Enhanced degradation of some soil-applied herbicides

In a field experiment involving repeated herbicide application, persistence of simazine was not affected by up to three previous doses of the herbicide. With propyzamide, there was a trend to more rapid rates of degradation with increasing number of previous treatments. Persistence of linuron and alachlor was affected only slightly by prior applications. In a laboratory incubation with soil from the field that had received four doses of the appropriate herbicide over a 12–month period, there was again no effect from simazine pretreatments on rates of loss. However, propyzamide, linuron and alachlor all degraded more rapidly in the previously treated than in similar untreated soil samples. Propyzamide, linuron, alachlor and napropamide degradation rates were all enhanced by a single pretreatment of soil in laboratory incubations, whereas degradation rates of isoproturon, metazachlor, atrazine and simazine were the same in pretreated and control soil samples.     

Effects of application method on the performance of some soil-applied herbicides II. Field studies

Plots sown with a range of test species were treated with chlortoluron, nitrofen, propyzamide or terbutryne applied at several doses either by rotary atomizer (30 1 ha^?1), conventional hydraulic nozzle (250 1 ha^?1) or dribble bar (with orifices spaced at 2-cm intervals) (520 1 ha^?1). The performance of chlortoluron, propyzamide and terbutryne was similar with all the methods used, regardless of soil and weather conditions. Vertical movement in the soil was similar for each application method. Horizontal variability following dribble-bar application was measured for chlortoluron and was very large across short distances but weed control was as uniform as with the other application methods. In a further experiment, the phytotoxicity of chlortoluron applied by each of the three methods was less in a seed bed prepared by minimum tillage following straw burning than in a ploughed and cultivated seed bed. Activity following minimum tillage and straw baling was intermediate. This difference in phytotoxicity probably resulted from greater adsorption in the surface layers of the minimal cultivation treatments.     

Effects of application method on the performance of some soil-applied herbicides. I. Glasshouse experiments

Chlortoluron, propyzamide, terbutryne and nitrofen were applied to the soil in pots with a rotary atomizer at 301 ha^?1, with a conventional hydraulic nozzle at 400 1 ha^?1 at several doses, or as discrete 2-μl drops applied with a microsyringe at 2-cm spacings. The test plants were Alopecurus myosuroides, Stellaria media, Chenopodium album, Avena fatua, perennial ryegrass and radish. Chlortoluron, propyzamide and terbutryne had the same activities following the rotary atomizer or conventional spray application but the rotary atomizer application of nitrofen was less effective against A. fatua than the conventional spray treatment. Chlortoluron, propyzamide and terbutryne showed appreciable activity applied as drops 2 cm apart at rates equivalent to 2 kg ai ha^?1, on plants growing equidistant from the drops, but nitrofen showed no activity under these circumstances. The activity of chlortoluron was investigated at different soil moisture contents; it was more active when applied to moist soil than to dry soil which was not wetted for at least 10 h. Application method did not affect this response     

Shoot zone uptake of soil-applied herbicides in some legume species

Localized placement of prometryne, linuron and diuron in the soil at the first or second shoot internodes of dwarf broad bean (Vicia faba L.) equally reduced aerial plant growth, whereas simazine and atrazine had no effect. Growth reduction also occurred when the first shoot internode of scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus multiflorus L.) in the soil was treated with all five herbicides, especially with diuron. Localized placement of these herbicides at the first or second shoot internodes of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in the soil equally reduced aerial plant growth. Foliar injury to vetch due to placement of these herbicides in the shoot zone of the soil was markedly reduced by simultaneous treatment with trifluraiin or nitralin which prevented adventitious root development on the shoot without otherwise affecting plant growth. This lack of root development on the shoots treated with trifluraiin was associated with a marked decrease in ¹⁴C-labelled atrazine uptake, which probably accounted for the reduction in atrazine phytotoxicity. A similar explanation may account for the reduced phytotoxicity of the other herbicides in the presence of trifluraiin or nitralin.     

Effects of soil moisture content on the availability of soil-applied herbicides to plants

The phytotoxicities of atrazine, simazine, linuron, lenacil and aziprotryne were increased as the moisture content of the soil increased. Results from studies with ¹⁴C-labelled atrazine suggested that these differences could be related to differences in concentrations of herbicide accumulated by the plants. Total uptake of atrazine was directly proportional to water uptake, but a comparison of the amounts taken up with those supplied by mass-flow in the transpiration stream suggested that some exclusion factor was operative. It was concluded that herbicide transport within the soil-plant system was the main factor affecting phytotoxicity under the different soil moisture regimes. The significance of the results to herbicide behaviour under field conditions is discussed.     

Effect of trickle irrigation on soil-applied herbicides*

The effect of trickle irrigation on the activity, leaching and distribution in the soil of herbicides, was studied in a model specially constructed for simulating trickle irrigation in the field, and also under field conditions. The pattern of movement of a soil-applied herbicide in the soil under trickle irrigation paralleled, to some extent, that of the trickle water itself, but total herbicide movement was less than that of the water. Both water and herbicide distribution in the soil formed the shape of a hemisphere or cone under the trickle nozzle, the exact shape of which was determined by the soil characteristics (a narrow cone in a light soil and a wide cone in a heavy soil); cone size was determined by the amount of trickle water. Bioassays with susceptible test plants showed that effective weed control could be expected with either simazine or GS-14259 (2-t-butylamino-4-ethylamino-6-methoxy-s-triazine =‘Caragard') only in the areas wetted by the trickle nozzle. The results showed that the pattern of distribution in the soil of simazine and GS-14259 was similar, but there were quantitative differences in their final spread.     

Effects from simulated rainfall on shoot-zone uptake of herbicides

In glasshouse experiments, atrazine, simazine, lenacil and linuron applied to the soil surface were phytotoxic to turnip seedlings which had emerged from a depth of 1–5 cm when 3 mm artificial rainfall was applied at the time of seedling emergence or shortly afterwards. When rainfall was applied on 2 or 3 consecutive days, the herbicides were in general more phytotoxic. As the delay between emergence and commencement of surface watering increased, however, the response of the seedlings decreased. Studies with [¹⁴C]-atrazine showed that at emergence the seedlings contained a small amount of herbicide which increased considerably with surface watering. Relatively high concentrations were attained when rainfall was applied while the seedlings were small, but as the interval between seedling emergence and rainfall increased, the same uptake resulted in lower shoot concentrations, Atrazine extraction from the soil showed little movement from the surface 1.0 cm, suggesting uptake via the stem. The observed responses of the other three herbicides are explained by assuming the same pattern of uptake as that recorded for atrazine.     

Effect of soil compaction on phytotoxicity and persistence of soil-applied herbicides

Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of three levels of soil compaction on the activity of two soil-applied herbicides, atrazine and trifluralin, using oats as test species. The moderate and heavy compactions increased the bulk density by 24.7 and 35.1% respectively while the normal compaction had negligible effect on physical properties of the soil compared to the freshly cultivated ground. Initial phytotoxicity of both herbicide's was increased significantly by the heavy compaction treatment. Moderate soil compaction also enhanced the initial activity of atrazine but trifluralin activity remained unaffected from this treatment. Trifluralin was more persistent than atrazine and the residual activity of both herbicides was increased significantly as a result of both the moderate and heavy compaction treatments. Effet du compactage du sol sur la phytoloxicilé et la persistance des herbicides appliques sur le sol Des expériences au champ et en serre ont été effectuées pour etudier l'effet de trois degrés de compactage du sol sur l'activité de deux herbicides appliqués sur le sol, l'atrazine et la trifluraline, en utilisant l'avoine comme plante test. Le compactage modéré et le compactage intense ont accru la densite de la masse de 24,7% et 35,1% respectivement, alors que le compactage normal n'a eu qu'un effet négligeable sur les propriétés du sol compacté par rapport à un sol récemment cultivé. La phytotoxocité initiale des deux herbicides a été accrue significativement par le compactage intense. Le compactage modéré du sol a aussi augmenté l'activité initiale de l'atrazine mais celle de la trifluraline n'a pas été modifiée par ce degre de compactage. La triflura-line s'est montrée plus persistante que l'atrazine et l'activité résiduelle des deux herbicides a été significativement accrue à la suite du compactage modéré et du compactage intense. Die Wirkung von Bodenverdichtungen auf Phytotoxizität und Persistenz von Bodenherbiziden Es wurden Held-und Gewachshausversuche durchgeführt, indenen der Einfluss von drei unterschiedlich starken Bodenverdichtungen auf die Wirkung von auf den Boden appliziertem Atrazin und Trifluralin untersucht wurde. Als Testpflanze wurde Hafer verwendet. Durch eine mittlere und starke Ver-dichtung nahm das Boden-Volumengewicht um 24,7% bzw. um 35,1% zu. Eine normale Verdichtung hatte, verglichen mil einem frisch bearbeiteten Boden, nur eine geringe Wirkung auf die physikalischen Bodeneigenschaften. Durch die starke Verdichtung nahm die phytotoxische Wirkung beider Herbizide significant zu. Dieser Effekt trat auch bei der mittleren Boden-verdichtung auf, jedoch nur bei Atrazin; die Wirkung von Trifluralin blieb davon unbeeinflusst. Trifluralin erwies sich als persistenter als Atrazin, die Residualwirkung beider Herbizide nahm aber durch die starke und die mittlere Bodenverdichtung significant zu.     

Effects of some herbicides on soil enzyme activities

Effects of glyphosate, paraquat, trifluralin and atrazine on activities of dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease in one soil were measured. Only glyphosate at 21.6 kg/ha was found to inhibit the enzyme activities and generally the results were not statistically significant. Enzyme activity associated with micro-organisms proliferating in soil supplemented with lucerne meal was similarly not affected by the herbicides. Interpretation of results from enzyme activity measurements in soils treated with herbicides is discussed. It is proposed that effects of natural stress can be used to judge the relative importance of herbicide induced change.     

Effects of some commercial herbicides on rhizobia and their symbiosis with peanuts

Four herbicides commonly used in Israel for controlling weeds in peanuts were evaluated under field and screenhouse conditions. Terbutryn (Terbutrex 50, w.p.), ethalfluralin (Sonalan 333, e.c.), dinitramine (Cobex 240, e.c.) and alachlor (Alapaz 480, e.c.), used at recommended levels, had no adverse effect on nodulation rate, nitrogenase activity, total nitrogen of peanut tops or pod yield, compared with control (inoculated but herbicide non-treated) plants. Studies were conducted to determine the relative toxicity in vitro of the herbicides on each of four Rhizobium strains used for commercial peat inoculant production. The results showed that at up to 94 μg g^?1 the herbicides has no inhibitory effect on the growth of rhizobia. The sensitivity of Rhizobium strains to different rates of the chemicals decreased in the order: dinitramine>alachlor>ethalfluralin>terbutryn. It was found that various strains differ in their sensitivity to the herbicides tested.     

Effects of some phenylurea herbicides on photosynthesis of two wheat varieties

Photosynthesis in the shoots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was inhibited by certain phenylurea herbicides applied via the nutrient solution. Recovery from this inhibition after short treatments was used as a measure of the rate of inactivation of these herbicides in the leaf tissue of a variety tolerant to metoxuron (Caribo) and of a less tolerant variety (Manella). The introduction of chlorine atoms into fenuron greatly reduced the rate of inactivation in both varieties, whereas that of a methyl or butoxy group had little or no effect. Metoxuron was inactivated more readily than chlortoluron and both compounds were inactivated more rapidly in Caribo than in Manella.     

Collaborative studies of dose-response curves obtained with different bioassay methods for soil-applied herbicides

In a collaborative study by 12 laboratories the reproducibility of bioassay techniques was analysed by comparison and statistical treatment of the ED₅₀-values (μg herbicide/g soil). Commonlyused bioassay techniques were investigated; two direct seeding methods, a transplanting method and a shoot extension method. The herbicides studied were two photosynthesis inhibitors, atrazine and metribuzin using Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa as test plants; two germination inhibitors, tri-allate and trifluralin using Avena sativa as test plant. The mean ED₅₀-value of atrazine in the direct seeding method was 0.18 with a variation from 0.12 to 0.29 and 0.12 (0.07–0.68) in the transplanting method. The values of metribuzin were 0.05 (0.02–0.11) and 0.03 (0.01–0.15) respectively. The values for triallate were 1.15 (0.50–2.60) in the direct seeding method and 1.10 (0.54–2.53) in the shoot extension method and for trifluralin 3.11 (0.72–18.31) and 1.33 (0.48–2.94) respectively. The reproducibility was best in the shoot extension method. No outliers (confidence intervals lying entirely outside the confidence interval of the overall mean) in the ED₅₀-values were observed with atrazine and metribuzin when using the direct seeding method, whereas with the germination inhibitors a high number of results (four with tri-allate, six with trifluralin) could be considered as outliers. A comparison of the use of fresh weight and dry matter showed good agreement between the ED₅₀-values they gave, with similar reproducibility.     

Effect of some herbicides on freshwater algae

The activity of 12 herbicides was tested against various freshwater algae found in Britain. Three of the most troublesome species, Cladophora glomerata L., Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum Katz., and Vaucheria dichotoma Ag. were all susceptible to methylthio-1,3,5-triazines. Terbutryne and cyanatryn were the most active and both killed C. glomerata and R. hieroglyphicum at 0.05 mg/litre. The concentration of terbutryne had to be increased to 0.1 mg/litre to control V. dichotoma. Asulam and WSCP (2.0 mg/litre), metflurazone and HZ5914 (1.0 mg/litre), copper sulphate (1.0 mg copper ion/litre) and cutrine (2.0 mg copper ion/litre) had no visible effect on the algae. Diquat (1.0 mg cation/litre) did, however, control C. glomerata and R. hieroglyphicum although, in natural conditions, the algae quickly recovered after treatment. Success with diquat (2.0 mg/litre) against V. dichotoma in laboratory experiments was not achieved in a field experiment.     

Experiments on vapour activity of alachlor and related herbicides

Investigations were conducted lo determine the vapour activity of alachlor, propachlor and prynachlor, using cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare Host) as test planes. Cucumber seedlings exposed under covers for 24 h to 05 ml of solution containing 005 mg or more of alachlor in a planchet alongside exhibited a ‘knock-down’ effect. This was usually followed by recovery of turgor but resulted in considerable growth suppression. A short exposure of 3 h did not affect the seedlings. A wheat shoot bioassay was devised which showed that alachlor has more activity in the vapour phase than either propachlor or prynachlor. An EDJ₅₀ in the range 0-05-010 mg of introduced chemical was obtained when the shoots were exposed to alachlor for at least 12 h, either in a closed, saturated system or open to room atmospheres of much lower humidity. Shorter exposure periods had little effect on shoot growth. It is suggested that the wheat shoot assay could have wider application in other herbicide vapour studies. Expériences sur l'activité des vapeursd'alachlore et d'herbicides apparcntés. Des rechcrches ont été entrepriscs pour déterminer I'activé des vapeurs d'alachlore. de propachlore et de prynachlorc en utilisant le concombre (Cucumis satius L.) et le blé (Triticum vulgare Host) comme plantes tests. Des plantules de concombre exposées sous couvert pendant 24 heures à 0,5 ml de solution contenant 0.05 mg ou plus d'alachtore dans un récipient placéà côté de ces plantutes ont accusé un effet de choc. Cet effet a été habituellement suivi par une récupération de la tugescence mais it en est résulté une diminution considérable de la croissance. Une exposition courte, dc 3 heures, n'a pas eu d'effet sur les plantules. Un essai biologique sur de jeunes pousses de blé a montré que l'alachtore manifestait plus d'activité, sous forme de vapeur que Ie propachlore ou le prynachlore. Le taux de 50% de plantes tuées a été atteint. dans la gamme 0.05- 0,10 mg du produit utilisé lorsque les jeunes pousses ont été exposées à l'alachlore pendant 12 heures au moins, dans un systàme, soit clos et saturé, soit ouvert dans l'atmosphàre de la piàce, avec un taux d'humidité beaucoup plus bas. Des périodes d'exposition plus couties n'ont eu que peu d'effet sur la croissance des jeunes pousses. II est suggéré que l'essai sur les jeunes pousses de blé pourrait avoir une application plus étendue dans d'autres Etudes sur des vapeurs d'herbicides. Versuche zur Wirkung von Alachlor und verwandten Herbiziden in der Dampfphase Es wurden Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Wirkung von Alachlor. Propachlor und Prynachlorinder Dampfphase durchgeführt. Als Testpflanzen dientcn Gurke (Cucumis sativus L.) und Weizen (Triticum vulgare Host). Wenn Gurkensämlinge abgedeckt 24 h lang, 0,5 ml einer Lösung die 0,05 mg oder mehr Alachlor enthielt und sich in einer kleinen Schale befand. exponiert waren, dann zeigte sich entlang der Schale ein “knock-down”-Effekt. Danach wurden die Pllan/en in der Rcgel wieder turgeszcnt, aber ihr Wachstum war stark beeinträchtigt. Betrug die Zeit nur 3 h. dann blieben die Sämlinge untweinflusst. Es wurde ein Weizenspross-Test entwickelt mit dem gezeigt werden konnte, dass Alachlor in der Dampfphase eine stärkere Wirkung hat als Propachlor oder Prynachlor. Die ED₅₀ betrug filr Alachlor 0.05–0.10 mg, wenn die Sprosse mindesiens 12 h dem Herbizid ausgesetzt waren. Dies wtir der Full, wenn mit einem geschtossen-gesättigten System gearbeilet wurde, aber auch mit einem zur Raumatmosphäre hin offenen System, deren Feuchtigkeit wesentlich geringer war. Kürzere Expositionszeiten hatten nur cine geringe Wirkung auf das Sprosswachstum. Es wird angeregt, die Anwendung des Weizenspross-Tcsts zu erweitern und bei anderen Unter-suchungen der Herbiziddampfphase-Wirkung einzusetzen.     

Further studies with additives: Effects of phosphate esters and ammonium salts on the activity of leaf-applied herbicides

The phytotoxicity of glyphosate applied to the leaves of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and several woody species was enhanced by mixed butyl acid phosphates (BAP, a technical mixture of dibutyl hydrogen and butyl dihydrogen phosphates) or ammonium sulphate. Tributyl phosphate, or the mixed sodium salts of BAP, similarly increased the activity of aminotriazole. This type of effect did not occur with mixtures of this herbicide and inorganic ammonium salts or the ammonium salts of BAP. Neither phosphate esters nor ammonium salts enhanced the activity of paraquat. Ammonium BAP was more effective than sodium BAP as an activator for leaf-applied picloram or MCPA salts. While phosphate esters and ammonium salts probably have separate modes of action they have similar effects in mixture with many water-soluble herbicides and for many purposes may be regarded as alternative activators. Ammonium salts, particularly ammonium sulphate, have obvious advantages because of their cheapness and low mammalian toxicity.     

Experiments with Cyperus rotundus L. II. Effects of some herbicides and growth regulators

Soil-incorporated butylate, EPTC and vernolate had only small effects on nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) shoot numbers and the germination of recovered tubers. MSMA, 2,4-D, glyphosate and cyperquat all killed top growth and reduced the germination of recovered tubers in both field and pot trials. Naptalam increased shoot number and tuber production. Foliar sprays of abscisic acid, chlorflurenoi and CCDP (3-carboxy-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridone) had little or no effect. Ethephon slightly increased the number of attached tubers with shoots, but NIA 10637 (.ethyl hydrogen-1-propylphosphonate) had inconsistent efl'ects. MH inhibited tuber bud germination, TIBA increased shoot numbers slightly, and daminozide reduced tuber production and the germination of detached tubers. None of the growth regulators tested appears potentially useful for nutgrass control. Expériences avec le Cyperus rotundus L. II. Action de quelques herbicides et substances de croissance Le butylate, l'EPTC et le vernolate incorporés au sol n'ont eu que peu d'efficacité contre le cyperus (Cyperus rotundus L.) en ce qui concerne le nombre de pousses et la germination des tubercules récoltés. Le MSMA, le 2,4-D, le glyphosate et le cyperquat ont tous détruit la zone terminale de croissance et réduit significativement la germination des tubercules récoltés dans les essais, soit au champ, soit en pots. Le naptalame a augmenté le nombre de pousses et la production de tubercules. Des pulvérisations sur les feuilles d'acide abscissique, de chlorflurénol et de CCDP (3-carbo.xy-1-(p-chlorophényl)-4,6-diméthyl-2-pyridone) n'a eu que peu ou pas d'effets. L'ethéphon a légérement accru le nombre de tubercuies fixés aux racines, mais le NIA 10637 (hydrogéne-1-propylphosphonate d'éthyle) n'a eu que des effets incohérents. L'hydrazide maléique a inhibé la germination du bourgeon du bulbe, le TIBA a accru légérement le nombre de pousses, et le daminozide a réduit la production des tubercules et la germination des tubercules détachés. Aucune des substance de croissance essayées n'apparait potentiellement utilisable pour la lutte contre le cyperus. Versuche mit Cyperus rotundus L. II. Wirkung einiger Herbizide und Wachstumsregulatoren In den Boden eingearbejtetes Butylat, EPTC und Vernolat hatte nur eine geringe Wirkung auf die Anzahl der Sprosse und den Austrieb der Knollen von Cyperus rotundus L. MSMA, 2,4-D, Glyphosate und Cyperquat toteten die oberirdischen Pflanzenteile ab und verringerten den Austrieb der Knollen in Feld- als auch in Gefässversuchen. Naptalam bewirkte eine Zunahme der Sprosszahl und erhöhte die Knollenbildung. Blattspritzungen mit Abscisinsäure, Chlorflurenoi und CCDP (3-Carboxy-1-(p-chlorphenyl)-4,6-di-methyl-2-pyridon) hatten eine geringe oder gar keine Wirkung. Durch Ethephon nahm die Anzahl der Knollen mit Sprossen zu, NIA 10637 (Äthyl hydrogen-1-propylphospho-nat) hingegen zeigte widersprüchliche Wirkungen. MH hemmte den Austrieb der KnoUenknospen, TIBA förderte leicht die Zahl der Sprosse und Daminozid verringerte die Knollenbildung und den Austrieb abgetrennter Knollen. Von den gepruften Wachstumsregulatoren scheint keiner fur die Bekampfung von Cyperus rotundus geeignet zu sein.     

Influence of broad-leaved weed herbicides on the activity of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl

The activity of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl applied alone or in tank-mixture with different formulations of mecoprop or sulfonylurea herbicides was compared in a series of pot experiments using Avena fatua L. (wild oat) as a test plant. A logistic model was fitted to the results and dose–response curves of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl applied alone and in mixture with the broad-leaved weed herbicides were estimated using non-linear regressions. Tank-mixtures of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and mecoprop or metsulfuron-methyl were antagonistic. In general, the activity of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl decreased with increasing doses of the broad-leaved herbicides. In mixture with 1200 g a.i. ha^?1 mecoprop, doses of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl had to be increased by 60% to 130% (dependent on formulation) to obtain the same effect as when fenoxaprop-P-ethyl was applied alone. Both the active and the inactive isomers of mecoprop were involved in the antagonism, and the ester formulation of mecoprop-P was less antagonistic than the amine formulation. In mixture with the recommended dose of 8 g a.i. ha^?1 of metsulfuron-methyl, doses of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl had to be increased by 20% to 110% to obtain the same effect as with fenoxaprop-P-ethyl applied alone. Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl did not lose activity when applied in mixture with recommended doses of chlorsulfuron, tribenuron and amidosulfuron. Antagonism of the sulfonylurea herbicides seemed to be related to the susceptibility of A.?fatua to these herbicides.     

The influence of two herbicides on the antifungal activity of some fungicides against Pythium butleri and Rhizoctonia solani causing damping-off of cowpea

The herbicides fluchloralin and alachlor applied to soil altered the effectiveness of fungicide treatments to seed and soil for controlling cowpea damping-off. These herbicides also modified the in-vitro toxicity of the fungicides to the mycelial growth of Pythium butleri and Rhizoctonia solani in a nutrient medium. Both herbicides reduced the toxicity of 2-methoxyethylmercury chloride (MEMC) and propamocarb to the growth of P. butleri, and of carbendazim to the growth of R. solani, but enhanced the toxicity of captafol and quintozene to P. butleri and R. solani, respectively. In pot tests, quintozene gave better control of R. solani damping-off in soil treated with fluchloralin or alachlor than in untreated soil, whereas disease control by carbendazim was decreased in similarly treated soils. Both herbicides attenuated the effectiveness of MEMC and captafol to control the damping-off caused by P. butleri; the efficacy of propamocarb was increased by alachlor but was decreased by fluchloralin. The implications of herbicide-fungicide interactions are discussed in the context of fungicidal control of root diseases in herbicide-treated soil.     

Effect of some herbicides on the epidermis of Vicia sativa (L.)

Vicia sativa (L.) was subjected to pre-emergence treatments of alachlor, fluchloralin, nitrofen and prometryne. A study of stomatal index was made by collecting leaves from the fourth and fifth nodes of plants. Nitrofen and prometryne, although increasing the number of epidermal cells and stomata per unit area, did not lead to changes in the stomal index compared to control values. Alachlor and fluchloralin reduced the stomatal index greatly because the density of epidermal cells was increased more than the density of stomata. The results are discussed. Effet de quelques herbicides sur l'épiderme de Vicia sativa (L.) Vicia sativa (L.) a été soumise à des traitements en prélevée avec l'alachlor, la fluchloraline, l'azote et la prométryne. Une étude de l'index stomatal a été faite en récoltant des feuilles sur les quatriéme et cinquiéme n?uds des plantes. L'azote et la prométryne, bien que provoquant un accroissement du nombre des cellules épidermiques et des stomates par unité de surface, n'ont pas amené de changement de l'index stomatal comparativement aux valeurs du témoin. L'alachlor et la fluchloraline ont fortement réduit l'index stomatal parce que la densité des cellules épidermiques s'est plus accrue que la densité des stomates. Les résultats sont discutés. Effet de quelques herbicides sur l'épiderme de Vicia sativa (L.) Vicia saliva (L.) a été soumise à des traitements en prélevée avec l'alachlor, la fluchloraline, l'azote et la prométryne. Une étude de l'index stomatal a été faite en récoltant des feuilles sur les quatrième et cinquième nceuds des plantes. L'azote et la prométryne, bien que provoquant un accroissement du nombre des cellules épidermiques et des stomates par unité de surface, n'ont pas amené de changement de l'index stomatal comparativement aux yaleurs du témoin. L'alachlor et la fluchloraline ont fortement réduit l'index stomatal parce que la densité des cellules épidermiques s'est plus accrue que la densité des stomates. Les résultats sont discutés. Die Wirkung einiger Herbizide auf die Epidermis von Vicia sativa (L.) Alachlor, Fluchloralin, Stickstoff und Prometryn wurden vor dem Auflaufen von Vicia sativa (L.) appliziert. Um den Stomataindex festzustellen, wurden Blätter vom 4 und 5 Nodium entnommen. Die Stickstoff- und Prometrynbehandlungen bewirkten zwar eine Zunahme der Epidermiszellen und der Stomata je Flächeneinheit, hatten aber im Vergleich zur Kontrolle keine Veränderungen des Slomataindex zur Folge. Alachlor und Fluchloralin verkleinerten den Stomataindex sehr stark, da die Dichte der Epidermiszellen stärker zunahm als die Dichte der Stomata. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.     

Effects of herbicides and herbicide analogs on [14C]leucine incorporation by suspension-cultured Solanum nigrum cells

Assays of [¹⁴C]leucine incorporation were used to measure effects of herbicides on suspensioncultured heterotrophic Solanum nigrum cells. Most herbicidal vs. nonherbicidal chemicals in a set of 47 compounds could be distinguished from each other based on their extent of inhibition of leucine incorporation by S. nigrum cells. Herbicides which failed to inhibit leucine incorporation were photosynthetic inhibitors. Both phytotoxic and nonphytotoxic thiocarbamate analogs (as determined by whole-plant studies) tended to inhibit leucine incorporation. It was concluded that the leucine incorporation screen could detect a majority of compounds tested which are herbicidal, and that it may also be useful to detect compounds which have cellular toxicity which is not observed in the whole plant.