starch contents of the tuber dry matter between the lowest and highest K treatments, namely 69 % for K₁ as compared with 64 % for K₅. The rate of starch accumulation between flowering and final harvest, however, was similar in all K treatments. This suggests that K supply affects the storage tissue at an early stage of tuber development probably via different water relations of tubers.     

Vernachlässigte Phosphor‐ und Kaliumdüngung im ökologischen Landbau senkt die biologische Stickstofffixierung bei Rotklee und den Kornertrag bei nachfolgendem Hafer

Neglected P and K fertilization in organic farming reduces N₂ fixation and grain yield in a red clover‐oat rotation N₂ fixation is the most important N source in organic farming. An insufficient P, K, and S supply to legumes may reduce their N₂ fixation capacity. Consequently, the total yield of plant production may also be reduced. This problem was studied in a pot experiment with red clover followed by oat. Soil was taken from a field where organic farming had been practiced for more than 30 years without applying any mineral fertilizers or buying additional fodder. The soil (luvisol from loess) was characterized by: pH (CaCl₂) 5.4; lactate‐soluble (CAL) P 5 mg kg^–1 and K 110 mg kg^–1. 6 kg dry soil were mixed with 400 mg P applied as (i) triplesuperphosphate (TSP), (ii) rock phosphate (RP) or (iii) compost from organic household residues (BAK). An additional treatment (iv) with TSP received 1000 mg K as K₂SO₄ (TSP+K) and an additional treatment with RP (v) received only 200 mg P (RP/2). A control treatment received no fertilizer. P application significantly improved the P nutritional status of the plants (P content) and increased the N amount in the shoots of red clover (with 400 mg P per pot by 64 % to 139 % as compared to the control) and the dry matter (DM) yield by 60 % to 130 %. No significant differences between TSP and RP were found. The application of BAK resulted in a significantly higher N yield than the application of RP and TSP. The treatment TSP+K resulted in the highest DM yield (230 %), removal of P was 343 %, of K 228 %, and of N 239 % as compared to the control plants. This indicates a synergistic effect of P, K, and S on N₂ fixation, which was also found with BAK. Oat grown after red clover increased its grain yield by 132 % (200 mg P as RP) to 165 % (400 mg P treatments). This was mainly due to a higher P uptake (up to 172 %) and a higher N uptake (up to 172 %) as compared to the control.     

Current potassium‐management status and grain‐yield response of Chinese maize to potassium application

The great achievement of the development of intensive in agriculture in China can be partly attributed to substantial increases in mineral‐nutrient application. However, whereas farmers tend to apply high levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) application of potassium (K) has been neglected. A greater understanding of the relationship between maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield and K‐application rate is thus required to provide an improved rationale for K fertilization for farmers in the various agro‐ecological regions of China. In this study, a total of 2765 farmers' survey data and 3124 on‐farm experiments across major maize agro‐ecological regions in China were collected and evaluated for farmers' K‐management status and to determine grain‐yield response to K application. Nationally, the average K‐application rate on farms was 26 kg K ha^–1 and varied from 0 to 158 kg K ha^–1, with a coefficient of variation of 107%, but the applied K‐fertilizer rates were not related to grain yield. Maize grain yields at recommended K rates increased by 14.0%, 14.7%, 19.4%, and 4.3% in Northeast China, North China Plain, Southwest China, and Northwest China, respectively, compared to zero K fertilization (K₀). Increased yield due to K fertilization (IY_max, difference between maximum yield across all treatments and K₀‐treatment yield for each experiment) averaged 1.4 t ha^–1 but varied widely in different agro‐ecological regions. Soil extractable K (NH₄OAc‐K) and intercounty variation resulted in large variation in IY_max in agro‐ecological regions, as did other factors, such as use of particular maize hybrids, soil types, or years in different regions.     

Einfluß von NaCI-Salinität auf die CO2-Assimilation und auf den Einbau von 14C in verschiedene Inhaltsstoffe bei jungem Sommerweizen

Effect of NaCI salinity on CO₂ assimilation and incorporation of ¹⁴C in various chemical fractions of young wheat plants The effect of an increasing NaCI salinity on CO₂ assimilation and on the distribution of ¹⁴C in various chemical fractions of young wheat plants was studied. Increasing salinity restricted growth and in particular ¹⁴CO₂ assimilation being measured at the end of the experimental period. Correspondingly the amounts of ¹⁴C found in the various chemical fractions (amino acids, organic anions, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, insoluble residue) were decreased with an increase in salinity. The relative distribution of ¹⁴C in the chemical fractions also was affected by salinity. At low salinity level a relatively low ¹⁴C concentration was found in the low molecular fractions, while the high molecular fractions showed a relatively high ¹⁴C concentration. At high salinity level this tendency was only weakly evident. Increasing salinity had no major impact on the nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in the shoots, whereas the concentration of Na and especially of CI was remarkably raised. It is assumed that this excessive Na and CI concentrations in the shoots are resulting in the yield depression.     

Various Types of Nitrogen and Light Levels on Brassica chinensis Yield and Quality Parameters under Water Stress

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen, light, and water interaction on the biomass of cabbage the experiment was performed at three light intensities, three water stresses, and four nitrogen levels for four replicates using hydroponic technique in green house. The results showed that the biomass of the edible parts of cabbage at H1L3 was significantly higher than in weak light intensity and water stress treatments under the same nitrogen supply. An optimal yield was reached at 60% of the traditional nitrogen application in the presence of adequate high light intensity and normal water content. Decreased nitrate reductase and low capacity of nitrogen assimilation were observed when the nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃-N) levels were increased from N2 to N4 with normal water content. Under severe water stress (H3), the plants have a high content of soluble sugars and a low content of amino acids in low NO₃^? levels (N1 to N3). Modulating the relationship between water stresses, light intensity, and nitrogen supply levels could increase the biomass and may promote the quality of a certain plant.     

Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Interactions in Upland Rice

Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nutrient interactions are important in determining crop yields. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate interaction among nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in upland rice production. The treatments applied to upland rice grown on an Oxisol were three levels of N (N₀, N₁₅₀ and N₃₀₀ mg kg^?1), three levels of P (P₀, P₁₀₀ and P₂₀₀ mg kg^?1) and three levels of K (K₀, K₁₀₀ and K₂₀₀ mg kg^?1). These treatments were tested in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Grain yield, shoot dry weight, plant height, root dry weight, maximum root length, panicle number, 1000-grain weight, and grain harvest index were significantly influenced by N, P, and K treatments. The treatment that did not receive P fertilization did not produce panicle or grain. Hence, P was most yield-limiting nutrient compared to two other nutrients. At the N₀P₀K₀ treatment, rice did not produce grains, indicating severe deficiency of these nutrients in Brazilian Oxisols. Maximum grain yield was obtained with the N₃₀₀P₂₀₀K₂₀₀ treatment. Grain yield had significant positive association with plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximum root length, 1000-grain weight, panicle number, and grain harvest index. Among these growth and yield components, shoot dry weight had the highest positive association with grain yield and root length minimum positive association with grain yield. Hence, adopting adequate soil and crop management practices can improve growth and yield components and increase grain yield of upland rice.     

Effect of salinity on growth,photosynthesis and mineral composition in leguminous plant Alhagi pseudoalhagi (Bieb.)

Leguminous plant Alhagi pseudoalhagi was subjected to 0 (control), 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCI treatments during a 30 d period to examine the mechanism of tolerance to salinity. Plant dry weight, net CO₂ assimilation rate, leaf stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and solute concentration in leaves, stems, and roots were determined. Total plant weight in the 50 mM treatment was 170% of that of the control after 10 d of treatment. Total plant weight was lower in the 100 and 200 mM treatments than in the control. The leaf CO₂ assimilation rate was approximately 150% of that of the control in the 50 mM treatment, but was not affected significantly by 100 mM of NaCI, while it was reduced to about 60% of that the control in the 200 mM treatment. Similarly stomatal conductance was consistent with the CO₂ assimilation rate regardless of the treatments. Intercellular CO₂ concentration was lower in the NaCI-treated plants than in the control. Changes in CO₂ assimilation rate due to salinity stress could be mainly associated with stomatal conductance and the carboxylation activity. Although the leaf Na⁺ concentration increased to 900 mmol kg^-1 dry weight in the 200 mM treatment compared to 20 mmol kg^-1 in the control, the plants did not die and continued to grow at such a high leaf Na⁺ concentration. Uptake and transportation rates of Na+, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺, and the accumulation of N were promoted by 50 mM NaCI. Na⁺ uptake rate continued to increase in response to external NaCI concentration. However, the uptake and transportation rates of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ behaved differently under 100 and 200 mM salt stress. The results suggest that A. pseudoalhagi is markedly tolerant to salinity due mainly to its photosynthetic activity rather than to other physiological characteristics.     

N,P, K and S uptake response to various levels of CO2 assimilation and growth rate in lettuce

Under conditions of limited nutrient supply, plant nutrient uptake is controlled by the external concentration of the ions. Limited information exists about the whole-plant regulation of nutrient uptake when the supply is adequate. To study the relationship between growth rate and carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation with nutrient uptake, growth chamber experiments were conducted with temperatures ranging from 10 to 35°C at medium (600 µmol m^?2 s^?1) and high (1200 µmol m^?2 s^?1) light intensities. Nutrient solution samples were collected every 24 hours and the concentration of ions was analyzed by Inductively coupled plasma -atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and nitrate and ammonium (NO₃^?/NH₄⁺) conductivity. Leaf photo-synthesis was measured using a closed gas exchange system and the total amount of CO₂ assimilated was calculated from dry weight increases. The daily absorption of NO₃^?, Total nitrogen (N), dihydrogen phosphate (H₂PO₄^?) and potassium (K⁺) responded linearly to plant growth, while ammonium (NH₄⁺) and sulfate (SO₄^2?) uptake showed a curvilinear response. All the ions studied showed a curvilinear relation with CO₂ assimilation.     

Distribution of 14C in Pulse-Labelled Spring Barley. Effect of Light Intensity and Length of Photoperiod Before Labelling

Abstract

The distribution of photoassimilated C in spring barley plants was determined at different times after the onset of light and at different light intensities during assimilation. The plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse, and at late tillering and late elongation, ¹⁴CO₂ pulse-labellings of 2 h duration were carried out 1.5, 4 or 8.5 h after the onset of light. At the labelling started after a 4 h photoperiod, two light intensities was included (80 and 170 W m^?2).

To analyse samples low in ¹⁴C, a ¹⁴CO₂-trapping system interfaced with a Leco high-temperature induction furnace was developed. The ¹⁴CO₂ was trapped directly in the scintillation vial in 5 mL of liquid Carbosorb, enabling subsequent liquid ¹⁴C-scintillation counting to take place without subsampling.

The proportion of photosynthate translocated below ground tended to be higher early in the morning than later in the day. Labelling 1.5 h after the onset of light, 19.8 and 7.6% was translocated below ground at late tillering and late elongation, respectively. Corresponding values found at later labellings were 15.4–16.0 and 6.0–6.4%.

Higher proportions tended to be translocated below ground when plants were exposed to low light intensity. Exposing plants to low light intensity caused below ground translocation to be 15.4 and 6.0% of the ¹⁴C recovered at late tillering and late elongation, respectively, compared with 12.1 and 5.2% after exposure to a higher light intensity. Further experiments are needed to substantiate the observations of this study. The results suggest that the distribution of photoassimilates varies during the daytime and light intensity during the labelling.     

浙江低丘红壤供钾强度和容量关系及其应用

采用多点玉米田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了浙江省20个低丘红壤钾素供应的强度和容量关系,并求得相应的参数。供钾强度指标(AR0)变幅为0.0004499～0.006579,平均为0.002001(molL-1)0.5;供钾容量指标(-△K0)变幅为0.3153～4.057,平均为1.578cmolkg-1;钾素供应的缓冲容量(PBC)变幅为442.2～941.2,平均为680.3cmolkg-1(molL-1)0.5。以20个玉米田间试验子粒相对产量、总干物质相对产量、无钾处理玉米吸钾量以及土壤速效钾、酸溶性钾和缓效钾作为参比标准,与AR0、-△K0和PBC作相关分析,结果表明:AR0、-△K0与土壤速效钾、酸溶性钾、玉米子粒相对产量,总干物质相对产量和无钾处理玉米吸钾量之间达极显著相关(P=0.01),与缓效钾呈显著相关(P=0.05)。PBC与玉米子粒和总干物质相对产量之间达极显著相关、与土壤速效钾之间达显著相关。因此,AR0和-△K0能很好地反映土壤供钾能力,PBC在一定程度上也能表征土壤钾肥力。6个参比标准与AR0、-△K0和PBC之间的多元回归分析结果比简单地一元回归分析结果要好,把AR0、-△K0和PBC结合起来综合说明土壤供钾能力和钾素的生物有效性是可行的。     

秸秆覆盖对旱作冬小麦农田土壤呼吸、作物产量及经济 环境效益的影响

基于2009-2011年田间试验, 研究了黄土旱塬区不同秸秆覆盖措施下冬小麦农田土壤呼吸和小麦产量变化, 计算了生产每千克籽粒产量下土壤CO₂的释放量, 并以此比较了处理间的经济 环境效益值。试验包括4个处理: 无覆盖对照(CK)、全年9 000 kg·hm^-2秸秆覆盖(M₉₀₀₀)、全年4 500 kg·hm^-2秸秆覆盖(M₄₅₀₀)和夏闲期秸秆覆盖(SF)。结果表明: 冬小麦生育期内土壤CO₂累积释放量在处理间无显著差异, 但第1年生育期为14.92~17.43 t(CO₂)·hm^-2, 显著高于第2年[12.95~13.69 t(CO₂)·hm ^-2](P<0.05), 处理和年份的交互作用不显著。与CK(产量5.03 t·hm^-2)相比, 秸秆覆盖降低了作物产量, 其中M₉₀₀₀ (4.71 t·hm^-2)与CK差异显著。经济 环境效益值计算结果显示, 冬小麦生育期内生产每千克籽粒释放2.96~3.16 kg CO₂, 处理间无显著差异。从各处理平均值看, 小麦产量以及经济 环境效益值均存在显著的年际差异, 降水偏少的第1年度作物产量(4.60~4.98 t·hm^-2)显著低于降水相对丰富的第2年度(4.50~5.47 t·hm^-2), 但经济 环境效益值(3.03~3.69 kg·kg 1、2.45~2.88 kg·kg^-1)结果相反。处理和年份对作物产量和经济 环境效益值具有显著的交互影响, 在缺水年份秸秆覆盖能够提高作物产量, M₉₀₀₀处理具有最优的经济 环境效益; 而在丰水年份, 秸秆覆盖导致产量显著下降, CK具有更好的经济 环境效益。     

氮钾营养对面包强筋小麦产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验研究N、K不同用量及其配比对龙94-4083强筋小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,不同N、K营养对小麦产量、养分吸收及其构成和品质有明显的影响。适宜的N、K配比及用量可提高小麦干重、有效穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重,提高小麦植株对N、P、K养分的吸收。小麦产量及其构成均表现出随N、K用量的增加而增加的趋势。所有处理中以N112.5K75处理获得了最高的产量。品质分析结果显示,小麦子粒粗蛋白、湿面筋、沉降值和稳定时间均表现出随N、K用量的提高而增加的趋势。全部处理中以N112.5K75处理获得了较高的沉降值、粗蛋白和湿面筋含量及较长的稳定时间。N、K用量及其配比适宜既能提高小麦产量,又能改善小麦品质。     

Der Einfluß einer variierten K-Ernährung auf die Inkorporierung von markiertem Stickstoff (15N) bei jungen Sonnenblumen (Helianthus annuus L.)

The effect of a varied K nutrition upon the incorporation of labelled nitrogen (¹⁵N) in young sun flower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) 1. The influence of the potassium nutritional status upon the incorporation of labelled nitrogen (¹⁵N) into the soluble amino fraction and into the protein fraction was studied with young sun flower plants (Helianthus annuus L.). The plants were cultivated in a solution culture with 3 different nitrogen and 2 different potassium levels. During the last 24 hours of this cultivation the nitrogen of the nutrient solution was labelled by ¹⁵N-nitrate in the various treatments. 2. The growth of the plants was affected considerably by the various nutritional treatments. The yield of the plant matter increased with increasing nitrogen supply. This nitrogen effect was enhanced by the better potassium nutrition. 3. The contents of soluble amino compounds in roots and upper plant parts increased with the increasing nitrogen application. This tendency was reduced by the higher potassium supply. The contents of protein nitrogen rose with the nitrogen nutrition. Potassium reduced the content of protein nitrogen in treatments with high growth rates. 4. Related on a single plant the incorporation rate of nitrate nitrogen into the organic matter was higher in plants with a good potassium nutritional status than in plants with a low potassium nutritional status. This effect was especially evident in the treatments with the highest nitrogen supply. Here the nitrate incorporation rate was 5–7 times higher with the higher potassium application. 5. This favorable effect of potassium upon the assimilation of nitrate nitrogen was also evident, if the incorporation rate was not related to a single plant, but on the unit of weight of plant material (fresh matter). Thus with high nitrogen supply the quantity of labelled nitrogen of the amino fraction was about 2 times higher in the plants with a high potassium nutritional status compared with plants of a low potassium nutritional status. In the protein fraction this potassium effect was still more evident. The influence of potassium upon the nitrate nitrogen assimilation was the better the better the plants were supplied with nitrate.     

Effects of controlled‐release potassium fertilizer on available potassium,photosynthetic performance,and yield of cotton

Potassium (K) is one of the major mineral elements required for normal growth of cotton. However, understanding the effect of controlled‐release K fertilizer on leaf photosynthesis and K use efficiency (KUE) of cotton is currently limited. A two‐year pot experiment was consecutively conducted in 2014 and 2015 with three kinds of K fertilizer including K₂SO₄, KCl, and polymer‐coated KCl (CRK), each at four application rates (0.00, 0.86, 1.73, and 2.59 g K plant⁻¹, respectively). For each type of K fertilizer, the yield and K uptake of cotton increased but the KUE decreased with higher K fertilizer application. The release characteristics of K from CRK corresponded well to the K requirements during cotton growth. Plant‐available soil K, as well as leaf SPAD values, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) in CRK treatments were increased after full bloom stage compared to conventional K fertilizers under the same potassium application rate. Consequently, the CRK treatments significantly increased lint cotton yields by 8.1–32.7% and 3.7–20.8%, while the KUE increased by 15.5–54.8% and 14.5–45.4% compared to KCl and K₂SO₄ treatments, respectively. The results indicate that the application of CRK is intensively recommended to replace conventional potassium fertilizers for gaining greater yields and higher KUE of cotton.     

Adequate supply of potassium improves plant water‐use efficiency but not leaf water‐use efficiency of spring wheat

Enhancing crop water‐use efficiency (WUE) is a major research objective in water‐scarce agroecosystems. Potassium (K) enhances WUE and plays a crucial role in mitigating plant stress. Here, effects of K supply and PEG‐induced water deficit on WUE of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Sonett), grown in nutrient solution, were studied. Plants were treated with three levels of K supply (0.1, 1, 4 mM K⁺) and two levels of PEG (0, 25%). WUE was determined at leaf level (WUE_L), at whole‐plant level (WUE_P), and via carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C). Effects of assimilation and stomatal conductance on WUE_L were evaluated and compared with effects of biomass production and whole‐plant transpiration (E_P) on WUE_P. Adequate K supply enhanced WUE_P up to 30% and by additional 20% under PEG stress, but had no effect on WUE_L. E_P was lower with adequate K supply, but this effect may be attributed to canopy microclimate. Shoot δ¹³C responded linearly to time‐integrated WUE_L in adequately supplied plants, but not in K‐deficient plants, indicating negative effects of K deficiency on mesophyll CO₂ diffusion. It is concluded that leaf‐scale evaluations of WUE are not reliable in predicting whole‐plant WUE of crops such as spring wheat suffering K deficiency.     

Comparative studies on the photosynthesis of higher plants

The rate of sugar formation from aspartate-¹⁴C(U) and alanine-L-¹⁴C was examined under various light intensities in three C₄-plants. The results obtained were as follows.

The rates of sugar formation from aspartate-¹⁴C(U) became larger in the following order, Paspalum urvillei, Egragrostis ferrunginea, and Zoysia japonica. This order agreed well with the order of their photosynthetic rates measured by gas analyzer. In all the C₄-plants, there were three steps in the sugar formation curve from aspartate-¹⁴C(U). At first, sugar linearly increased with an increase in the light intensity up to 20 klux. Second, from 20 to 40 klux, it hardly increased with an increase in the light intensity. Third, above 40 klux, it increased linearly again. On the other hand, the plateau did not exist between 20 and 40 klux in the sugar formation curves from alanine-l-¹⁴C in any of the cases, and sugar continued to increase with an increase in the light intensity up to 80 klux.

At low light intensities, the amount of CO₂ released from aspartate-¹⁴C(U) and alanine-l-¹⁴C correlated well with the magnitude of the dark respiration in the C₄-plants. At a high light intensity, however, CO₂ release closely correlated with the thickness of mesophyll layers surrounding the vascular bundle sheath. The thicker the mesophyll layers were, the smaller the release of CO₂ became. From this evidence, we conclude that the mesophyll layers play a vital role in refixation of the internal CO₂ in the light.     

Entwicklung und Ertrag von Sommerweizen in Hydrokultur unter dem Einfluß verschiedener Ernährungsbedingungen

Development and yield of spring wheat in water culture as influenced by nutrient concentration. The development of spring wheat cv. Solo grown until maturity in nutrient solutions of normal concentration changed weekly, differs from similar plants growing in soil. In experiments in which nutrient supply was reduced at different growth stages, an attempt was made to minimize the differences. These consist mainly of permanent tillering, retarded senescing of leaves and in dry matter accumulation in the grain. 1) Reducing the total nutrient supply during the grain filling period decreases the chlorophyll-con-tent of the flag-leaf at an earlier stage and hence also its ability to assimilate CO₂. This reduction in nutrient supply has thus a beneficial effect on the development of the grain by allowing a better coordination with leaf senescence and an increase in nitrogen and dry matter transfer from the flag leaf to the grain. 2) The retarded response to a reduction of the nutrient concentration points to a “luxury consumption” in the vegetative phase. This might be the reason why it was not really possible to achieve optimal timing of vegetative and generative development. 3) After examination of the effect of lowering the nutrient supply in the vegetative phase, a nutritional design for growingspring wheat in water culture was proposed. This consists of lowering the concentration to meet the needs of plants and comprises a rise and fall of the concentration (0.25,0.5, 0.75,0.5 and 0.25 of the normal conc., see fig. 4). 4) Comparing 0.4 and 0 mMol/l N during the grain filling(other nutrients supplied according to the concept outlined above), the relevance of nitrogen for the CO₂,-assimilation capacity and more obviously for the senescence of the flag leaf was shown. Nitrogen deficiency decreases the assimilation ability within a short time and depresses grain development. These findings confirm the validity of the nutritional concept proposed.     

施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响

2004至2005年在田间条件下,研究了施氮量0、105、2103、15.kg/hm2对冬小麦氮素吸收、累积、转运、产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可显著提高冬小麦的子粒、秸秆产量及成熟期地上部总吸氮量,但过量施用氮肥对子粒和秸秆增产不显著;各施氮处理的氮肥利用率在34.2%～38.3%之间,随施氮量增加而略有降低。植株中氮素含量随生育期的延长而降低,氮素累积量总体呈增加趋势。施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收有显著影响,同一生育时期,氮素含量和累积量都随着施氮量增加而提高。施氮可显著地促进氮素在子粒中累积,其中69%～87%的氮素是靠营养体的转运而来的。施氮量影响氮素的转运效率,随施氮量增加,转运效率降低。本试验条件下,冬小麦的合理施氮量应控制在105～210.kg/hm2之间。