高品质甜叶菊品系“1096”的组培快繁

采用改良DNS等方法筛选出的生长快、糖苷含量高的甜叶菊品系1096为材料,研究了不同外植体、不同激素种类和配比对愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化和生根的影响。结果表明:以茎尖为外植体愈伤组织和不定芽诱导率均最高;其次是带腋芽茎段;再次为叶片。无腋芽茎段和无菌根均能诱导出愈伤组织,但不能诱导成芽。茎尖不定芽诱导的最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L;叶片不定芽诱导的最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L+IAA 1.0mg/L;带腋芽茎段不定芽诱导的最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5mg/L。不定芽继代增殖培养采用MS+6-BA 0.5mg/L+NAA0.05mg/L;在1/4MS+IBA 0.1mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L+1g/L活性炭的培养基上诱导生根,生根率可达100%,生根苗移栽后成活率达95%。     

大根唇柱苣苔的组培快繁技术

以大根唇柱苣苔叶片为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,附加不同种类和浓度的激素进行组培快繁技术研究。结果表明:适宜叶片不定芽诱导的培养基是MS+6-BA 1.00 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L,继代增殖培养的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 1.50~3.00 mg/L+NAA 0.10 mg/L,适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA 0.20~0.30 mg/L,适宜的基质是泥炭∶珍珠岩=2∶1、泥炭∶细河沙=2∶1、泥炭∶园土=2∶1。     

蝴蝶兰‘红天鹅’组织培养及快繁技术

[目的]探索‘红天鹅’花梗的不定芽诱导、丛生芽继代增殖和生根诱导技术。[方法]以蝴蝶兰新品种‘红天鹅’的花梗作为外植体,开展组织培养技术研究。[结果]用0.1%的HgCl2消毒外植体20 min,污染率可降低至27.2%,萌芽率达91.0%;不定芽继代增殖培养的最适培养基为MS+6-BA 6.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+AD 5.0 mg/L+香蕉50 g/L+土豆50g/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂7.5 g/L,增殖系数达3.80;最适合的生根诱导培养基为1/2MS+NAA0.4 mg/L+香蕉50 g/L+土豆50g/L+C 1.0 g/L+蔗糖15 g/L+卡拉胶7.0 g/L,生根时间为15 d,生根率达100%。[结论]发现了适宜‘红天鹅’的从消毒到增殖,再到生根中各试剂和激素的合理用量,为蝴蝶兰快繁技术发展提供了参考。     

银后粗肋草的离体培养和快速繁殖

以银后粗肋草的幼嫩叶片为材料,研究不同植物生长调节剂组合对愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响;以带侧芽的茎段为材料,研究不同接种方式、不同6-BA和NAA组合对丛生芽诱导的影响;以愈伤组织诱导的不定芽和茎段诱导的丛生芽为材料,研究不同植物生长调节剂组合对丛生芽的增殖和生根的影响;最后研究不同移栽基质组合对试管苗移栽成活的影响。结果表明:(1)叶片接种在MS+6-BA 2.5 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基培养中60 d后,愈伤组织诱导率为63.41%,不定芽再生率为26.88%,平均生成芽数为3.80个。(2)带侧芽的茎段水平放置接种在MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基上,丛生芽诱导率为91.91%,平均生成芽数为5.29个。(3)将经叶片诱导愈伤组织分化所得的不定芽和经茎段诱导所得的丛生芽切成单株,接种到MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L或MS+KT 3.0~4.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L增殖培养基中,不定芽和丛生芽增殖和生长良好。(4)将在增殖培养基中长至4 cm以上的小植株转入到1/2 MS+NAA 0.2 mg/L的生根培养基中培养20 d后,生根率达100%,平均根长4.49 cm,每株平均根数6.80条。(5)生根苗移栽到1/2木屑+1/4珍珠岩+1/4菜园土混合基质中,成活率达95.40%。     

甘蔗品种“粤糖55号”的离体快速繁殖

以甘蔗品种"粤糖55号"为材料,对其离体快繁技术进行了研究。结果表明,用带腋芽的甘蔗茎段作为外植体,经0.1%HgCl2消毒7min后,接种到MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L的培养基上进行启动培养,能够诱导丛生芽。丛生芽继代和生根最优的培养基分别为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L和MS+NAA 2.0mg/L。甘蔗组培苗生根炼苗后,移到木糠中进行假植,成活率为90%~95%。     

贵港报春苣苔的叶片组培与植株再生

以贵港报春苣苔的叶片为外植体,研究不同培养基对其不定芽诱导和增殖、愈伤组织诱导与分化以及生根的影响。结果表明,外植体叶片以纵切为宜,不定芽诱导最适培养基为MS+6-BA 4.0 mg/L+IAA 1.5 mg/L,愈伤组织诱导最适培养基为MS+6-BA3.0～5.0 mg/L+2,4-D0.5～1.0 mg/L,不定芽诱导率以及愈伤组织诱导率均为100.00%;愈伤在MS+KT 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+potato 30 g/L+banana 30 g/L+apple 20 g/L+coconut juice 100 mL/L培养基上分化系数达12.64;不定芽在MS+ZT 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.10 mg/L+potato 30 g/L+banana 30 g/L+apple 20 g/L+coconut juice 100 mL/L培养基的增殖系数为8.55;不定芽在3/4 MS+NAA 0.01～0.05 mg/L+活性炭1.0～3.0 g/L培养基上的生根率为100.00%。综上所述,叶片纵切后能通过不定芽途径以及愈伤组织途径建立贵港报春苣苔的组织培养技术体系,在该体系下不定芽增殖系数高、愈伤分化高,组培苗生根好。     

福鼎大白茶高效离体再生体系的优化

以福鼎大白茶的新梢茎段为外植体,建立一套完整的离体再生体系。结果表明,最适的腋芽诱导培养基为MS+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.3 mg/L NAA;最适的不定芽增殖培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA;最佳的生根培养基为1/2MS+0.2 mg/L NAA,生根率达70%,平均生根数4条,平均根长5.4 cm,移栽成活率达71.4%。     

甜菜组织培养与植株再生体系的建立

本研究以甜菜品种"甘糖7号"叶柄为外植体,通过诱导愈伤组织、愈伤组织分化不定芽、芽生根和移栽等步骤建立一套甜菜组织培养与植株再生体系。结果表明,诱导甜菜叶柄愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+4 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA,诱导率达88.2%;诱导愈伤组织分化不定芽的最佳培养基为MS+4 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA,分化率仅为9.4%;生根培养基为MS+0.1 mg/L NAA,生根率达33.3%。甜菜再生苗移栽至蛭石中,保温保湿7~10 d后,成活率可达90%以上。本研究结果将对糖料作物甜菜抗逆遗传改良及其基因工程育种具有推动作用。     

外植体和培养因子对剑麻不定芽诱导及植株再生的影响

以剑麻H.11648为材料,研究不同外植体、培养基和激素对不定芽诱导及生根的影响。试验结果表明,以珠芽苗茎尖为最佳快繁材料,最佳消毒时间25 min,最适合的基本培养基为SH;最佳分化培养基为SH＋NAA 0.05 mg/L＋6-BA 4 mg/L,芽的分化率达到85%,同时可做增殖培养基,增殖平均倍数为18。分化芽在MS和SH两种培养基中添加NAA 0.1 mg/L＋6-BA 0.1 mg/L中均可生根,生根率为95%。     

白掌的离体快速繁殖初探

以白掌带顶芽或腋芽茎段，进行组培试验，研究表明：适合诱导培养基为1／2MS＋6-BA3．0mg／L，诱导率为100％；适合不定芽增殖培养基为Ms＋6-BA4mg／L＋NAA0．5mg／L，适合生根诱导培养基为1／2MS＋NAA1．0mg／L或1／2MS＋IBA1.0mg／L，生根率可达90％以上；继代过程中次数多了会出现玻璃化现象，而6-BA浓度4或0．5mg／L的交替使用有效减低玻璃化的发生，也有利于芽苗的增殖。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.