扶正解毒颗粒对人工感染鸡传染性法氏囊病的疗效观察

为评价扶正解毒颗粒的临床治疗效果,试验设扶正解毒颗粒低、中和高剂量组、扶正解毒散对照组、黄芪多糖对照组(黄芪多糖口服液)、阳性对照组(攻毒不给药)、阴性对照组(不攻毒不给药)。结果显示,扶正解毒颗粒低、高剂量组鸡成活率显著高于阳性对照组(P0.05);扶正解毒颗粒中、高剂量组相对增重率显著高于阳性对照组(P0.05);扶正解毒颗粒各剂量组免疫器官指数均显著高于阳性对照组(P0.05);扶正解毒颗粒各剂量组病变指数均极显著低于阳性对照组(P0.01);扶正解毒颗粒各剂量组法氏囊病毒含量均低于扶正解毒散对照组和黄芪多糖对照组。结果表明,扶正解毒颗粒对治疗鸡传染性法氏囊病有效,为其临床应用提供科学依据。     

蜂王浆对四氯化碳引起小鼠急性肝损伤保护作用的研究

目的:探索蜂王浆对CCl4引起的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法:采用CCl4致小鼠急性肝损伤模型:染毒24 h后,测定血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)的活性;制备肝匀浆,测定肝中还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量。结果:①蜂王浆各剂量组、正常对照组和阳性对照组小鼠血清中的AST、ALT含量之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),但它们都极显著低于模型组的(P<0.01);②模型组MDA的含量极显著高于正常对照组、阳性对照组的(P<0.01),而正常对照组、阳性对照组、蜂王浆低剂量组、蜂王浆中剂量组和蜂王浆高剂量组的MDA含量之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但它们都极显著低于模型组的(P<0.01);③正常对照组、蜂王浆低剂量组、蜂王浆中剂量组和蜂王浆高剂量组的GSH-Px含量之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但它们极显著高于模型组的(P<0.01),且极显著低于阳性对照组的(P<0.01)。结论:蜂王浆对CCl4引起的小鼠急性肝损伤具有显著的保护作用。     

喹胺醇对小鼠血清中细胞因子水平的影响

目的：观察新兽药喹胺醇对小鼠血清中细胞因子TNF-α、IL-2和IL-6水平的影响.方法：采用放射免疫法检测血清中TNF-α、IL-2和IL-6的含量.结果：中剂量组雄鼠血清中TNF-α含量显著高于对照组和其它药物剂量组（P＜0.05）,药后7 d雌鼠低剂量组TNF-α含量显著高于对照组和其它药物组（P＜0.05）;药后7 d雄鼠中剂量组血清中IL-6含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）,14 d雄鼠中、高剂量组IL-6含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）,药后7 d雌鼠中、高、最高剂量组IL-6含量显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,14 d低剂量组极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）;雄鼠血清中IL-2含量在7 d和14 d各组间均无显著差异.结论：喹胺醇对小鼠血清中细咆因子TNF-α、IL-2和IL-6水平的影响可能存在性别差异和剂量差异.     

复方中药对猪肉中4种鲜味氨基酸含量的影响

研究应用已确定效果的复方中药,采用不同剂型、不同剂量饲喂猪,再用高效液相色谱仪对猪肉中4种鲜味氨基酸进行测定比较。结果显示,丙氨酸含量：对照组低于颗粒剂高剂量组与超微粉低剂量组,差异均极显著（P〈0.01）,颗粒剂高剂量组与超微粉低剂量组无显著差异（P〉0.05）。天门冬氨酸含量：对照组低于颗粒剂高剂量组（P〈0.01）与超微粉低剂量组（P〈0.05）,颗粒剂高剂量组高于超微粉低剂量组（P〈0.05）。谷氨酸含量：对照组与颗粒剂高剂量组和超微粉低剂量组无显著差异（P〉0.05）。甘氨酸含量：对照组低于超微粉低剂量组（P〈0.01）和颗粒剂高剂量组（P〈0.05）,超微粉低剂量组与颗粒剂高剂量组无显著差异（P〉0.05）。     

甘草提取物对酒精性肝损伤的防治作用研究

以酒精性肝损伤小鼠为动物模型,探讨甘草提取物对酒精性肝损伤的防治作用.将64只昆明系小白鼠随机分为8组,即正常对照组、治疗组（低、中、高剂量）、预防组（低、中、高剂量）、模型组.模型组以56度白酒16 mL/kg灌胃,预防组和治疗组在酒精灌胃的基础上分别采用低（4.8 g/kg）、中（9.6 g/kg）、高（16 g/kg）不同剂量甘草提取物灌胃,连续14 d,取血液和肝脏样品,测定肝组织谷草转氨酶（GOT）、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）及血清乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）含量,同时采用H.E染色对肝组织进行组织学观察.血样测定结果表明,与模型组比较,低剂量预防组和治疗组GOT降低均不明显,中、高剂量预防组和治疗组GOT降低显著（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;低剂量治疗组（P＜0.05）和其他给药组（P＜0.01）均能显著降低GPT含量;中、高剂量治疗组（P＜0.05）和低、中剂量预防组（P＜0.05）与高剂量预防组（P＜0.01）均能显著提升ADH含量;组织学观察表明,与模型组比较,中、高剂量治疗组及预防组能有效缓解和恢复肝损伤组织结构.提示甘草提取物对酒精引起的肝损伤具有一定的保护和治疗作用.     

沙棘黄酮抗衰老作用及对大鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响研究

目的:研究沙棘黄酮对D-半乳糖致衰老大鼠抗氧化及免疫功能的影响。方法:试验选取体质量(180±20)g的Wistar大鼠50只,雌雄各半,随机分为5组,分别为正常对照组、模型对照组、沙棘黄酮低剂量组、沙棘黄酮中剂量组和沙棘黄酮高剂量组。除正常对照组外,其余各组以125 mg/(kg·d)的剂量皮下注射D-半乳糖建立衰老模型,正常对照组注射等剂量的生理盐水。在注射D-半乳糖同时,沙棘黄酮低、中、高各剂量组大鼠分别以50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg的剂量灌服沙棘黄酮溶液,正常对照组及模型对照组灌服等剂量的蒸馏水,1次/d,连续给药42 d。试验结束后,检测各组大鼠组织和血液中的SOD、MDA、GSH-Px、CAT、MAO、NO水平以及免疫器官脏器指数、白细胞数、腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能、血清溶血素含量及淋巴细胞阳性率。结果:沙棘黄酮各剂量组大鼠的血清、心脏、肝脏、脑组织中的SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力均高于模型组,以中、高剂量组最为显著。沙棘黄酮中剂量组大鼠血清的NO含量极显著低于模型组(P0.01),其余各组大鼠血清和脑的NO含量显著低于模型组(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮各组大鼠的血清、心脏、肝脏、脑的MDA含量显著低于模型组(P0.05),低剂量组大鼠心脏和脑的MDA含量低于模型组,差异不显著(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮中剂量组ANAE阳性淋巴细胞率极显著高于模型组(P0.01),其余各组的白细胞数和ANAE阳性淋巴细胞率显著高于模型组(P0.05),低剂量组与模型组差异不显著(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮低剂量和中剂量组脾脏指数高于模型组,但差异不明显(P0.05),其余各组胸腺指数和脾脏指数显著高于模型组(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮低剂量组血清溶血素高于模型组,但差异不明显(P0.05),高剂量组腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率极显著高于模型组(P0.01),其余各组血清溶血素和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率显著高于模型组(P0.05)。结论:沙棘黄酮具有抗衰老和提高机体非特异型免疫的功能。     

茵栀解毒颗粒对母猪肝功能的影响

为验证茵栀解毒颗粒对母猪肝功能的影响,试验选择临床表现泪斑较明显、皮屑较多和毛色粗乱的怀孕母猪,在饲料中添加茵栀解毒颗粒2 kg/t,连续给药14 d,通过比较给药前后临床症状的变化,结合给药前后血清中ALP、AST、ALT等指标检测,探讨茵栀解毒颗粒对母猪肝功能的保护作用。结果表明,茵栀解毒颗粒2 kg/t连续添加14 d后,母猪表观症状明显改善,ALP水平无明显变化,AST水平显著下降(P0.05),ALT水平极显著下降(P0.01)。提示茵栀解毒颗粒对各种原因造成的肝功能损伤具有显著的保护作用。     

防制胚泡着床障碍中药的筛选及药效研究

为了筛选防制胚泡着床障碍中药,本试验利用皮下注射米非司酮所致的小鼠胚泡着床障碍模型,以妊娠率、着床胚泡数、雌激素和孕激素及其比值为指标,将丹参、黄芪、川芎、黄芩、白术、菟丝子、桑寄生、续断、党参、当归等中药组成复方进行筛选和药效评价。筛选试验结果表明,方3组妊娠率显著高于方1组、菟丝子组和续断组(P＜0.05),也高于方2组和对照组,说明方3有利于小鼠胚泡的着床。方3的药效试验表明,保胎组妊娠率极显著高于对照组和高剂量组(P＜0.01),显著高于低剂量组(P＜0.05)。保胎组孕酮水平、孕酮和雌二醇比值极显著高于高、低剂量组、对照组和正常组(P＜0.01),孕酮和雌二醇比值显著高于中剂量组(P＜0.05),而保胎组、低剂量组和正常组雌二醇水平显著低于高剂量组和对照组(P＜0.05),中剂量组孕酮水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。这表明方3能提高小鼠的孕酮水平及孕酮和雌二醇比值,有利于小鼠胚泡着床。     

黄曲霉毒素B_1诱导的AA肉鸡亚慢性肝损伤模型的建立与评价

72只AA肉鸡适应性饲养3 d后随机分为4组,分别为空白对照组(不含黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)的空白饲料)、AFB_1低剂量组(饲料中含1 mg/kg AFB_1)、AFB_1中剂量组(饲料中含3 mg/kgAFB_1)、AFB_1高剂量组(饲料中含5 mg/kg AFB_1)。结果表明,连续饲喂高剂量AFB_128 d时,AA肉鸡肝体指数显著高于对照组(P0.05);血清酶学指标谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性极显著高于对照组(P0.01),碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);肝脏总超氧化物岐化酶(T-SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性极显著低于对照组(P0.01),丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。病理切片结果显示,在28 d AFB_1高剂量组肉鸡肝脏发生严重病变。平均日增重结果表明,在14~21 d,AFB_1中、高剂量组AA肉鸡均极显著低于对照组(P0.01);21~28 d,高剂量组平均日增重极显著低于对照组(P0.01),中剂量组平均日增重显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,连续饲喂含有5 mg/kg AFB_1的饲料28 d可以成功建立肉鸡亚慢性肝损伤模型,饲料中污染AFB_1能严重影响AA肉鸡增重。     

大蒜多糖对伴刀豆蛋白A致肝损伤小鼠肝组织抗氧化能力的影响

为了探讨大蒜多糖(GAP)对肝脏氧化还原性的调节作用,试验就GAP对伴刀豆蛋白A(ConA)致肝损伤小鼠肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)影响进行了研究.50只小鼠随机平均分成5组;空白对照组,模型组,多糖不同剂量组(低、中、高);多糖组分别以100 mg/kg,200 mg/kg,400 mg/kg体重的大蒜多糖对小鼠进行灌胃,然后采用刀豆蛋白A(ConA)静脉注射致小鼠免疫性肝损伤,摘取肝脏,进行肝组织匀浆中SOD活力、MDA、GSH含量测定,结果显示,与ConA模型组比较,多糖低剂量组SOD活力提高不显著(P＞0.05),MDA含量降低显著(P＜0.05),GSH含量升高不显著(P＞0.05);多糖中剂量组SOD活力提高显著(P＜0.05),MDA含量降低极显著(P＜0.01),GSH含量升高显著(P＜0.05);多糖高剂量组SOD活力升高极显著(P＜0.01),MDA含量降低极显著(P＜0.01),GSH含量升高极显著(P＜0.01).试验表明,大蒜多糖能够有效提高机体抗氧化机能,对ConA所致的免疫性肝损伤有一定保护作用,并且在一定范围内存在着量效相关性.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.