宁夏扬黄新灌区春小麦节水灌溉试验研究

春小麦是扬黄新灌区主要农作物。春小麦生长期３月中旬至７月中旬自然降水量只有８０￣１００ｍｍ，蒸发量大，只有通过灌溉来补充水分才能保证春小麦的正常生长。在当前水资源紧缺的条件下，如何灌溉才能达到节水、高产，稳产的目的，是扬黄新灌区亟待解决的问题。本文根据试验资料，分析了土壤水分对春小麦生长发育的影响，提出了合理的灌溉方案。     

渭干河灌区棉花高产节水优化灌溉制度试验研究

利用田测法进行了相同灌水时间和次数、不同灌溉定额条件下灌水量与棉花产量关系试验,并采用数学分析方法指导、分析、计算了棉花最高产量灌溉定额,节水经济灌溉定额,高效用水灌溉定额,棉花需水临界期。结果表明：皮棉产量与灌水量呈良好的二次抛物线关系;节水经济灌溉客额不仅与棉花水分生产函数有关,而且与皮棉价格、单方水价格、生产要素不变费用及水费征收方式有关。在现状条件下,渭干河灌区棉花合理灌溉定额为２６５５～５３９４ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２,最高产量灌溉定额为５３９４ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２,节水经济灌溉定额５３７０ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２,高效用水灌溉定额为２６５５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２;棉花需水临界期是花铃期和蕾期。     

河套灌区经济作物番茄节水型优化灌溉制度研究

以2009年内蒙古河套灌区经济作物番茄的田间实测资料为基础,分别应用水量平衡原理与作物系数法得到经济作物生育各生育阶段实际腾发量;然后以作物-水模型为基本原理,采用多元线性回归方法对作物不同生育阶段水分敏感指标进行求解,其变化规律为：开花着果-结果盛期＞苗期-开花着果＞结果盛期-结果末期,最后应用基于实数编码的遗传算法对作物灌溉制度进行优化,结果表明,作物生育期内适宜的灌水量为60mm。     

石津灌区储水灌溉制度研究

储水灌溉是一种利用土壤水库 ,采用较大灌水定额、减少了灌水次数的一种灌溉方法。结合石津灌区现状 ,通过对灌区典型地块土壤质地的分析 ,提出了灌区适宜的储水灌溉制度。田间试验结果表明 ,利用这种储水灌溉模式 ,实现了节水、高产、增效     

石津灌区储水灌溉制度研究

储水灌溉是一种利用土壤水库，采用较大灌水定额、减少了灌水次数的一种灌溉方法。结合石津灌区现状，通过对灌区典型地块土壤质地的分析，提出了灌区适宜的储水灌溉制度。田间试验结果表明，利用这种储水灌溉模式，实现了节水、高产、增效。     

河西内陆区特色红枣节水型灌溉制度研究

主要讨论了滴灌、小管出流条件下,不同灌水处理对河西内陆区特色红枣的土壤水分分布规律、枣树生理、生态指标、耗水特性及产量的影响。主要结论有:同一灌水方式条件下,除丰水水平(W1)外,其他处理红枣在萌芽期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期的耗水量均随灌水量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,说明适度的水分亏缺可以增强植株的抗衰老能力,延缓植株衰老时间,使红枣叶片在果实成熟期依然有较强的功能;从红枣萌芽展叶期至径粗生长停止,W1F2处理的茎粗生长最快,灌水方式水平对红枣横径增幅无明显影响,灌水量对其影响大致呈W1W2W3的规律;灌水量对红枣横纵径生长的影响呈极显著水平,中度胁迫(W2)处理最利于红枣粒径增长发育;相同水分条件下,滴灌红枣产量较小管出流红枣产量高,且中度胁迫(W2)水平下的灌水方式对红枣产量的影响最大;相同灌水方式水平下,红枣产量随水分亏缺程度的加强呈先增大后减小的趋势,中度胁迫(W2)水平时达最大。综合考虑红枣的生长指标、表观品质及其产量,灌水量为田间持水量的65%～70%,灌水方式为滴灌时,产量较高,对干旱区特色红枣影响较为明显,适宜在生产中推广应用。     

建设节水型灌区有关问题探析

在简要阐述了当前节约水资源的重要性后,系统地分析了大型灌区在水资源配置过程中存在的节水意识淡薄、节水体制不顺、管理观念陈旧、工程供水保证率低、灌水技术落后、水资源配置不舍理等问题后,提出了今后建设节水型灌区需要采取的对策和思路,如加强节水知识宣传、进行用水管理体制改革、深化水价改革、加快工程改造、推广高新节水技术、进行作物结构调整等一系列行之有效的节水措施.     

作物组合种植需水量与灌溉制度研究

为了研究作物组合种植需水量和灌溉制度,在分析作物组合种植的种植形式及其特点的基础上,通过１６个站点６年对１８种作物３０余种组合种植形式的灌溉试验结果分析研究,以水、土、光、热等资源得到最大限度利用和节水增产增效为目标,得出了组合种植作物需水量与需水规律,并分析组合种植作物生长期的水量盈亏状况,得出了作物组合种植的节水高效灌溉制度。     

漳河灌区节水灌溉影响分析

为了解决越来越严重的水资源危机，发展节水灌溉已经成为灌区越来越重要的任务。自改革开放以来，漳河灌区灌溉用水量有了大幅度下降，而农业生产总产量却有所上升。灌区通过节水灌溉，使得灌溉水分生产率不断提高，在保证农业生产总产量稳步提高的前提下节约灌溉用水。与此同时，将所节约的农业灌溉用水转移到如发电、城镇供水、工业用水等非农业用水部门，从而大大提高了单方水利用效益。这是我国开展节水灌溉较为成功的典范。通过研究漳河灌区节水灌溉的影响，寻求大型灌区真实节水的途径，使得有限的水资源得到更加充分、合理的利用。     

对节水灌溉的再思考

华北地区农田灌溉的节水潜力问题,在“七五”期间对其研究过程中存在着两种截然不同的观点。一种观点认为灌溉水资源在地区内利用率已相当高,节水潜力有限,另一种观点认为由于灌区内的设施年久失修,灌溉输水过程中存在着严重的水量损失现象,且灌水定额控制不严,大水漫灌时有发生,因此农田灌溉节水大有潜力可挖。本文通过对节水潜力进行分析,初步提出了农田灌溉节水潜力的计算方法,指出了节水措施的有限性和制定节水灌溉措施规划的重要性。文章最后提出了当前急需认真研究的与此有关的几个问题,并就这些问题谈了自已的看法。     

不同节水灌溉技术的节水机理试验研究

根据甘肃省特殊自然地理条件，对于喷灌、滴灌、渗灌及波涌灌几种方式下，小麦和玉米两种作物的灌溉节水机理进行了对比试验研究，分析了不同节水灌溉方式下这两种作物的节水性和生育动态。试验结果表明，在降雨、灌溉水量和前期土壤特性一定的情况下，在喷灌、滴灌、渗灌及波涌灌几种节水灌溉技术中，渗灌的节水性最好，依次为滴灌、喷灌、波涌灌。小麦和玉米在渗灌条件下产量比滴灌、喷灌和波涌灌都高，小麦渗灌产量比滴灌增加7．6％，比喷灌增加13．1％，比波涌灌增加22．4％。玉米渗灌产量比滴灌增加1．3％．比喷道增加6．3％。     

Investigating water availability for introducing an additional crop yield in dry season on hill land at Rubirizi, Rwanda

The study explores the potential of introducing an additional crop during dry season in Rwanda, comparing the efficiency of in situ soil moisture conservation techniques to sustain rain-fed agriculture. Comparative study of in situ soil moisture conservation techniques in bench terraces and unterraced field with maize crop had been conducted from June 2007 to October 2007. Bench terrace increased the average soil moisture content in 90 cm soil depth by more than 50% than that of unterraced land. Within the bench terraced field compartment bund and ridges and furrows increased soil moisture by 19.5% and 27.9% higher than plain bed. In terms of efficiency of moisture conservation, ridges and furrows performed well with 85.8% followed by compartment bund with 75.9% in terraced field. Unterraced field conserved moisture very poorly with 13.9% efficiency inferring importance of bench terraces for soil moisture conservation. No maize grain yield was recorded in all the techniques because soil water depleted to 60% and above from the beginning of the cropping period inferring the need of supplementary irrigation. Analysis of rainfall, crop water demand and in situ moisture conservation reveals exciting opportunities for water productivity enhancements by integrating components of water management within the context of rain-fed farming through water harvesting and supplemental or microirrigation for dry spell mitigation. Detailed analysis is needed for feasibility of lift irrigation with different crops under different altitudes to derive suitable policy for hill land irrigation.     

Performance evaluation and calibration of soil water content and potential sensors for agricultural soils in eastern Colorado

This study evaluated the performance of three soil water content sensors (CS616/625, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT; TDT, Acclima, Inc., Meridian, ID; 5TE, Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA) and a soil water potential sensor (Watermark 200SS, Irrometer Company, Inc., Riverside, CA) in laboratory and field conditions. Soil water content/potential values measured by the sensors were compared with corresponding volumetric water content (θ_v, m³ m⁻³) values derived from gravimetric samples, ranging approximately from the permanent wilting point (PWP) to field capacity (FC) volumetric water contents. Under laboratory and field conditions, the factory-based calibrations of θ_v did not consistently achieve the required accuracy for any sensor in the sandy clay loam, loamy sand, and clay loam soils of eastern Colorado. Salt (calcium chloride dihydrate) added to the soils in the laboratory caused the CS616, TDT, and 5TE sensors to experience errors in their volumetric water content readings with increased bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC; dS m⁻¹). Results from field tests in sandy clay loam and loamy sand soils indicated that a linear calibration (equations provided) for the TDT, CS616 and 5TE sensors (and a logarithmic calibration for the Watermark sensors) could reduce the errors of the factory calibration of θ_v to less than 0.02 ± 0.035 m³ m⁻³. Furthermore, the performance evaluation tests confirmed that each individual sensor needed a unique calibration equation for every soil type and location in the field. In addition, the calibrated van Genuchten (1980) equation was as accurate as the calibrated logarithmic equation and can be used to convert soil water potential (kPa) to volumetric soil water content (m³ m⁻³). Finally, analysis of the θ_v field data indicated that the CS616, 5TE and Watermark sensor readings were influenced by diurnal fluctuations in soil temperature, while the TDT was not influenced. Therefore, it is recommended that the soil temperature be considered in the calibration process of the CS616, 5TE, and Watermark sensors. Further research will be aimed towards determining the need of sensor calibration for every agricultural season.     

A method for spatial prediction of daily soil water status for precise irrigation scheduling

Available water holding capacity (AWC) and field capacity (FC) maps have been produced using regression models of high resolution apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) data against AWC (adj. R² = 0.76) and FC (adj. R² = 0.77). A daily time step has been added to field capacity maps to spatially predict soil water status on any day using data obtained from a wireless soil moisture sensing network which transmitted hourly logged data from embedded time domain transmission (TDT) sensors in EC_a-defined management zones. In addition, regular time domain reflectometry (TDR) monitoring of 50 positions in the study area was used to assess spatial variability within each zone and overall temporal stability of soil moisture patterns. Spatial variability of soil moisture within each zone at any one time was significant (coefficient of variation [% CV] of volumetric soil moisture content (θ) = 3-16%), while temporal stability of this pattern was moderate to strong (bivariate correlation, R = 0.52-0.95), suggesting an intrinsic soil and topographic control. Therefore, predictive ability of this method for spatial characterisation of soil water status, at this site, was limited by the ability of the sensor network to account for the spatial variability of the soil moisture pattern within each zone. Significant variability of soil moisture within each EC_a-defined zone is thought to be due to the variable nature of the young alluvial soils at this site, as well as micro-topographic effects on water movement, such as low-lying ponding areas. In summary, this paper develops a method for predicting daily soil water status in EC_a-defined zones; digital information available for uploading to a software-controlled automated variable rate irrigation system with the aim of improved water use efficiency. Accuracy of prediction is determined by the extent to which spatial variability is predicted within as well as between EC_a-defined zones.     

节水灌溉智能远程监控系统设计与实现

设计出一种智能化农田节水灌溉系统。系统控制采用三级结构，上位机、服务器中心和客户机。系统以组态软件和Visual BASIC为软件开发平台，通过分析大量灌溉资料，利用模糊理论实现最优化供水量计算，并通过GPRS网对农田下位机远程控制各种方式的灌溉。该系统在江苏某市运行一年来，稳定可靠，节水效果明显，实现灌区智能化、信息化和水资源优化配置。     

提高藏东地区节水灌溉水平的几点思考

灌区渠道渗漏、坍塌现象突出,致使过水能力、灌溉水利用系数低的问题在藏东地区十分严重,,主要原因既有地质条件等客观因素,也有规划建设和营运管理相对落后等主观原因。要解决这一问题,除了采用管理和技术手段维护好现有的灌溉工程外,更重要的是还要在解决农牧区新灌区规划设计及灌溉节水的工作思路上有所突破。     

大田棉花膜下滴灌灌溉制度对土壤水盐变化的影响研究

针对新疆棉花膜下滴灌条件下不同灌溉定额和灌水周期对土壤水盐变化的影响进行了大田试验.试验设置了3个灌溉定额和3个灌水周期;观测内容有土壤水分、盐分及棉花生长状况和产量.试验结果表明:土壤含水量随着灌水周期减小而增大,灌水周期为5 d的处理的土壤保持在最适宜含水量;较小灌水周期使得棉株内行和外行土壤含盐量持续降低,降幅相对较大;同一灌溉定额下,较小灌水周期产量较大;中量灌溉定额获得最高产量.     

Assessment of irrigation and environmental quality at the hydrological basin level: I. Irrigation quality

Irrigated agriculture notably increases crop productivity, but consumes high volumes of water and may induce off-site pollution of receiving water bodies. The objectives of this paper were to diagnose the quality of irrigation and to prescribe recommendations aimed at improving irrigation management and reducing the off-site pollution from a 15,500 ha irrigation district located in the Ebro River Basin (Spain). Three hydrological basins were selected within the district where the main inputs (irrigation, precipitation, and groundwater inflows) and outputs (actual crop's evapotranspiration, surface drainage outflows, and groundwater outflows) of water were measured or estimated during a hydrological year. The highest volume of water (I = 1400 mm/year) was applied in the basin with highly permeable, low water retention, flood irrigated soils where 81% of the total surface was planted with alfalfa and corn. This basin had the lowest consumptive water use efficiency (CWUE = 45%), the highest water deficit (WD = 5%) and the highest drainage fraction (DF = 57%). In contrast, the lowest I (950 mm/year), the highest CWUE (62%), and the lowest WD (2%) and DF (37%) were obtained in the basin with 60% of the surface covered with deep, high water retention, alluvial valley soils, where 39% of the cultivated surface is sprinkler irrigated and with only 48% of the surface planted with alfalfa and corn. We concluded that the three most important variables determining the quality of irrigation and the volume of irrigation return flows in the studied basins were (i) soil characteristics, (ii) irrigation management and irrigation system, and (iii) crop water requirements. Therefore, the critical recommendations for improving the quality of irrigation are to (i) increase the efficiency of flood-irrigation, (ii) change to pressurized systems in the shallow and highly permeable soils, and (iii) reuse of drainage water for irrigation within the district. These management strategies will conserve water of high quality in the main reservoir and will decrease the crop water deficits and the volume of irrigation return flows, therefore, minimizing the off-site pollution from this irrigation district.