渭北旱塬侵蚀退化土壤生产力的恢复与评价

土壤侵蚀会降低生产力,威胁农业生产,因此,对土壤生产力进行恢复和评价具有重要意义。通过人工剥离熟土层,模拟研究不同侵蚀程度下的土壤生产力,选取施肥和覆盖表土2种恢复措施,对其土壤生产力的恢复情况展开研究并进行评价。结果表明:1)土壤侵蚀能够使土壤的理化性状恶化,施肥和覆土均能很好地改善土壤密度和孔隙度等,并能够增加土壤有机质及其他养分的质量分数。2)土壤侵蚀会降低作物产量,在不施肥下,每侵蚀1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均下降1.27%,施肥下每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,玉米产量比对照平均增加0.87%;而每覆盖1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均增加0.91%,但并不能完全补偿侵蚀造成的产量损失。3)利用土壤生产力指数模型(PI模型)计算出了不同措施下的生产力指数,发现:无肥下侵蚀的生产力指数最低,平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数下降2.17%,施肥下平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数比无肥增加1.09%,而平均每覆盖1 cm熟土,生产力指数增加1.29%;表明覆土较施肥更易提高土壤生产力。4)对产量和生产力指数进行相关性分析,得出二者具有很好的正相关关系,说明用生产力指数来衡量土壤生产力的高低是可行的。     

非洲的土壤侵蚀与土壤生产力

<正>1 非洲的侵蚀历史水蚀与风蚀通常是与毁林、过度放牧和轮垦联系在一起的,这些活动在非洲大陆的很多地区都留下了痕迹。据推定的证据表明,在罗马帝国的没落期,其产粮区就曾经历过某些侵蚀。但真正的威胁,似乎是出现在7世纪,即阿拉伯征服了现在的突尼斯、阿尔及利亚和摩洛哥以后。到了10世纪时,情况进一步变坏。毁林成为导致侵蚀的主要原因。     

不同治理措施对侵蚀红壤区生物量及生产力的影响

以长汀县花岗岩强度侵蚀区采用的全坡面播草和多树种混交两种治理措施为研究对象,以未采取恢复措施的严重侵蚀地(对照1)及当地植被保留较好的风水林(对照2)为对照,探讨了这两种措施对群落植被的生物量和生产力的恢复效果.结果表明,全坡面播草和多树种混交群落的马尾松平均木生物量分别为23.03和23.13kg,均显著高于对照1(6.02 kg),均显著低于对照2(582.87 kg).全坡面播草群落的生产力较低,为5.30 t/(hm~2·a),恢复度为0.40,群落生物量为26.20 t/hm~2,恢复度为0.10.多树种混交群落生产力较高,为9.19 t/(hm~2·a),恢复度为0.78,群落生物量为36.98 t/hm~2,恢复度为0.16.二者的生物量和生产力的恢复程度差异较大,体现了不同措施的恢复效果.     

亚洲的侵蚀与土壤生产力

<正>土壤侵蚀是个可被人类活动加速的自然过程。一旦出现加速侵蚀,便可威胁粮食生产。在所有人为导致的土壤退化中,由于侵蚀造成永久性的土壤生产力的损失,在全球范围内是最严重的。     

有机肥在侵蚀退化土壤生产力恢复中的作用研究

风蚀土壤施用不同有机肥和化肥的作物反应以及土壤生产力恢复效果的试验在温室条件下进行,旨在探讨经济高效恢复风蚀退化土壤的生产力的有机肥种类。结果表明,猪粪、鸡粪、腐熟牛粪对表土完全损失的土壤生产力恢复效果最好;新鲜牛粪的作物产量较低,宜腐熟后施用;苜蓿、兵豆、燕麦青体和麦秸有效磷低,短期内恢复土壤生产力的效果差;磷肥容易被高钙底土固定,效果低于有机肥。鸡粪中磷的有效性高,猪粪供磷多,腐热牛粪供磷稳,而麦秸含有效磷最少。有机肥除了提供丰富的磷素,还有保护其磷素免被土壤固定,促进作物吸收利用的作用。有机肥中的Olsen-P和树脂磷与生物产量相关性极显著,Olsen-P作为有机肥培育土壤的有效磷指标比树脂磷更适用。     

不同生态脆弱区土壤侵蚀对土地生产力影响对比研究

通过外业调查、实验测试、大田模拟试验等方法,在土壤侵蚀特征分析基础上,对黄土丘陵和金沙江干热河谷2个生态脆弱区由于土壤侵蚀导致的坡耕地土地生产力衰退进行了对比研究。结果显示,不同生态脆弱区无任何水土保持措施的坡耕地土壤侵蚀,在导致可耕作土层变薄的同时,都造成了不同程度的土壤物理性能和人渗能力下降,土壤养分流失以及土地生物生产能力的衰退。相同强度土壤侵蚀对坡耕地土地生产力的影响,干热河谷区大于黄土丘陵区,是黄土丘陵区的2．1～2．9倍。     

土壤侵蚀与恢复重建对土壤性质的影响

研究结果表明,随着土壤侵蚀程度的加剧,＞2mm和＞0．25mm的团聚,人砂减少,砂粒增多,土壤变得紧实,持水性能减弱,交换性盐基减少,土壤酸化,养分减少,经过恢复与重建后,土壤物理结构得到改善,土壤肥力得到逐步恢复,随着治理年限的延长,土壤逐步正向演替。     

黄土高原小流域植被恢复的土壤侵蚀效应评估

植被建设是治理土壤侵蚀的重要途径,特别是坡面土壤侵蚀。退耕还林还草是黄土高原乃至全国最大规模的植被建设工程,黄土高原是该工程的重点地区之一。小流域是土壤侵蚀综合治理的基本单元。通过退耕还林工程实施前后小流域土壤侵蚀的模拟和分析,可以为植被建设成效评估和调整治理策略提供参考。运用修正土壤流失方程RUSLE,在ARCGIS10.2平台下模拟了羊圈沟小流域1984年、1996年、2006年、2012年和2014年5个年份的土壤侵蚀,评估了退耕还林前后黄土高原小流域植被恢复对土壤侵蚀的影响。降雨侵蚀力R利用延安气象站30年(1984—2014年,除1999年外)的日降雨数据计算,LS因子利用将矢量化的1∶5 000地形图插值生成DEM提取;土壤可蚀性K因子利用2006年实测土壤理化数据计算,总结概括前人研究成果获取C、P因子值。研究结果表明:(1)各坡度带侵蚀都显著减弱,15°~25°,25°~35°和35°坡度带是中度以上侵蚀发生的主要区域。1984—2014年3种坡度带的侵蚀面积之和分别占总面积的44.93%,42.65%,35.78%,23.23%和22.98%;(2)退耕还林前后相比,土壤侵蚀强度显著降低:中度以上侵蚀面积急剧减少,土壤侵蚀转变为以微度、轻度和中度侵蚀为主,3类侵蚀面积之和在2006年、2012年和2014年分别占总侵蚀面积的26.53%,44.24%和43.47%;(3)土壤侵蚀模数呈现减小的趋势,从1984年到2014年,土壤侵蚀强度从15 327.57t/(km2·a)降至3 270.19t/(km2·a),降低70%以上。总体上,土壤侵蚀明显降低,表明植被建设有效遏制了土壤侵蚀,退耕还林工程对水土保持和治理土壤侵蚀起到了显著的效果。     

沟垄二元覆盖对渭北旱塬区土壤肥力及玉米产量的影响

探讨沟垄二元覆盖对旱地土壤肥力及作物生产力的影响,对完善半湿润区作物微集水栽培技术具有重要的理论和实践意义。2007—2011年在渭北旱塬进行5年定位试验,设置垄上覆地膜,沟内分别覆普通地膜、生物降解膜、玉米秸秆、液体地膜和沟不覆盖等不同沟垄覆盖模式,以传统平作为对照。结果表明,2011年春玉米收获后各处理土壤有机质及速效养分含量随土层的加深而降低,与2007年试验处理前相比,沟垄二元覆盖各处理土壤养分含量明显增加,而垄覆地膜+沟不覆盖和传统平作处理有所下降。垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理0~20 cm层土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于对照,垄覆地膜沟覆地膜和垄覆地膜沟覆生物降解膜处理有机质和碱解氮含量较对照有所增加,而其有效磷和速效钾含量显著增加。20~60 cm层土壤有机质和速效养分含量各沟垄二元覆盖处理均略高于对照。各沟垄覆盖处理表层(0~20 cm)土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均较对照增加,且以垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理土壤酶活性最高,垄覆地膜沟覆生物降解膜和垄覆地膜沟覆地膜处理次之。垄覆地膜沟覆生物降解膜、垄覆地膜沟覆地膜和垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理较对照显著增产41.1%、42.1%、39.3%,水分利用效率显著提高38.0%、39.6%、37.0%。在渭北旱塬区进行沟垄二元覆盖对提高土壤肥力、酶活性及春玉米产量和水分利用效率有显著提高作用,以垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理最佳,垄覆地膜沟覆地膜和垄覆地膜沟覆生物降解膜次之。可见,垄覆地膜沟覆地膜、生物降解膜或秸秆的沟垄全覆盖种植在渭北旱塬雨养农业区春玉米生产栽培具有一定的可行性和应用价值。     

Effects of soil erosion on long-term soil productivity in the black soil region of northeastern China

China's northeastern Black Soil Region, one of the country's most important crop production areas, has been seriously affected by soil erosion. This study evaluated the effects of soil erosion on the long-term productivity of this region. We used a modified productivity index (MPI) model (MPI is a number between 0 and 1, with 1 indicating highest productivity) to assess the current effects of soil erosion on soil productivity, as well as to predict long-term change in productivity. Samples from 21 black soil profiles yielded varying MPI values, although most MPI values were indicative of moderate productivity. Organic matter content and available water capacity impact MPI values in the region, whereas soil clay content and pH were less important. Overall, organic matter content and available water capacity of soil profiles decreased consistently as depth of erosion increased. Modeling indicated that MPI in the region will decrease by 0.0052 for each centimeter of topsoil eroded; this rate represents 1% of the current average MPI for the study area. The model predicts a 9.6% productivity reduction over 100 years and a 48.3% reduction over 500 years.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Soil degradation by erosion

Soil degradation by accelerated erosion is a serious problem and will remain so during the 21st century, especially in developing countries of the tropics and subtropics. Yet, its extent, severity, and economic and environmental impacts are debatable. Estimates of global and regional land area affected are tentative and subjective. Results of field measurements are often technique‐dependent. Considerable progress has been made in modeling soil erosion, yet field validation of these models remains to be done for principal soils and ecoregions. Similar to the land area affected, estimates of erosional impacts on crop yield, productivity and soil quality are tentative and subjective. Further, erosion‐induced losses on crop yield are scale‐dependent because of the compensatory beneficial effects on yields from depositional sites, and technology‐dependent because of the masking effects of input such as fertilizers and irrigation. Erosion caused changes in soil carbon dynamics and non‐point source water pollution are important environmental impacts. While erosion (e.g., detachment and transport) can lead to emission of trace gases into the atmosphere, deposition can bury and sequester some of the carbon. In addition to improving the database on the land area affected, there is also a need to assess erosional impacts on productivity and soil C balance at the watershed, regional, and global scale. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近地表土壤水分条件对坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

 采用人工模拟降雨实验,研究近地表土壤水分条件对安塞黄绵土和杨陵塿土土壤侵蚀过程的影响,尤其是土壤水分饱和条件下的土壤侵蚀过程。结果表明:土壤质地对入渗和径流过程有较大影响。对同一质地的供试土壤,随着前期近地表土壤含水量的增大,入渗量减少,而径流强度增大,坡面初始发生产流时间也越早。当前期近地表土壤含水量相近时,杨陵塿土的初始产流时间早于安塞黄绵土,坡面径流量和侵蚀产沙量也随前期近地表土壤水分含量的增加而增大。对于安塞黄绵土,当前期土壤含水量分别为饱和含水量的100%、75%和50%时,其径流量分别占饱和含水量的25%时的2.5、2.2和1.3倍,其侵蚀产沙量分别为50、25和1.3倍。而对于供试土壤为杨陵塿土,当前期土壤含水量分别为饱和土壤含水量的100%和50%时,其径流量分别是占饱和土壤含水量的25%时的1.1和1.0倍,其侵蚀产沙量分别为6.5和2.0倍。在降雨过程中,前期土壤含水量越大,片蚀发展为细沟侵蚀的时间越早,而且细沟侵蚀也越严重。     

Erosion and soil productivity in Australia and New Zealand

Soil erosion assumes a different form in Australia and New Zealand. Sheet, rill and gully erosion are common in eastern Australia and wind erosion in the dry cropland areas. In New Zealand, mass movement dominates the erosion landscape but other kinds, including wind erosion, do occur. It is unclear how much of the mass movement is a natural phenomenon and how much is human-induced. In either case, it causes long-term reductions in soil productivity. A landmark analysis of the soil productivity loss due to land degradation was conducted by the Australian state of New South Wales. Water erosion was a greater problem than wind erosion, but soil structure deterioration was more costly than either kind of erosion.     

煤矸石山不同植被恢复模式对土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响

 针对煤矸石山复垦地水土流失严重的问题,在山西阳煤集团三矿280煤矸石山坡面上选取7种植被恢复模式,以裸地为对照,设置水土流失试验样方,观测不同植被恢复模式对土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响。结果表明：与裸地相比,不同椬被恢复模式均对矸石山坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失具有明显控制效果;下坡段的乔灌混交模式防治坡面侵蚀的作用优于上坡段的草本和灌木;减少水土流失的效果上坡段为荆条 > 紫花苜蓿 > 沙打旺 >草木樨,下坡段为刺槐+柠条、刺槐+荆条和榆树+紫穗槐,但这3种植被模式对减少水土流失的差异不显著;通过偏相关分析,影响养分流失的因索依次为土壤侵蚀量 > 径流量 > 坡度 > 坡长;不同植被恢复模式对煤矸石风化物中速效养分质量系数也具有明显的影响。     

中国东南部红壤地区不同植被对土壤侵蚀和土壤养分的影响

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF), citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br). The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr > BP > CF > FL > Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP, TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers. However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.     

侵蚀条件下生物结皮对坡面土壤碳氮的影响

 为了探讨侵蚀条件下生物结皮对坡面土壤碳氮的影响,通过野外小区对比试验与室内分析相结合,研究有、无生物结皮坡面土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮的分布特征。结果表明：生物结皮对坡面土壤碳氮积累具有重要意义,同一坡位下,土壤有机质、全氮和硝态氮含量在0～20cm剖面上均明显表现为生物结皮大于无结皮。总体来看,生物结皮对土壤碳氮的影响主要集中在0～10cm土层,与无结皮相比,土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮平均储量分别增加了44.7%、18.2%、39.2%和4.33%。生物结皮能显著增加0～2和2～5cm土壤硝态氮含量（P<0.05）,这除了生物结皮对土壤养分的保蓄效应外,还可能与生物结皮向土壤释放硝态氮有关。由于铵态氮流失特征不同于硝态氮,加之生物结皮可能会利用或释放铵态氮,使生物结皮对其影响表现出无明显规律性。相关分析表明,土壤有机质与全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮均达到了极显著或显著的正相关关系（P<0.01或P<0.05）。综上所述,侵蚀环境下生物结皮发挥着重要的固土蓄肥功能,这对研究区退化生态系统的恢复和重建具有积极的意义。     

Tillage and water erosion on different landscapes in the northern North American Great Plains evaluated using Cs technique and soil erosion models

Total soil erosion is the integrated result of all forms of soil erosion — wind, water and tillage. It has been recognized that in topographically complex landscapes, individual soil erosion processes and their interactions all contribute towards total soil erosion. In this study, two field sites, representing different landscapes in the northern region of the North American Great Plains, were examined. Water and tillage erosions were estimated using the established water and tillage erosion models and total soil erosion was estimated using the ¹³⁷Cs technique.We determined that the patterns of water and tillage erosion across the landscapes are mainly dependent on topographic features and they are fundamentally different within topographically complex landscapes. On the slope of undulating landscapes, tillage and water erosion both contribute considerably to total soil erosion. On the knoll of hummocky landscapes, tillage erosion dominates the pattern of total soil erosion. Tested against the Cs measurements, the patterns of total soil erosion cannot be well estimated by water or tillage erosion model alone unless one of the two erosion processes predominate over the other erosion processes. Combining water and tillage erosion models generally provides better estimations of total soil erosion than the component models on their own. Most soil properties and crop yield were found to be closely correlated with total soil erosion. For a given erosion process, the soil erosion patterns estimated using different models with reasonable parameter settings were similar to each other. However, it is necessary to choose an optimal model and to obtain accurate parameters for the purpose of accurate assessments of the erosion rates.