福建主要土壤的粘粒云母含量和供钾潜力

利用X射线衍射法估算了福建省221个土壤样品中粘粒云母含量并讨论了与粘粒云母含量变化有关的因素。结果表明母质是影响粘粒云母含量的主要因素。海积物、河积物及页岩上发育的土壤粘粒云母含量一般较高;基性岩上发育的土壤粘粒云母含量一般较低。风化度较高的赤红壤、红壤、黄红壤和黄壤等土类的粘粒云母含量一般较低。风化度较低的C层的粘粒云母含量一般较B层和A层高,但异源母质的堆积可以使A层粘粒云母含量高于B层和C层。     

土壤质地对间歇入渗减渗效果的影响

以室内不同质地土壤连续和间歇入渗对比试验为依据,以土壤粒径小于０．００２ｍｍ的粘粒含量的质量百分数为反映土壤质地的物理量,分析讨论了土壤质地对间歇入渗减渗效果的影响。研究结果表明,土壤质地是影响土壤间歇入渗减渗效果的主要因素之一;随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,土壤间歇入渗相对减渗率增加;绝对减渗量以土壤粘粒含量为１３％时为最大;当土壤粘粒含量小于１３％时,随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,绝对减渗量增加;当土壤粘粒含量大于１３％时,随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,绝对减渗量急剧减小。     

我国北亚热带白浆化土壤粘化过程的主组元分析

运用主组元分析方法，研究了白浆化土壤的粘化过程，认为粘粒的化学组成与粘粒的矿物组成相一致；在淋溶过程中，矿物分解可形成蒙脱石和高岭石粘淀层是土体脱硅脱硅富铁铝化过程的粘粒形成，淋溶，淀积的结果。     

中国土壤胶体研究——ⅥⅡ.五种主要土壤的粘粒矿物组成

粘粒矿物对土壤特性和肥力的意义是众所周知的。土壤胶体的特性主要决定于粘粒矿物的类型及其数量。随着土壤科学研究的进展,粘粒矿物组成的分析工作,已由定性分析逐渐进入到定量分析。在粘粒矿物的鉴定中,X射线分析是一个很重要的手段,也有用来进行粘粒矿物的定量分析,但由于不同土壤中的矿物结晶程度差异很大,所以侧定的准确性较差。因此,在土壤粘粒矿物分析方面,X射线一般只能作为定性和半定量之用,其分析结果往往用“主导”“伴随”“较多~较少”等术语来表示。目前这种表示粘粒矿物组成的方法已不能满足研究工作的需要,何况不同学者的判读标准又很难一致。     

胡敏酸对土壤和矿物粘粒分散的影响

研究了土壤胡敏酸(Humic acid)对红壤和黄棕壤以及高岭矿和蒙脱矿粘粒分散的影响。研究结果表明：土壤HA对Na⁺饱和的土壤及矿物粘粒分散作用很大。用H₂O₂除去土壤有机质后,粘粒分散明显下降。然而,添加少量HA后,又能显著地提高粘粒的分散性。这种现象在两种土壤中,红壤表现更为突出。Na⁺饱和的高岭矿粘粒分散性很差,而蒙脱矿粘粒分散性很强,这与它们所带电荷量有关。但是,添加少量HA后,高岭矿粘粒分散性急剧提高,而蒙脱矿的变化却很小。试验结果进一步表明：有机质HA对土壤和矿物粘粒分散作用受矿物类型的影响。     

中国黄土高原古土壤中粘粒移动问题探讨

黄土高原黄土沉积剖面中常出现若干古土壤层,该层往往是碳酸钙被淋失而粘粒含量特高的土壤发生层。因而对于该层粘粒来源引起了很大的争论。残积粘化论者认为黄土层中古土壤中的粘粒以伊利石为主,且为钙镁饱和,亲水能力差,不易发生机械淋溶现象。但是不论现代或古代土壤发生层中的确发生粘粒局部位移和富聚等现象,如结耕体外常见有发亮胶膜的出现和在薄片观察中可见光性定向粘粒和螺纹状聚集等现象。本文除确认上述现象存在外,     

长期种植绿肥稻田土壤颗粒有机碳演变特征

【目的】基于长期定位试验探讨长期冬种绿肥稻田颗粒有机碳演变特征与土壤肥力的关系。【方法】以中国农业科学院祁阳红壤实验站水田轮作制度长期定位试验为基础,测定了1982年至2012年每6年一次的历史土壤-样品的颗粒含量、颗粒有机碳含量和稻田土壤养分含量。试验设4个处理:1)稻-稻-冬闲(R-R-WF):2)稻-稻--油菜(R-R-RP):3)稻-稻-紫云英(R-R-MV);4)稻-稻-黑麦草(R-R-RG)。晚稻收获后,采集0-20 cm耕层土壤。土壤颗粒分级采用改进的Anderson离心法得到砂粒(53~2000μm)、粗粉粒(5~53μm)、细粉粒(2~5μm)、粗粘粒(0.2~2μm)和细粘粒(0.2μm)。采用重铬酸钾法测定土壤颗粒有机碳含量。【结果】1)30年试验后三种绿肥处理稻田土壤有机碳在不同土壤颗粒中的分布表现为细粘粒(28.05~28.27 g/kg)粗粘粒(25.76~26.91 g/kg)细粉粒(12.80~14.52 g/kg)、砂粒(13.83~14.92 g/kg)粗粉粒(1.67~2.62g/kg),与冬闲处理(R-R-WF)相比,土壤总有机碳、细粘粒有机碳和粗粘粒有机碳含量分别显著增加34.6%~42.4%、12.3%~13.2%、6.1%~10.9%砂粒有机碳含量显著降低26.2%~31.6%(P0.05)。2)30年试验后,三种绿肥处理稻田土壤总有机碳在不同颗粒中平均分布比例为粗粘粒有机碳(45.0%)细粉粒有机碳(25.8%)细粘粒有机碳(15.1%)砂粒有机碳(11.5%)粗粉粒有机碳(2.7%),与R-R-WF处理相比,总有机碳在粗粘粒中的比例提高8.0%~12.8%在砂粒中的比例降低36.8%~42.9%在细粘粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒中的比例提高5.3%~6.1%、5.5%~6.4%、6.5%~8.1%。3)长期种植绿肥土壤总有机碳、粗粘粒有机碳、细粘粒有机碳含量与时间(年)呈现极显著线性正相关(P0.01),累积速率分别为0.16 g/(kg·a)、0.31 g/(kg·a)、0.22 g/(kg·a);砂粒有机碳、粗粉粒有机碳、细粉粒有机碳含量与时间(年)呈现显著线性负相关(P0.05),消减速率分别为0.59 g/(kg·a)、0.35 g/(kg·a)、0.19 g/(kg·a)。粗粘粒有机碳年均增幅1.5%,是细粘粒有机碳增幅的1.5倍;粗粉粒有机碳年均减幅2.7%,是细粉粒、砂粒有机碳减幅的2.8倍和1.5倍。4)细粘粒、粗粘粒有机碳含量与总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),且与粗粘粒有机碳相关性更为紧密;细粘粒、粗粘粒有机碳含量与土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷、碱解氮、速效钾含量呈(极)显著相关关系(P0.01)且粗粘粒有机碳含量与土壤养分含量相关性更为紧密。【结论】粗粘粒有机碳含量高、分布比例大,是稻田土壤有机碳最重要的组成部分;粗粘粒对有机碳的固持能力强,对土壤总有机碳含量变化的响应最敏感,是土壤有机碳最稳定的组分;粗粘粒有机碳与土壤养分相关性显著与土壤肥力关系最紧密,因此粗粘粒有机碳可以作为指示稻田土壤肥力水平的一个重要指标。     

中国土壤中粘粒矿物的分布规律

土壤粘粒部分的组成和性质在土壤发生学及土壤肥力特性的研究中都占很重要的位置。过去认为土壤粘粒中的无机物都是非晶形的,自从伦琴射线衍射应用到土壤学研究中后,大家都公认土壤粘粒部分含有晶形结构的矿物。     

我国南方某些土壤对钾素的固定及其影响因素

本文研究了我国南方一些土类的钾素固定作用。结果表明,以高岭石为主要粘粒矿物的土壤,其钾素固定不明显,随着土壤粘粒中2:1型矿物的增多,固钾作用增强。干湿交替有利于钾素固定,陪补阴离子对钾素固定没有明显影响。土壤固钾量与CEC呈显著正相关,而与粘粒含量的关系则视粘粒矿物组成而定。     

长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究Ⅲ.农业土壤不同粒径组分中菲和苯并[a]芘的分配特征

持久性有机污染物在土壤环境中的行为在很大程度上取决于土壤有机质对它们的吸附作用，粒径分组通常用来区分具有不同有机质组成和周转速率的有机质库。本研究利用菲（Phe）和苯并[a]芘（Bap）作为多环芳烃（PAHs）低、高环组分的代表物质，研究了它们在污染区9个农业表层土壤（0～20cm）不同粒径组分（粘粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒、细砂粒和粗砂粒）中的分配特征。结果表明，Phe在不同粒径组分中的平均含量大小顺序为粗砂粒〉细砂粒〉粘粒〉细粉粒〉粗粉粒，Bap为粗砂粒〉细砂粒〉粗粉粒〉细粉粒〉粘粒。Phe和BaP在不同粒径组分中的含量与粒径组分中有机质的含量均呈显著性正相关（P〈0．01）。不同粒径组分中的有机质对Phe富集能力的大小顺序为粗粉粒〉细粉粒〉细砂粒〉粗砂粒〉粘粒，对Bap的富集能力为粗粉粒〉粗砂粒〉细粉粒〉细砂粒〉粘粒。     

Use of a 6-steps microcosm for studying a wastewater discharge in a freshwater ecosystem: a multidisciplinary study

An experimental microcosm has been designed for simulating and studying impacts of a wastewater treatment plant (WTP) discharge on a freshwater/sediment ecosystem. The study was focused on the changes in biodiversity of benthic populations, especially bacteria and oligochaetes. Effluents were discharged in the Saône river, near Lyon (France) from a small treatment plant which treated domestic raw water by an activated sludge process. Freshwater and sediments were sampled in the Saône river upstream of the discharge point and placed in microcosms. Following the WTP discharge, physicochemical parameters of the overlying water column and sediments exhibited only a slight change, as compared to a reference. Characterization of the sediment bacterial populations was conducted with the Biolog and API systems. Strain identification and interpretation of data was difficult using thesetwo systems. Bacterial taxa in the sediments increased slightly below the WTP discharge. Gram negative strains dominated in the effluents, but G+ and G- bacteria were balanced in the sediments. Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp., were the dominant strains. Invertebrate populations indicated an effect of the WTP discharge, with increasing of pollution resistant strains (Tubificidae) and disappearance of pollution intolerant strains such as Limnodrilus udekemianus and Quistadrilus multicoetosus. Taken as a whole, biological parameters indicated an environmental changes despite only slight changes in the physicochemistry of water. This experimental microcosm has proven to be a useful tool for studying impact of wastewater discharge on benthic populations.     

Determination of ochratoxin a with a DNA aptamer

This work describes the identification of an aptamer that binds with high affinity and specificity to ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin that occurs in wheat and other foodstuffs, and a quantitative detection method for OTA based on the use of this aptamer. Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides selected in vitro to bind to molecular targets. The aptamer selected in this work exhibited a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range and did not bind compounds with structures similar to OTA such as N-acetylphenylalanine or warfarin. The aptamer bound with a 100-fold less affinity to ochratoxin B. The selected aptamers could be used for the determination of ppb quantities of OTA in naturally contaminated wheat samples. Further work is ongoing to broaden the application demonstrated here with the development of sensors, affinity columns, and other analytical systems for field and laboratory determination of this toxin in food and agricultural products.     

Structural characteristics of clay-dominated soils of a marsh and a palaeosol in a crossed diagram

Although the shrink‐swell phenomenon of clays has been thoroughly studied, the in situ relation of the shrinkage curve to the structure profile is rarely presented from the shrinkage limit to the liquid limit. We studied the consolidated structure of clay‐dominated (<2 μm) soils formed on ‘pseudo‐liquid’ marsh sediments in the ‘Marais de l’Ouest’ (France). The profiles were studied in a grassland field and in a sunflower field from unsaturated surface soils down to deeper, saturated, levels characterized by a very large water content (100% by weight). The consolidation states were quantified recording cone resistance (Qd) profiles using a dynamic penetrometer in successive seasons. These Qd profiles were compared with the associated wet density and gravimetric water‐content profiles. Two consolidation depths were evident, the surface soil and a 130‐cm deep palaeosol. The seasonal Qd profiles demonstrate the partial irreversibility of the consolidation peaks associated with the surface soil and with the palaeosol. The shrinkage properties were established through drying curves of undisturbed test samples. In the void ratio (e)‐water content (W) and water content (W)‐saturation index (Sr) diagrams, the profiles as a whole exhibit only one clay soil behaviour from their pseudo‐liquid to plastic to solid states. Each Qd profile is represented by a hyperbolic curve in the e/Qd diagram. Represented in a (e – W – Qd —Sr) crossed diagram, the vertical evolution of the successive profiles shows the soil structure behaviour from the initial pseudo‐liquid sediment to the consolidated soil. A simple cone resistance recording associated with gravimetric water‐content profiles, characterizes the evolution of structural layers of soils for the seasonal drying‐wetting cycles, for the over‐consolidation associated with the palaeosol, and also for the effect of ploughing.     

Impact of a ski basin on a mountain watershed

The input of heavy metals by automobile exhaust pollution associated with the ski basin activities is the primary concern of this paper. Stream, snowpack and lichen samples were collected and analyzed for Pb, Zn, and Cu. Some lichen samples were also analyzed for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, and Mn, as well as Pb, Zn, and Cu. Snowpack samples from roadside areas demonstrated increased levels of Pb and Cu in comparison to areas up to 180 m from the road, but heavy metal levels at more remote areas were comparable to roadside levels. In all snow samples the heavy metals associated with the particulate matter was the major form of all inputs. Heavy metals in streams were also highly correlated with the particulate matter content. Heavy metal inputs to the watershed were greater than stream export, indicating an accumulation of heavy metals by the system. The forest canopy appears to be the major factor in the accumulation of heavy metals, probably due to better interception and impaction of the particulate matter by the canopy.     

Macrokinetic grounds for a model of microbial growth on a substrate with a single major component

The dependency of experimental microbial growth data on the concentration of a major substrate component in phase space follows the law of a deformed bell curve and, until now, has not had a widely accepted rational. In the present work, a theoretical equation of this dependency at a fixed time was derived from the equation of the dependency of growth on time for a single concentration of a major component, which was previously obtained using a non-stationary non-equilibrium approach. The validity of the equation was established by comparison to experimental data from an independent source. The equation allows one to find intervals in the phase space of the dependency of growth on the initial concentration of the major component of the substrate that qualitatively vary by sign (plus or minus) and direction (increasing or decreasing) of the change of: a) growth, b) rates, and c) acceleration of its change in response to the change in the concentration of a major component of the substrate.     

The Control of a Small Dam in Nutrient Inputs to a Hypertrophic Estuary in a Mediterranean Climate

A two-year study was carried out in the lower part of the Palmones River to describe the role of a small dam controlling the nutrient fluxes to the estuary. Results showed an important spatial heterogeneity in the nutrient content and water properties of lowland catchment due to the effects of the small dam and the effluents of a sewage treatment work. Taking into account the values of hydraulic retention time, the dam could be considered as an optimally dimensioned pre-dam. Therefore, it removed on average more than 25% of total phosphorus (TP) while no net removal was obtained for TN during the studied period. Palmones River exported 11.3 TonsP year^?1 of TP and 72.1 TonsN year^?1 of TN to the estuary showing important seasonal differences. Less than 10% from the total amount of nutrient was exported during low flow conditions, while in four months with important flooding events, the percentage of total nitrogen exported exceeded 64%.     

脆弱刚毛藻对水体中三种苯系物的去除效果

采用L934正交设计法,研究了脆弱刚毛藻[Cladophora fracta (Dillw.) Kuetz.]对水体中3种苯系物苯、甲苯和二甲苯的去除作用.结果表明,脆弱刚毛藻对苯、甲苯和二甲苯的去除率分别为46.6写,13.6%和7.4 Yo.分析不同处理条件对脆弱刚毛藻对苯去除率的影响,各因素极差值大小依次为:温度>处理时间>藻体重量,温度是影响去除笨效果的主要因素.在刚毛藻去除甲苯的实验中,各因素R值大小依次为处理时间>藻体重量>温度,主要影响因素是处理时间.而对于二甲苯,藻体重量则是最主要的因素.     

Using a Numerical Model to Track the Discharge of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in a Tidal Estuary

Along the coast of Maine, USA, there are numerous wastewater treatment plants that discharge their treated effluents into a river estuary which is shared by commercial fishing and shellfish harvesting. Occasionally, there can be failures or bypasses of treatment plants that lead to untreated or partially treated sewage flowing into shellfish harvesting waters. To prevent any toxic contamination of harvested shellfish, a prohibitive zone is established around the treatment plant where shellfish harvesting is prohibited. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has conducted numerous dye studies on both coasts of the USA to determine these prohibitive zones, based on the guidelines of the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. In May 2010, the FDA conducted such a dye study at the Yarmouth, Maine wastewater treatment plant. The results are compared with a numerical coastal model that provides the velocity field for the currents around the treatment plant. This model includes a diffusion equation to simulate dye dispersion from a point source which is used to determine the prohibitive zone. The numerical model shows good correlation with the FDA dye study report and establishes a prohibitive zone for commercial harvesting in keeping with that of the FDA study. The benefits of the numerical model include sampling at thousands of locations simultaneously, seasonal changes in river volumes, and changes in plant discharge volumes.