玉米自交系芽期耐冷性鉴定

低温冷害是北方春玉米区主要的气象灾害之一。通过种子低温发芽试验对8个东北地区生产上主要利用的玉米自交系进行芽期耐冷性鉴定。在常温（25℃）和低温（10℃）条件下分别测定了发芽势、发芽率、平均发芽时间、发芽指数、幼苗干重和活力指数等,并以各性状低温与常温下测定值的比值（相对值）作为耐冷性鉴定指标。通过聚类分析将自交系分为耐冷性强中弱3类,其中PH4CV、吉419和吉495耐冷性强,H21耐冷性中等,W9706、黄早四、丹黄02和四279耐冷性弱。相关性分析表明,相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对幼苗干重与相对活力指数呈极显著相关,可以作为玉米自交系芽期耐冷性鉴定指标。本试验为大规模鉴定和筛选芽期耐冷玉米种质奠定了基础。     

东乡野生稻杂交后代生育早期耐冷性和耐旱性鉴定

研究东乡野生稻与栽培稻杂交后代耐冷性和耐旱性,为水稻耐冷和耐旱育种提供优异的中间材料。在不同温度下,以发芽率、发芽指数及活苗率为鉴定指标进行了耐冷性鉴定。用8个与抗旱有关性状进行了苗期抗旱性鉴定。结果表明:(1)7~10℃低温下,M65、M132的发芽率及发芽指数均明显高于其他参试品系,说明品系M65和M132具有较强的发芽期耐冷性。7℃/10d低温胁迫下,品系M10和M117活苗率较高,分别为72%和81.25%,说明品系M10和M117的具有很强的芽期耐冷性。7~10℃的低温处理和7℃/10d低温胁迫分别为籼稻发芽期和芽期耐冷性鉴定的合适条件。(2)品系M61、M117的苗期综合抗旱D值较大,说明品系M61、M117具有较强的苗期耐旱性。这些材料可在水稻耐冷性、耐旱性育种及东乡野生稻耐性机理研究中加以利用。     

苦瓜芽期耐冷性鉴定与评价

目的:探讨苦瓜芽期耐冷性鉴定与评价方法,以期为苦瓜耐冷性材料的筛选提供参考.方法:在低温条件下,对54份苦瓜材料进行发芽势、发芽率、种子活力指数、下胚轴长等指标测定,采用主成分分析结合聚类分析进行科学综合评价.结果:发芽率和种子活力指数对苦瓜芽期耐冷性具有较高的载荷,其系数分别为0.865和0.959,可作为苦瓜芽期耐冷性鉴定的重要指标;单一指标不能可靠而准确地对苦瓜芽期耐冷性进行鉴定与评价;聚类分类可将供试材料分为4种类型,第1类为高度低温敏感型,第2类为低温敏感型,第3类为高度耐冷型,第4类为耐冷型.结论:该套方法适用于多数苦瓜资源芽期耐冷性的鉴定与评价.     

西瓜耐冷性鉴定指标的筛选

旨为分析不同西瓜品种在发芽期的耐冷特性、苗期的生长特性、光合作用及生理生化方面的差异,筛选出西瓜耐冷性的综合鉴定指标和鉴定方法,为实际生产上选育耐冷性的西瓜种质资源提供依据。通过对12份西瓜材料进行耐冷性比较,初步筛选出3个耐冷性不同的西瓜材料,对这3个材料进行低温处理。结果表明：不同处理时间下,各品种的冷害指数有差异。通过测定处理6d和8d时的冷害指数,得出各品种耐低温性强弱,从中选出耐低温性品种红野一号、中等耐低温性品种抗病苏蜜和冷敏感品种橙兰。15℃低温条件下,耐冷性品种红野一号的发芽率、相对发芽率、胚根长及相对胚根长最高。15℃可作为西瓜种子发芽期耐低温性鉴定的适宜温度;种子的始发芽日期、相对发芽率、相对胚根长可作为西瓜芽期耐低温鉴定指标。三叶一心的西瓜幼苗低温处理后,植株的生长量降低,光合速率下降,植株叶片的酶活性增加,MDA含量上升,各指标的变化幅度与低温处理强度及品种自身耐冷性相关。得出植株的株高、叶面积、株鲜质量、根干质量、净光合速率( Pn)、Chl a/b比值、MDA含量的变化幅度可作为西瓜耐低温品种筛选的鉴定指标。     

低温胁迫下籽用西瓜幼苗生理变化与耐冷性的研究

以三叶一心期的籽用西瓜幼苗为材料,采用10℃低温胁迫的方法,研究了黑籽瓜兰州大片(wb10)和红籽瓜巢湖红(wb7)随着处理天数的延长幼苗的耐冷性、光合特性、生理特性的变化规律,以探讨籽用西瓜耐低温的生理机制,从而为籽用西瓜的引种栽培和抗寒品种选育提供理论依据。结果表明:不同品种籽用西瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci随低温胁迫时间的延长而逐渐降低;Pro、MDA、相对电导率随低温胁迫时间的延长而升高。两品种的冷害指数存在一定差异,耐冷性表现为wb10>wb7。低温胁迫下,耐冷性较强的wb10幼苗叶片中的叶绿素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci均高于耐冷性较弱的wb7,而耐冷性较强的wb10幼苗叶片中MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、相对电导率均低于wb7。综合试验中各项指标认为,耐冷性与品种的来源、类型及在低温下植株的冷害指数、光合特性和细胞膜稳定性有关。     

细胞色素氧化酶活力及线粒体膜脂脂肪酸组分与玉米抗冷性的关系

细胞色素氧化酶活化转折点温度与玉米芽期抗冷性密切相关,是反映植物抗冷性的一个较好指标,其统计数据可用于玉米芽期抗冷级别的化分.线粒体膜脂脂肪酸不饱和指数和亚油酸/棕榈酸也可作为玉米芽期抗冷性指标.膜脂不饱和脂肪酸的摩尔百分含量是否可作为玉米芽期抗冷性的指标,有待于进一步的研究.玉米芽期抗冷性潜力很小.     

甜菜耐低温种质筛选和苗期耐冷性鉴定

利用人工气候箱,采取耐低温发芽筛选方法,对50份二倍体甜菜种质进行低温胁迫处理,筛选出耐低温的种质12份,芽期耐冷指数≥0.76。通过苗期耐寒性鉴定发现,这12份种质的苗期耐冷能力与芽期基本一致,但个体间对低温的反应速度及持久性表现存在差异,其中,6份资源具有更强的苗期耐冷能力。试验证明,甜菜种质苗期冷害的生理临界温度为3～6℃,在该低温阈值下,耐冷性强的种质对温度变化不太敏感,而耐冷性弱的资源对温度变化较为敏感。1～2℃是甜菜冷害的发生温度,耐冷性强的资源表现为停滞生长,子叶皱缩卷曲,真叶和下胚轴出现似烫伤表现,逐渐死亡;耐冷性弱的资源受冷害症状较早出现,很快发生畸变和死亡。     

低温发芽鉴定茄子耐冷性的研究

本文通过低温发芽鉴定了不同茄子品系（品种）耐冷性。从中确定了18℃是研究茄子耐冷性的适宜温度，并进一步研究了3个茄子品系的种子（品种）在18℃低温处理下的发芽情况，研究得出：发芽指数和综合隶属含数值能较好地反映茄子耐冷性的大小，最后对茄子幼苗进行了生理测定，并得出细胞膜透性与种子发芽的综合隶属含数值呈显著正相关。     

水稻新质型不育系幼苗期耐冷性及其生理生化特性的质核效应

为了探明水稻新质型不育系幼苗期耐冷性特点,以一套同质异核不育系（G软香A,G华香1A,G华香2A）和一套同核异质不育系（G软香A,Y软香A,WA软香A）为材料,采用光照培养箱培养的方法,鉴定和评价了3~4叶期幼苗的耐冷性,并分析了低温胁迫后不育系幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及幼苗生物量的变化。结果表明：供试不育系的耐冷性分级可分为4级,其中G华香2A的耐冷性最强（1级）,Y软香A的耐冷性最差（9级）。就同质异核不育系而言,G华香2A耐冷性最强,G华香1A次之,G软香A中等,表现出细胞核对耐冷性的效应。就同核异质不育系而言,WA软香A耐冷性强,G软香A耐冷性中等,Y软香A耐冷性极弱,表现出细胞质对耐冷性的效应。因此,水稻不育系的耐冷性受到细胞质和细胞核基因的共同影响。幼苗MDA含量、POD的活性以及幼苗期水稻苗高、根数、鲜重等生物量等性状都与耐冷性有关。耐冷性越强的不育系,经低温处理后其幼苗MDA相对含量越低,POD相对活性越低,生物量相对鲜重越大,即说明耐冷性越强的不育系,经低温处理后较之对照幼苗的MDA含量增加量较小,POD活性增强程度小,生物量下降较少。     

西瓜野生种质幼苗耐冷性的生理生化特性与遗传研究

西瓜野生耐冷材料PI482322幼苗在偏低温(12±1)℃、光流密度140 μE*m-2*s-1条件下表现出较强的耐冷性.在低温光照条件下,西瓜幼苗叶片内保护酶SOD,CAT的活性均下降,但野生耐冷材料PI482322较冷敏品种97103的下降幅度小,体内活性氧的积累少,是其表现出耐冷性的主要生理原因.野生耐冷材料PI482322的耐冷性由一个单显性基因所控制.     

Pollen storage at low temperature as a procedure for the improvement of cold tolerance in spring rape, Brassica napus L.

The possibility of selecting spring rape for cold tolerance at the mature pollen grain stage was studied by investigating the effects of pollen storage at low temperatures on the quality of pollen grains and on the cold tolerance of the plants generated from them. Pollen treatments of F¹ hybrids affected fertilization ability much more than viability and even after 10 days storage at 3 or 10°C the pollen germination percentage was reasonably high. Pollen storage for 7 or 10 days at 3 or 10°C significantly increased the cold tolerance of F² seed germination, with 3°C being more effective. Pollen storage for a shorter time had no effect upon the number of resulting genotypes tolerant to low temperature. This approach may be successfully applied in plant breeding to enrich segregating plant populations with cold-tolerant genotypes.     

Relationship between Frost Tolerance and Cold-Induced Resistance of Spring Barley, Meadow Fescue and Winter Oilseed Rape to Fungal Pathogens

Plants exposed to one stress factor may become more tolerant to another. Cold is the most often documented factor inducing plant resistance to pathogens. The aim of this work was to investigate whether resistance of spring barley and meadow fescue to Bipolaris sorokiniana and resistance of winter oilseed rape to Phoma lingam induced at 5 °C for 2, 4 or 6 weeks are associated with frost tolerance, water potential and soluble carbohydrate content. Cold‐acclimated plants of each species showed increased resistance to the studied pathogens. Barley, fescue and rape plants demonstrated higher frost tolerance after hardening, but only in the case of fescue a correlation between resistance to frost and resistance to B. sorokiniana was found. A significant decrease in the water potential of leaf cells was observed in cold‐acclimated barley and fescue. In these two species, water potential greatly affected resistance to B. sorokiniana. However, only in barley did accumulation of fructose, glucose and sucrose correlate as well with changes in water potential as with cold‐induced resistance to the pathogen. In the case of hardened rape, no correlation between the studied parameters was found. The results obtained indicated that the temperature of 5 °C used during cold acclimation was not favourable for hardening of this plant species.     

Low Temperature Effects during Seed Filling on Chickpea Genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.): Probing Mechanisms affecting Seed Reserves and Yield

Chickpea is sensitive to cold conditions (<15 °C), particularly at its reproductive phase and consequently it experiences significant decrease in the seed yield. The information about the effects of cold stress on chickpea during the seed filling phase is lacking. Moreover, the underlying metabolic reasons associated with the low temperature injury are largely unknown in the crop. Hence, the present study was undertaken with the objectives: (i) to find out the possible mechanisms leading to low temperature damage during the seed filling and (ii) to investigate the relative response of the microcarpa (Desi) and the macrocarpa (Kabuli) chickpea types along with elucidation of the possible mechanisms governing the differential cold sensitivity at this stage. At the time of initiation of the seed filling (pod size ∼1 cm), a set of plants growing under warm conditions of the glasshouse (temperature: 17/28 ± 2 °C as average night and day temperature) was subjected to cold conditions of the field (2.3/11.7 ± 2 °C as average night and day temperature), while another set was maintained under warm conditions (control). The chilling conditions resulted in the increase in electrolyte leakage, the loss of chlorophyll, the decrease in sucrose content and the reduction in water status in leaves, which occurred to a greater extent in the macrocarpa type than in the microcarpa type. The total plant weight decreased to the same level in both the chickpea types, whereas the rate and duration of the seed filling, seed size, seed weight, pods per plant and harvest index decreased greatly in the macrocarpa type. The stressed seeds of both the chickpea types experienced marked reduction in the accumulation of starch, proteins, fats, crude fibre, protein fractions (albumins, globulins, prolamins and glutelins) with a larger decrease in the macrocarpa type. The accumulation of sucrose and the activity levels of the enzymes like starch synthase, sucrose synthase and invertase decreased significantly in the seeds because of the chilling, indicating impairment in sucrose import. Minerals such as calcium, phosphorous and iron as well as several amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, valine and histidine) were lowered significantly in the stressed seeds. These components were limited to a higher extent in the macrocarpa type indicating higher cold sensitivity of this type.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci for seedling cold tolerance using RILs derived from a cross between japonica and tropical japonica rice cultivars

Cold tolerance at the seedling stage of rice is an important phenotypic trait that causes normal plant growth and stable rice production in temperate regions as well as tropical high-lands in Asia and Africa. In order to find quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes associated with cold tolerance, we constructed a linkage map using 153 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between a cold-tolerant temperate japonica cultivar, Geumobyeo, and a cold-sensitive tropical japonica breeding line, IR66160-121-4-4-2. The RILs were phenotyped for cold tolerance or sensitivity based on the degrees of cold tolerance as cold tolerance indices at the seedling stage. The seedlings for cold-tolerance/-sensitive traits were scored on the 7th day of the recovery period at 25°C after cold treatment at 10°C. Two QTLs (qCTS4a and qCTS4b) associated with cold tolerance at the seedling stage were identified on the long and short arms of chromosome 4 with an LOD score of 2.89 and 2.75, respectively, using composite interval mapping. The QTLs were flanked by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers RM3648-RM2799 and RM3375a-RM558 that explained 8.3 and 7.8% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. Seven of the selected RILs expressed cold tolerance at both the seedling and reproductive stages. The SSR markers associated with the QTLs will be useful for tracking favorable QTLs/genes into cold-sensitive elite cultivars and may have potential for pyramiding different QTLs for the improvement of cold tolerance in rice.     

Phenotyping of faba beans (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.) under cold and heat stresses using chlorophyll fluorescence

Temperature stress including low and high temperature adversely affect the growth, development and productivity of crops. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important crop as both human food source and animal feed, which contains a range of varieties that are sensitive to cold and heat stresses. In this study, 127 faba bean genotypes were collected from gene banks based on differences in geographical origin. The 127 genotypes were treated by single cold stress (2/2 °C day/night temperature (DT/NT)) and 42 genotypes were treated by either single episode of cold or heat (38/30 °C DT/NT) stress, or a combination of both at photosynthetic photon flux density of 250 µmol m^?2 s^?1. Chlorophyll fluorescence was used to detect the tolerance of faba beans to low and high temperatures. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), F_v/F_m, revealed pronounced differences in cold tolerance among the faba bean genotypes. The 42 genotypes were clustered into four groups according to cold and heat stresses, respectively, and the susceptibilities of faba beans under temperature stress could be distinguished. The combination of cold and heat stresses could aggravate the damage on reproductive organs, but not on the leaves, as indicated by the F_v/F_m. These results confirm that the use of F_v/F_m is a useful approach for detecting low and high temperature damage to photosystem II and to identify tolerant faba bean genotypes, however the results also indicate that the geographical origin of the genotypes could not directly be used to predict climate resilience. These sources of cold- and heat-tolerance could improve the temperature tolerance of faba bean in breeding programs.     

Plant age and in vitro or in vivo propagation considerably affect cold tolerance of Miscanthus × giganteus

The aims of the study were to determine why young Miscanthus × giganteus plants are more frost sensitive during the first winter than older plants, to compare cold tolerance of plants propagated in in vivo and in vitro conditions, and to select plants with higher cold tolerance. The study was performed in three experiments in which plants were prehardened at 12 °C for 2 weeks, hardened at 5 °C for 3 weeks and next chilled at 0 °C or ?3 °C for 3 or 14 days. Afterwards shoot regrowth from rhizomes was evaluated. In Experiment 1 frost tolerance of young plants obtained from a horticultural farm and plants that had already survived the first winter in the field was compared on the basis of LT₅₀ coefficient. In Experiment 2 frost tolerance of plants obtained in vivo and in vitro was compared. Experiment 3 was performed on four groups of plants: in vivo and in vitro obtained plants which were twice selected in cold, as well as in vivo and in vitro obtained plants which were cold treated once. Plants of all these groups were analysed with respect to their frost tolerance. They were prehardened, hardened and subjected to a temperature of 0 °C or ?3 °C for 14 days. The changes in processes accompanying cold acclimation occurring in the rhizomes or leaves of these plants were investigated. The content of abscisic acid, low-molecular antioxidants and phenolics, as well as catalase and non-specific peroxidase activities were analysed.Young commercially obtained plants were more frost sensitive than plants which had survived the first winter in the field. This effect could be caused by a small amount of storage compounds accumulated in finely divided rhizomes produced in a horticultural farm. Prehardening temperature of 12 °C caused more considerable changes in cold acclimation processes in Miscanthus rhizomes than hardening temperature of 5 °C. Plants propagated by in vitro culture were more cold tolerant but only in the first vegetative season compared to plants obtained in vivo. Plants chilled twice demonstrated a higher low-molecular antioxidant level, as well as a greater capability of phenolic accumulation compared to plants which were once cold stressed. Regardless of the recurrence of cold acclimation, ABA level was significantly increased in leaves by prehardening and in rhizomes by hardening. Each repetition of cold acclimation increased cold tolerance and shoot regeneration ability of M. × giganteus rhizomes.     

Assessment of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) germplasm for tolerance to low temperature during early seedling growth

The runner bean requires moderately high temperatures for optimum germination and growth. Low temperature at sowing delays both germination and plant emergence, and can reduce establishment of beans planted early in the growing season. The objective of this work was to identify potential runner bean germplasm with tolerance to low temperature and to assess the role of this germplasm for production and breeding. Seeds of 33 runner bean accessions were germinated in a climate-controlled chamber at optimal (17°C-day/15°C-night) and at sub-optimal (14°C-day/8°C-night) temperature. The low temperature tolerance was evaluated on the basis of germination, earliness, ability to grow and vigor. Differences in agronomical characters were significant at low temperatures for germination, earliness, ability to grow and early vigor except for emergence score. The commercial cultivars Painted Lady Bi-color, Scarlet Emperor, the Rwanda cultivar NI-15c, and the Spanish cultivars PHA-0013, PHA-0133, PHA-0311, PHA-0664, and PHA-1025 had the best performance under cold conditions.     

Assessing morphological characteristics of elite cotton lines from different breeding programmes for low temperature and drought tolerance

Cotton breeders in the United States strive to develop region‐specific genotypes adapted to low temperatures and variable soil moistures during early‐season planting. Nine elite upland cotton germplasm (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lines, representing public breeding programmes from nine states across the cotton belt, were evaluated for cold and drought stresses during seed germination and seedling growth stages. Lines were subjected to three treatments, such as low temperature well‐watered (22/14°C, WW), optimal temperature drought stress (30/22°C, DS) and optimal temperature well‐watered (30/22°C, WW; control), to examine genotypic variability for cold and drought tolerance. The treatment including drought stress was irrigated at 50% of the control. Shoot and root traits measured at 25 days after planting were significantly affected by drought and low temperature, where significant genetic variability among lines was observed for both shoot and root parameters. Response indices were developed to quantify variation in the degree of tolerance among the lines to low temperature and drought. Accordingly, OA‐33 was identified as the most low‐temperature‐tolerant line and Acala 1517‐99 as the most drought‐tolerant line. Identification of both cold‐ and drought‐tolerant genotypes suggests existing genotypic variability could provide breeders the opportunity to improve cultivar response to early‐season drought or cold conditions.     

Exogenous Application of Abscisic Acid Improves Cold Tolerance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea suffers cold stress (<10 °C) damage especially during reproductive phase resulting in the abortion of flowers and pods, poor pod set, and reduction in seed yield and seed quality. One of the ways in modifying cold tolerance involves exogenous treatment of the plants with chemicals having established role in cold tolerance. In the present study, the chickpea plants growing under optimum temperature conditions (28/12 °C, as average maximum and minimum temperature) were subjected to cold conditions of the field (10–12/2–4 °C; day/night as average maximum and minimum temperature) at the bud stage. Prior to exposure, these plants were treated exogenously with 10 μm abscisic acid (ABA) and thereafter again after 1 week of exposure. The stress injury measured in terms of increase in electrolyte leakage, decrease in 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction %, relative leaf water content and chlorophyll content was observed to be significantly mitigated in ABA-applied plants. A greater pollen viability, pollen germination, flower retention and pod set were noticed in ABA-treated plants compared with stressed plants. The seed yield showed considerable improvement in the plants treated with ABA relative to the stressed plants that was attributed to the increase in seed weight, greater number of single seeded pods and reduction in number of infertile pods. The oxidative damage measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was lesser in ABA-treated plants that was associated with greater activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbic acid, glutathione and proline in these plants. It was concluded that cold stress effects were partly overcome by ABA treatment because of the improvement in water status of the leaves as well as the reduction in oxidative damage.     

Increasing pre‐acclimation temperature reduces the freezing tolerance of winter‐type faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Autumn‐sown winter‐type faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has been shown to have a yield advantage over spring sowing. Still, adoption of this overwintered pulse crop remains limited in temperate locations, due to inadequate winter hardiness. This research sought to understand how the prevailing temperature during emergence and seedling development, that is pre‐acclimation, influences freezing tolerance. Seedlings grown under a controlled “warm” 17/12°C (day/night) pre‐acclimation environment were initially less freezing tolerant than those grown under a “cold” 12/5°C temperature treatment. Stem and particularly root tissues were primarily responsible for slower cold acclimation, and there was a genotype specific response of above‐ground tissues to pre‐acclimation treatment. Both above and below‐ground tissues should be tested across a range of pre‐acclimation temperatures when screening faba bean germplasm for freezing tolerance.