黄圆蹄盾蚧天敌种类及其主要寄生性天敌昆虫的种群动态

通过对昆明地区云南樟和山玉兰上的黄圆蹄盾蚧进行系统调查和室内饲养,共收集到捕食性天敌昆虫6种,即日本方头甲、二双斑唇瓢虫、红点唇瓢虫、七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫、日本通草蛉.其中日本方头甲是主要捕食性天敌.寄生性天敌5种,即双带巨角跳小蜂、双带花角蚜小蜂、长缨恩蚜小蜂、盾蚧汤氏跳小蜂和金黄蚜小蜂.双带巨角跳小蜂是主要寄生性天敌,在昆明一年发生4代,4月中旬开始羽化,7月中旬至9月中旬是双带巨角跳小蜂羽化盛期.双带巨角跳小蜂对黄圆蹄盾蚧的种群数量有一定的控制作用.     

龟纹瓢虫及其在棉田的消长规律

龟纹瓢虫[Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)]是我省沿江两熟套种棉区棉花主要害虫天敌优势种群之一。据1978—1983六年系统调查,棉田中龟纹瓢虫出现时间早、历期长(从4月至11月底);种群存量大,占瓢虫总量的48.4—99.4％;是棉田捕食性昆虫天敌中有保护利用价值的种群。 试验方法 室内饲养:每年3月底4月初采集越冬代成虫,进行室内饲养。饲料以棉蚜为主,辅以菜蚜,逐日更换新饲料。饲养头数,卵     

贵州稻纵卷叶螟幼虫期寄生蜂的调查

1984—1985年,在思南县塘头双季稻区,对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫期的主要寄生天敌进行了调查。两年来,5—10月分期分批从大田随机采集稻纵卷叶螟各代各龄幼虫,室内饲养至化蛹、羽化,调查其天敌种类及数量。结果: 一、主要寄生蜂和寄生率 从饲养的888头幼虫中观察到:有398头被天敌寄生,主要为寄生蜂,计有: 纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂 Apanteles cypris、螟蛉绒茧蜂 Apanteles ruficrus、螟黄抱缘姬蜂     

烟蚜茧蜂的种群退化规律

烟蚜茧蜂是防治烟蚜的优良天敌昆虫。近20年,我国烟蚜茧蜂大规模扩繁技术日臻成熟,以其防控农作物蚜虫的生产应用也取得显著成效。然而在扩繁实践中发现连续饲养多代后,烟蚜茧蜂出现了种群退化现象,成为连续大规模扩繁烟蚜茧蜂生产瓶颈。为探索烟蚜茧蜂的种群衰退程度与饲养代数间的关系,分析归纳种群退化的特征规律,在室内续代饲养的条件下,测定了烟蚜茧蜂不同代数的单雌僵蚜量、羽化率、性比、成虫寿命、成虫胫节长度等特征。试验结果表明：从F₁代到F₁₂代,烟蚜茧蜂单雌僵蚜量下降了67.22%,羽化率下降了31.91%,雌性比上升了33.32%,成蜂寿命下降了53.85%,雌蜂后足胫节长下降了17.67%,雄蜂后足胫节长下降了28.74%,在F₇～F₉代各项特征衰退显著。试验证实在室内扩繁烟蚜茧蜂到第7代种群出现明显的衰退,生产上需适时采取复壮措施。     

不同作物上棉蚜及其主要天敌的发生规律

随着化学农药的大面积推广使用,棉蚜的抗药性问题变得越来越突出,结合使用生物防治法来延缓或治理棉蚜抗药性问题已迫在眉睫。本研究在常规管理棉田条件下,对不同作物混栽区苗期6种作物上棉蚜及其主要天敌的种群动态进行了调查。结果表明,西葫芦上的棉蚜种群数量最大（峰值,11016.7头/百株）,其次是四季豆（峰值,6323.3头/百株）,棉花、黄瓜、豇豆和甜瓜上的棉蚜则相对较少,且其种群动态发生具有一致性。6种作物上的主要天敌的种群发生都滞后于棉蚜的发生,并以寄生蜂的种群密度最大,且具有指数增长效应。在本试验条件下,西葫芦上棉蚜数量多,僵蚜基数大,是室内饲养寄生蜂的良好寄主。     

浙江省山地茶园蜘蛛研究初报

1979～1990年,调查了浙江省13个县(市)山地茶园蜘蛛资源,并在松阳县进行定点系统调查,共发现茶园蜘蛛24科110种;其种群数量大,占捕食性天敌的93.66％。优势种群有叉线金蝉蛛、前齿肖峭、突腹蛛一种、大井盖蛛、盖蛛一种、管巢蛛。室内饲养观察蜘蛛主要捕食假眼小绿叶蝉、黑刺粉虱、茶蚜,也捕食茶绿盲蝽以及尺蠖和卷蛾的幼虫。3种常见蜘蛛又线金蝉蛛、粽管巢蛛、毁坏管巢蛛对假眼小绿叶蝉的日捕食达8.5～11.0头,对害虫的控制能力居茶园捕食性天敌的首位,影响茶园蜘蛛种群消长的主要因子有:害虫种群变化、农药施用、农事操作及气候因子等。     

DYMEX模型在棉铃虫种群动态中的应用

模型模拟是昆虫种群动态研究的重要内容,DYMEX模型是一种基于同生群概念的机理性模型,能够较真实、全面地模拟多因素影响下的种群动态,便于推广应用。棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera自然种群动态受到诸多生态因子的影响,如气候、天敌和田间管理等,过程复杂。本文利用DYMEX 3.0软件建立了棉铃虫种群动态模型,对实验室棉铃虫种群关键生命表参数随温度变化和控制条件下杀虫剂对棉铃虫和天敌的毒杀作用分别进行了模拟;对新疆石河子121团和147团2009-2014年棉铃虫自然种群动态进行了模拟,并比较和分析了模拟结果。结果表明:(1)建立的棉铃虫DYMEX模型,在模拟实验室棉铃虫种群各阶段发育历期、存活率、成虫繁殖和寿命,以及杀虫剂对棉铃虫卵、1~3龄幼虫和天敌的毒杀影响方面,拟合优度R~2普遍高于0.6(P0.05);(2)模拟田间条件下棉铃虫种群的相对发生量和发生期与实际自然种群具有较好的一致性。因此,建立的DYMEX模型,较可靠地模拟、反映了室内控制条件和复杂生境下棉铃虫种群特征和动态,为棉铃虫室内多因素试验结果分析、因素效能分析和复杂条件下发生期和相对发生量的预测预报等方面提供有效帮助,为田间害虫的综合管理、防治提供参考。     

华北地区不同农田景观格局下天敌昆虫和鸟类对玉米蚜的控制作用

农业集约化形成的农田景观格局影响鸟类和天敌昆虫多样性的形成、维持及其控害功能。为明确景观生境对玉米田鸟类和天敌昆虫及其玉米害虫种群的影响,本研究以5种不同生境比例的农田景观为对象,分析了不同生境比例下鸟类、天敌昆虫种群数量及其对主要害虫玉米蚜的控制作用。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫和草蛉在非玉米田生境比例20%的农田景观中种群数量最多,而异色瓢虫在生境比例30%的农田景观中种群数量最多;生境比例为15%、20%、30%和40%的农田景观分别有利于涵养白头鹎和斑鸠、麻雀、喜鹊和家燕、戴胜;且玉米蚜累计数量以生境比例30%的农田景观最低。排除鸟类与天敌的笼罩试验发现,鸟类与天敌通过直接取食或者干扰生态位生境条件,对玉米蚜的控制效果明显,以非玉米生境比例为20%的农田景观可涵养更多的天敌昆虫和减少玉米蚜发生,提高农田景观对玉米害虫的生物控制作用。     

利用天敌昆虫治理豚草的研究进展

豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.起源于北美洲,一年生草本植物,靠种子繁殖。豚草在入侵地逃离了天敌等生物因子的制约,种群得以快速发展,并暴发成灾,对人类健康、农牧业生产、生态环境等均造成严重的影响。从20世纪60年代开始,许多国家从原产地寻找天敌,开始豚草生物防治。我国从20世纪80年代,先后从国外引进了5种植食性昆虫,对其生物学、生态学特性及其应用等开展了研究,最终确认豚草条纹叶甲和豚草卷蛾是2种具有应用前景的天敌昆虫。这两种天敌昆虫在野外释放后,仅有豚草卷蛾能在野外成功建立种群,一定程度上延缓了豚草种群的蔓延。随后,2001年,在南京市郊的豚草上发现一种来自北美的广聚萤叶甲,经过寄主专一性测定后,发现其具有严格的寄主专一性。同时,这种叶甲气候适应能力、繁殖力和对豚草控制潜力均较强。在中国,广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾生态位互补的生物防治技术已被提出,并在南方各省市大面积推广应用,取了非常理想的控制效果。然而,广聚萤叶甲尚未能在北方建立种群,这给北方豚草的生物防治带来了许多困难。因此,通过野外创造有利于广聚萤叶甲成虫越冬的人工保护生境,或通过人工冷驯化和筛选获取高产耐寒种群,将有助于这些问题的解决。     

四川省稻田越冬代二化螟寄生性天敌的研究

二化螟Chilo suppressalis是水稻生产上重要的常发性害虫, 以大龄滞育幼虫在稻桩中越冬, 研究其寄生性天敌, 对于害虫发生动态预警和防治具有重要意义。通过剥查四川地区稻桩内越冬代二化螟幼虫并室内饲养羽化收集天敌, 鉴定天敌种类和调查自然寄生率发现:2017年-2018年, 2018年-2019年及2019年-2020年, 寄生蜂自然寄生率分别为1.1%~8.6%, 1.5%~11.7% 和 1.9%~9.0%, 年度间自然寄生率无明显差异; 寄生蜂自然种群主要有螟甲腹茧蜂 Chelonus munakatae (Munakata)、大螟钝唇姬蜂 Eriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst)、中华茧蜂 Amyosoma chinensis (Szepligeti)、绒茧克氏金小蜂Trichomalopsis apanteloctena (Crawford)、螟蛉瘤姬蜂 Itoplectis naranyae (Ashmead)、螟黄足盘绒茧蜂 Cotesia flavipes (Cameron)、环腹瘿蜂 Figites sp.、稻螟小腹茧蜂 Microgaster russata (Haliday)、黏虫白星姬蜂 Vulgichneumon leucaniae (Uchida)和二化螟黑卵蜂Telenomus chilocolus(Wu et Chen)。四川省越冬代二化螟寄生性天敌的优势种为螟黄足盘绒茧蜂和螟蛉瘤姬蜂, 部分地区每年自然寄生率维持在较高的水平。     

大突肩瓢虫成虫越冬期人工保种技术

在室内15～20℃下模拟大突肩瓢虫Synonycha grandis的野外越冬环境,研究4种不同补充饲料对越冬期成虫的保种效果。结果表明：用蔗糖水＋冷冻甘蔗粉角蚜饲喂,能显著提高瓢虫的越冬存活率,210d后存活率达67.5%,保种效果最好。且存活的成虫重新取食新鲜甘蔗粉角蚜后能快速恢复繁殖能力。5-6月在蔗田粉角蚜点状发生时,将室内保种存活大突肩瓢虫成虫按100头/667m^2释放,30d后有蚜株率和有蚜叶片率分别由释放前的50.3%和45.0%降为0,与对照相比控蚜效果达100%。     

甘蔗害虫优势天敌及其保护利用

本文对7种甘蔗害虫优势天敌的寄生捕食特点及其保护利用进行了探讨和综述。云南蔗区甘蔗害虫种类多,天敌资源十分丰富。全省甘蔗害虫天敌达283种之多,其中,具有保护利用价值和研究意义的优势种主要有:寄生甘蔗螟虫Sesamia inferens Walker的赤眼蜂Thichogramma、螟黄足绒茧蜂Apanteles flavipes(Cameron)和大螟拟丛毛寄蝇Sturmiopsis in- ferens Townsend;捕食甘蔗绵蚜Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner的大突肩瓢虫Synonycha grandis (Thunberg)、双带盘瓢虫Lemnia biplagiata(Swartz)、六斑月瓢虫Chilomenes sexmaculata(Fabri- cius)和绿线食蚜螟Thiallela sp．;捕食甘蔗粉蚧Saccharicoccus sacchari(Cocherell)、Dysmicoc- cus boninsis Kuwana和蔗头象虫Trochorhopalus humeralis Chevrolat Diocalandra sp．的黄足肥螋Eu- borellia pallipes Shiraki等。还有一种寄生菌-白僵菌Beauvria sp．,在自然界中分布十分广泛,可寄生蔗螟、蔗龟Exolontha serrulata(Gyllenhal)Alissonotum impressicolle Arrow、蔗头象虫、蛀茎象虫Otidognathus rubriceps Chevrolat等多种甘蔗害虫,其自然寄生率一般在10％左右,对甘蔗害虫具有一定的自然抑制作用。合理保护利用天敌,充分发挥天敌对害虫的自然调控作用,这对保护生态环境,维护蔗田生态平衡,提高害虫综合治理水平,促进蔗糖业可持续发展均具有重要意义。     

Susceptibility of conifer and broadleaf seedlings to Swedish S and P strains of Heterobasidion annosum

Seeldings of conifer and broadleaf species, 2-4 years old, were inoculated with 10 Swedish S and P intersterility group strains of Heterobasidion annosum under greenhouse conditions. There were significant differences in infection incidence, growth in sapwood and mortality rates. Conifers were generally more susceptible to infection than broadleaf trees. Both intersterility groups developed poorly on Alnus glutinosa, Abies grandis, Poputus tremuta × tremutoides and Quercus robur , but the S-interstedlity group also grew poorly on Pinus sp. and Betula pendula. Results were compared with field observations reported in the literature.     

Toxicity of botanical insecticides on Diaphania hyalinata,their selectivity for the predatory ant Paratrechina sp., and their potential phytotoxicity on pumpkin

The use of botanical insecticides could be an alternative efficient pest management in Cucurbitaceae against melonworm Diaphania hyalinata and less harmful to its predator. Few studies jointly assess the efficiency of botanical insecticides, their effects on pest, and their effect on the natural enemy and target crop. Here we examine (1) their impact against the melonworm D. hyalinata, a key pest of Cucurbitaceae, (2) their toxicity to the predatory ant Paratrechina sp., and (3) their phytotoxicity to pumpkin plants. The botanical insecticides citronella oil and eucalyptus oil were highly toxic to D. hyalinata and they exhibited to be less harmful for the predatory ant Paratrechina sp. Andiroba oil, eucalyptus oil, garlic extract, and citronella oil caused feeding inhibition of the D. hyalinata larvae. Eucalyptus oil, andiroba oil, garlic extract, and rotenone inhibited the oviposition of D. hyalinata. None of the insecticides was phytotoxic to pumpkin plants. Eucalyptus oil and citronella oil have induced high mortality and altered the behavior of target pests. In addition, they were selective for the predator Paratrechina sp. and not exhibited phytotoxicity on pumpkin plants. Eucalyptus oil and citronella oil seem the most promising compounds for incorporation into melonworm management programs, because they induced high mortality and altered the behavior of target pests and were selective for the predator Paratrechina sp.     

A microsporidian pathogen of the predatory beetle Rhizophagus grandis (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae)

A new Microsporidium sp. infects Rhizophagus grandis Gyllenhall, a beetle which preys on the bark beetle Dendroctonus micans Kugellan in Turkey. Mature spores are single, uninucleate, oval in shape (3.75 +/- 0.27 microm in length by 2.47 +/- 0.13 microm in width), with a subapically fixed polar filament. The polar filament is anisofilar, coiled in 7-8 normal and 3-4 reduced coils. Other characteristic features of the microsporidium are the four/five nuclear divisions to form 16/32 (commonly 16) spores, subpersistent sporophorous vesicles (pansporoblasts) remaining till formation of the endospore, and the vesicles dissolved with free mature spores. The polaroplast is divided into three zones: an amorphous zone, dense layers, and a lamellartubular area extending to the central part of the spore.     

Anuretes grandis sp. n., a caligid copepod (Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on Diagramma pictum (Pisces) in Taiwan, with discussion of Anuretes Heller, 1865

A new species of caligid copepod (Siphonostomatoida), Anuretes grandis sp. n., parasitic on the painted sweetlips [Diagramma pictum (Thunberg)] in Taiwan is described. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by having: (1) free margin of cephalothorax not covering fourth pediger, (2) large genital complex longer than 2/3 of the cephalic shield, (3) no maxillary whip, (4) leg 3 with 9 setae on the terminal segment of exopod and 8 plumose setae on the terminal segment of endopod, and (5) armature of I,III on leg 4 exopod. Genus Anuretes Heller, 1865 is reviewed and redefined. Based on the new diagnosis three species (A. chelatus Prabha et Pillai, A. fedderni Price and A. parvulus Wilson) were transferred to Pseudanuretes, and two species (A. furcatus Capart and A. renalis Heegaard) were transferred to Lepeophtheirus. In addition, the following three species of caligids were transferred to Anuretes: Lepeophtheirus fallolunulus Lewis, Heniochophilus indicus Pillai, and Lepeophtheirus rotundigenitalis Prabha et Pillai. The latter is renamed Anuretes occultus nom. n. due to the homonym encountered through this transfer. "Anuretes plectorhynchi Yamaguti" reported by Prabha and Pillai (1986) is renamed Anuretes similis sp. n. and Anuretes yamagutii Prabha et Pillai is relegated to the synonym of Anuretes anomalus Pillai. A key to the 18 species of Anuretes is provided.     

两种松梢斑螟的重要天敌—长距茧蜂

微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella和果梢斑螟D. pryeri是我国马尾松、油松、黄山松和华山松等松树的重要钻梢蛀果害虫,引起梢枯干折,树冠畸形,果空籽瘪,严重影响松树的生长和成材,并造成种子园种子产量歉收。林间害虫种群观测和室内害虫饲育发现长距茧蜂Macrocentrus sp.(膜翅目、茧蜂科Bracodidae)是这两种松梢斑螟的重要寄生昆虫,种群数量较多,繁殖较强。该蜂幼虫寄生两种松梢斑螟幼虫体内。林间,微红梢斑螟越冬代幼虫寄生率为9.2％;果梢斑螟第一代幼虫寄生率为7.8％。在两种松梢斑螟幼虫种群数量增长中,该蜂起重要的制约作用。     

北京栽培白蘑菇病害的研究

 1979~1980年进行箱式栽培白蘑菇的试验,并同时调查对比病害发生情况,和采用各种措施的效果。     

Acephate toxicity,metabolism, and anticholinesterase activity in Heliothis virescens (F.) and Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman)

The toxicity (72 hr) of acephate and methamidophos to fourth-instar larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was nearly equivalent. In contrast, toxicity (72 hr) of methamidophos to adult boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman), was substantially greater than that of acephate. The internal accumulation of acephate was greater for A. grandis grandis than for H. virescens at 24 and 48 hr post-treatment, as was excretion. Acephate was metabolized to methamidophos both in vivo and in vitro by H. virescens but not by A. grandis grandis. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition by methamidophos was greater than that of acephate, but less than that of paraoxon for H. virescens, A. grandis grandis, and the electric eel. Treatment of H. virescens larvae with acephate resulted in increased in vivo acetylcholinesterase inhibition between 24 and 72 hr post-treatment, which was associated with a large increase in mortality. H. virescens treated with methamidophos showed greater mortality and greater acetylcholinesterase inhibition at earlier time periods than those treated with acephate. However, by 72 hr post-treatment, in vivo acetylcholinesterase inhibition by LD₅₀ doses of acephate and methamidophos were approximately equivalent. These results indicate that, for H. virescens, toxicity of acephate is directly related to its metabolism to methamidophos and subsequent acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Likewise, the differential toxicity of acephate and methamidophos to A. grandis grandis adults appears to be due to their inability to metabolize acephate to methamidophos.     

The effects of some factors on the growth and morphology of Naegleria sp. and three strains of the genus Acanthamoeba.

The effects of various biophysical and chemical factors on the cytology of vegetative stages of Naegleria sp., Vitek strain, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Neff strain and Acanthamoeba polyphaga, No. 1289, were studied. The amoebae were cultured in a liquid medium under axenic conditions. The optimum temperature was 37 degrees C for pathogenic strains of Naegleria sp. and Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and 20 degrees C for A. castellanii. No changes were observed in the growth of A. polyphaga at the temperatures 20 degrees and 37 degrees C. The strains investigated grew at pH values of 5.6 to 7.7 using Soerensen's buffer. At the limit values the growth was inhibited and the morphology of cells was markedly changed. All of the four strains grew still at pH 8.4 kept by NaHCO3. A. polyphaga grew at partial anaerobiosis. The three tested strains of the genus Acanthamoeba grew in liquid axenic medium with 0.89% NaCl. The growth of Naegleria sp., Vitek was inhibited already at 0.2% concentration of this salt. The addition of 3 X 10(-2) m KCl to the culture medium had a harmful effect on the growth and morphology of three tested strains, except A. polyphaga. In the culture medium containing 2 X 10(-3) m CaCl2 the encystment of both pathogenic strains was stimulated. The cytological changes under experimental conditions were manifested by atypical movement of trophozoits and their intracellular structure.