猪胎盘效率与繁殖性能的关系

本文综述了猪高繁殖力的生理机制研究进展，对近年来关于猪胎盘效率与产仔数关系以及胎盘效率与生产性状间的关系研究进行了详细描述，从胎盘效率这一综合指标探讨猪高繁殖力的生理基础。目前的研究结果表明，基于胎盘效率的选择是提高猪的窝产仔数行之有效的方法。     

母猪胎盘效率研究进展

本文对近年来母猪胎盘效率与产仔数关系的研究进行了综述 ,母猪的胎盘效率与其繁殖性有正相关关系 ,特别是与总产仔数和产活仔数 ,达极显著相关 ;不同品种猪的胎盘效率因猪体型、品种而有差异 ;胎盘效率遗传力为 0 .4 6 ,基于胎盘效率的选择是提高猪的窝产仔数的有效方法之一。     

影响梅山猪繁殖性能的生理结构及遗传因素研究进展

梅山猪是太湖猪的一个类群,以繁殖力高闻名于世.本文通过对梅山猪高产仔数性状的生理结构、遗传因素等加以综述,主要阐述了梅山猪的子宫、胎盘对高产的作用、影响多产仔性能QTL的精细定位、主效基因的多态性与高产仔数之间的关系及早期胚胎特有的发育机能对高产的影响.探讨了如何从基因组水平研究梅山猪高产的成因,以期为深入地解析梅山猪高产的分子遗传机制提供一些参考.     

猪胎盘性状与繁殖性能关系的研究

胎盘效率是对猪窝产仔数进行间接选择最主要的性状之一。本研究以60头纯种大白猪为试验群体，在测定其窝产仔数、窝产活仔数、仔猪初生重及各胎盘性状指标的基础上，分析了各胎盘性状之间的相关性，胎盘效率与窝产仔数、窝产活仔数之间的关系。结果表明，胎盘性状与繁殖性能间存在积极的相关性，胎盘效率高，其窝产仔数和窝产活仔数也高。     

猪妊娠过程中胎盘发育及其调控基因研究进展

胎盘是母体与胎儿进行营养物质、气体及废弃物交换的重要器官。妊娠过程中,猪胎盘功能是影响母猪产仔数、死胎数及断奶前死亡率的最重要因素之一。作者介绍了猪妊娠早期胎盘的建立过程及形态变化、妊娠中期胎盘褶皱的形成、妊娠后期胎盘的进一步发育,阐述了这3个妊娠阶段猪胎盘的形态变化与其对应的胎盘功能之间的关系,并介绍了目前所发现的调控猪胎盘建立和发育的相关基因,包括透明质酸酶（HYAL）、组织蛋白酶（CTSB和CTSL1）及乙酰肝素酶（HPSE）基因,为提高母猪胎盘效率、增加母猪繁殖力提供科学依据。     

猪妊娠过程中胎盘发育及其调控基因研究进展

胎盘是母体与胎儿进行营养物质、气体及废弃物交换的重要器官。妊娠过程中,猪胎盘功能是影响母猪产仔数、死胎数及断奶前死亡率的最重要因素之一。作者介绍了猪妊娠早期胎盘的建立过程及形态变化、妊娠中期胎盘褶皱的形成、妊娠后期胎盘的进一步发育,阐述了这3个妊娠阶段猪胎盘的形态变化与其对应的胎盘功能之间的关系,并介绍了目前所发现的调控猪胎盘建立和发育的相关基因,包括透明质酸酶(HYAL)、组织蛋白酶(CTSB和CTSL1)及乙酰肝素酶(HPSE)基因,为提高母猪胎盘效率、增加母猪繁殖力提供科学依据。     

长大母猪胎盘效率与繁殖性能关系的研究

本文研究了长大二元杂母猪的胎盘效率与产仔性能的关系,测定了长大二元母猪的胎盘面积、胎盘厚度与窝产仔数之间的关系。结果表明:低胎盘效率(5.0)母猪的窝产仔数和窝产活仔数,低于中等(5.3)和高胎盘效率(6.7)的母猪;胎盘面积为1712cm2和1995cm2的母猪,其窝产仔数高于胎盘面积为2176cm2的母猪;胎盘厚度为1.10～1.13mm的母猪,其窝产仔数高于胎盘厚度为0.97mm的母猪。     

胎盘性状与母猪产仔数关系的研究

本文测定了长大二元母猪共83胎次的胎盘效率，胎盘面积，胎盘厚度与窝均总产仔数之间的关系。结果表明，所有试验母猪胎盘效率高的2／3的母猪的窝均总产仔数高于胎盘效率低的1／3的母猪；胎盘厚度高的2／3的母猪的窝均总产仔数高于胎盘厚度低的1／3的母猪。说明母猪胎盘效率及厚度与窝均总产仔数有正相关关系，而胎盘面积与窝均产仔数有负相关关系。     

长白、大白母猪胎盘效率与产仔数关系的研究

本论文测定了长白、大白和长大二元杂母猪共 2 5 3胎次的胎盘效率与窝均总产仔数、窝均产活仔数之间的关系。结果表明 ,长白、大白和二元母猪之间胎盘效率无显著性差异 ;长白和所有试验母猪的胎盘效率高的 2 / 3的母猪的窝均总产仔数高于胎盘效率低的 1 / 3的母猪 ;大白和长大二元母猪的窝均总产仔数胎盘效率高的组与胎盘效率低的组的差异不显著 ;各类母猪中 ,胎盘效率高的 2 / 3母猪的窝均活仔数显著高于胎盘效率低的 1 / 3的母猪。说明母猪胎盘效率与窝均产活仔数有较高的正相关关系     

安徽农大教授攻克地方土猪低繁殖力难题

<正>安徽农业大学动物科技学院殷宗俊教授经过数年的攻关,终于培育出高繁殖力地方猪新品系——圩猪和安庆六白猪。安徽省安泰农业集团总裁余大华说,地方圩猪的产仔数很低,平均10头,采用高繁殖力圩猪新品系技术以后,产仔数上升到12头。     

Novel insight into the control of litter size in pigs, using placental efficiency as a selection tool.

Chinese Meishan pigs produce three to five more pigs per litter than less-prolific U.S. or European pig breeds as a result of a markedly decreased placental size and an increased pig weight: placental weight ratio (placental efficiency). We hypothesized that as a result of their intense selection for prolificacy, the Chinese had indirectly selected for a smaller, more efficient placenta in the Meishan breed. The goals of this study were to determine whether 1) significant variation in placental size and efficiency existed within our population of purebred Yorkshire pigs and 2) selection of pigs (boars and gilts) based on clear differences in placental size and efficiency would affect litter size. There was significant (approximately threefold) variation in placental efficiency in our herd of Yorkshire pigs, and marked (approximately twofold) variation existed within individual litters. We then selected pigs (boars and gilts) that had either a higher (A Group) or lower (B Group) than average placental efficiency. Although the birth weights of selected A Group pigs were similar to those of the B Group pigs, they had markedly smaller placentae. Males from each group (A or B) were bred to the females of the same group, and farrowing data were collected from parities 1 and 2. In both parities, A Group females farrowed more live pigs per litter than did B Group females (12.5 +/- .7 vs 9.6 +/- .5, P < .05). Although A Group pigs were on average approximately 20% lighter than B group pigs (1.2 +/- .1 vs 1.5 +/- .1 kg, P < .05), their placentae were approximately 40% lighter (250 +/- 10 vs 347 +/- 15 g, P < .01), resulting in a marked increase in placental efficiency. The results of this study suggest that selection on placental size and efficiency may provide a valuable tool for optimizing litter size in commercially important pig breeds.     

Correlated response in placental efficiency in swine selected for an index of components of lifter size

The objective of this study was to evaluate correlated response in placental efficiency to selection for components of litter size. Fourteen generations of selection had resulted in a difference between lines of three fully formed piglets at birth. Gilts from a line selected for an index of components of litter size (S, n = 33) and a randomly selected control (C, n = 27) were observed at farrowing. At delivery, the umbilical cord of each piglet was double tagged with identically numbered mouse ear tags to allow the piglet's weight to be matched to the corresponding placental weight. Litter size, placental weight, birth weight, and placental vascularity were recorded. Litter size was higher (12.0 +/- 0.7 vs 7.9 +/- 0.7) in S than in C (P < 0.001). Line differences in placental vascularity were not significant with or without adjustment for litter size (P = 0.45 and 0.39, respectively). Correlated response to selection for components of litter size resulted in a reduced birth weight (S 82.6% of C, P < 0.001) and a reduced placental weight (S 90.9% of C, P = 0.11). After adjusting for litter size, line differences in neither placental weight nor birth weight were significant (P = 0.40 and 0.07, respectively), which indicates that the reduction in birth weight was, for the most part, due to the increase in litter size. The result of the difference in the magnitude of the change for both weights was that placental efficiency, measured as the ratio of birth weight:placental weight was 0.43 higher in C (P = 0.05). Adjustment for litter size increased the difference in placental efficiency to 0.52 (P = 0.02). Since a significant difference in litter size favoring the selected line was observed, we hypothesize that this physiological response was achieved through mechanisms other than improved placental efficiency.     

Direct and correlated responses to two-stage selection for ovulation rate and number of fully formed pigs at birth in swine

Our objectives were to estimate responses and genetic parameters for ovulation rate, number of fully formed pigs at birth, and other production traits following two-stage selection for increased ovulation rate and number of fully formed pigs. Eight generations of selection were practiced in each of two lines. One selection line was derived from a line that previously selected eight generations for an index to increase ovulation rate and embryonic survival (the IOL pigs). The other selection line was derived from the unselected control line of the index selection experiment (the COL pigs). The control line (C) was continued with random selection. Due to previous selection, Line IOL had greater ovulation rate (4.24 +/- 0.38 and 4.14 +/- 0.29 ova) and litter size (1.97 +/- 0.39 and 1.06 +/- 0.38 pigs) at Generation 0 of two-stage selection than did Lines COL and C. In Stage 1, all gilts from 50% of the largest litters were retained. Approximately 50% of them were selected for ovulation rate in Stage 2. Gilts selected for ovulation rate were mated to boars selected from the upper one-third of the litters for litter size. At Generations 7 and 8, differences in mean EBV for ovulation rate and litter size between Lines IOL and C were 6.20 +/- 0.29 ova and 4.66 +/- 0.38 pigs; differences between Lines COL and C were 2.26 +/- 0.29 ova and 2.79 +/- 0.39 pigs; and differences between Lines IOL and COL were 3.94 +/- 0.26 ova and 1.86 +/- 0.39 pigs. Regressions of line mean EBV on generation number were 0.27 +/- 0.07 ova and 0.35 +/- 0.06 pigs in Line IOL; 0.30 +/- 0.06 ova and 0.29 +/- 0.05 pigs in Line COL; and 0.01 +/- 0.07 ova and 0.02 +/- 0.05 pigs in Line C. Correlated responses were decreased age at puberty and increased number of pigs born alive, number of mummified pigs, prenatal loss, and individual and litter birth weight. Two-stage selection for ovulation rate and number of pigs per litter is a promising procedure to improve litter size in swine.     

Direct responses to selection for increased litter size, decreased age at puberty, or random selection following selection for ovulation rate in swine

Nine generations of selection for high ovulation rate were followed by two generations of random selection and then eight generations of selection for increased litter size at birth, decreased age at puberty, or continued random selection in the high ovulation rate line. A control line was maintained with random selection. Line means were regressed on generation number and on cumulative selection differentials to estimate responses to selection and realized heritabilities. Genetic parameters also were estimated by mixed-model procedures, and genetic trends were estimated with an animal model. Response to selection for ovulation rate was about 3.7 eggs. Response in litter size to selection for ovulation rate was .089 +/- .058 pigs per generation. Average differences between the high ovulation rate and control lines over generations 10 to 20 were 2.86 corpora lutea and .74 pigs (P less than .05). The regression estimate of total response to selection for litter size was 1.06 pigs per litter (P less than .01), and the realized heritability was .15 +/- .05. When the animal model was used, the estimate of response was .48 pigs per litter. Total response in litter size to selection for ovulation rate and then litter size was estimated to be 1.8 and 1.4 pigs by the two methods. Total response to selection for decreased age at puberty was estimated to be -15.7 d (P less than .01) when data were analyzed by regression (realized heritability of .25 +/- .05) and -17.1 d using the animal model. No changes in litter size occurred in the line selected for decreased age at puberty. Analyses by regression methods and mixed-model procedures gave similar estimates of responses and very similar estimates of heritabilities.     

猪胎盘屏障的研究进展

妊娠是一个微妙而复杂的生理过程,胎盘的建立为母胎之间的物质交换奠定了基础。对于猪来说,胎盘功能障碍会降低胎盘效率,引起猪宫内发育迟缓、窝内体重变异增大,给养猪业的经济效益带来巨大损失。胎盘是母胎之间的一道天然屏障,其功能较为复杂,有物质交换、排泄、免疫保护、合成和分泌等多种功能。鉴于胎盘屏障的重要作用,本文综述了猪胎盘屏障的结构、功能及影响因素,以期为相关研究和养猪生产提供参考。     

杜洛克FUT1基因多态性及其与产仔性能的关联分析

采用PCR-RFLP方法对杜洛克FUT1基因多态性进行分析。结果发现:杜洛克FUT1基因开放阅读框307位点经Hin6Ⅰ酶切后,检测到AA、AG和GG3种基因型,AA基因型的频率为0.157,A基因的频率为0.353。分析这3种基因型与杜洛克产仔性能间的关联性。结果表明:抗性纯合子AA基因型的个体1～5胎每个胎次的产仔数均值均高于AG和GG基因型,且第1胎和第4胎的产仔数均值显著高于AG和GG基因型(P<0.05),AA基因型对产仔性能而言是有益基因型。     

Differences in placental structure during gestation associated with large and small pig fetuses

The efficiency of nutrient transport from the pregnant female pig to the developing fetus depends on the size and function of the placenta. It has been reported that maternal and fetal blood vessels are arranged in a cross-countercurrent arrangement within placental microscopic folds. Thus, the blood supplies are in close apposition to each other within these microscopic folds, and maternal and fetal blood flows in approximately opposite directions perpendicular to the plane of the placenta. This arrangement indicates that the width of the microscopic folds influences placental efficiency. The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in pig placental microscopic fold development are associated with differences in fetal size or are influenced by selection for ovulation rate or uterine capacity. Gilts from a randomly selected control line, a line selected for ovulation rate, and a line selected for uterine capacity were slaughtered, and uterine wall samples were collected within the placentas associated with the largest and smallest fetuses in each litter on d 45, 65, 85, and 105 of gestation. The uterine wall samples were processed for histology and analyzed using computer-assisted morphometry. Average width of the placental folds and average width of the placental stroma above the folds were measured. To measure fold complexity, the length of the epithelial bilayer for a given length of placenta was also measured. The width of the folded bilayer increased significantly from d 65 to 105 and was greater in placentas associated with small fetuses compared with large fetuses on d 105 of gestation. In contrast, the width of the placental stroma above the folded bilayer decreased with gestation and decreased more rapidly in placenta associated with the smallest compared with the largest fetus. These results indicate that the width of the microscopic folds of the placental trophoblast/endometrial epithelial bilayer is increased in placenta associated with small fetuses, which we hypothesize will increase the surface area for interaction between maternal and fetal blood supplies, thus improving placental efficiency in response to reduced placental size.     

北京地区猪生长和繁殖性状边际效益的研究

本研究旨在估计北京地区猪生长和繁殖性状的边际效益.以差额法和系统分析法为基础建立农场模型,模拟商品猪群的生产过程,采集了北京地区多个具有代表性的猪场的数据,确定北京地区猪6个生长和繁殖性状的边际效益为:窝产活仔数(头)20.5元、达100kg体质量日龄(d)-0.3元、肥育期日增体质量(g·d-1)0.04元、饲料转化效率(kg·kg-1)-186.4元、胴体背膘厚(mm) 15元、母猪繁殖寿命(胎)1.8元.结果表明,市场价格的变化对性状边际效益的影响很大.     

猪乳头数性状QTL研究进展

乳头数是种猪繁殖性能选育的重要指标之一。母猪乳头数与其繁殖性能有着较强的相关性,乳头数越多,则窝产仔数越多。因此,在选择种公猪及母猪时要着重考虑乳头数,对乳头数性状施予较高的选择强度,选育出乳头数较多的种猪,以满足高产仔数的需要。论文综述了猪乳头的形成和调控机制,猪乳头数性状QTL定位方法及其研究进展,旨在深入理解猪乳头数性状在猪繁殖性能中的重要作用,为种猪选育提供参考。