温度与取食对越冬后马铃薯甲虫飞行能力的影响

［目的］ 探明马铃薯甲虫的迁飞规律,为防止马铃薯甲虫的扩散提供依据。［方法］ 通过昆虫飞行磨系统测定温度和营养条件对越冬后马铃薯甲虫飞行能力的影响。［结果 ］马铃薯甲虫雄虫飞行能力稍大于雌虫,但无显著性差异。温度≤25 ℃时,越冬后饥饿3 d马铃薯甲虫的飞行能力大于越冬后补充营养3 d的成虫,在30 ℃和33 ℃时饥饿状态与补充营养的马铃薯甲虫飞行能力无明显差别,35 ℃和38 ℃越冬后补充营养的马铃薯甲虫飞行能力大于饥饿3 d的马铃薯甲虫。饥饿3 d的马铃薯甲虫在常温下更容易迁飞。［结论］ 温度对越冬后马铃薯甲虫的飞行能力影响较大,越冬后马铃薯甲虫起飞温度为23 ℃,25～33 ℃是越冬后马铃薯甲虫的最适飞行温度。     

新疆昌吉州马铃薯甲虫发生规律与防控措施

对昌吉州马铃薯甲虫[Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)]的发生规律进行了研究,结果显示,马铃薯甲虫在昌吉州1年发生2代,世代重叠严重.马铃薯甲虫以成虫在5～10 cm深的土壤内越冬.当地越冬代成虫出土日主要集中在4月下旬至6月上旬,初产卵日大多在5月中旬.卵产于作物叶片背面,以植株上部较幼嫩的叶片上为多.结合当地生产实际,提出了包括植物检疫、农业防治和化学防治等防控措施.     

马铃薯甲虫空间分布型及抽样技术研究

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是我国马铃薯恶性入侵害虫。本研究利用聚集度指标检验、Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法对马铃薯甲虫成虫、幼虫和卵在田间的空间分布型进行了研究。聚集度指标检测各虫态均为聚集分布,且种群聚集主要是由马铃薯甲虫各虫态本身的聚集行为,或由其本身的聚集行为与环境异质性共同作用所致。建立了马铃薯甲虫成虫、幼虫和卵在田间调查的理论抽样数学模型。田间抽样方法,成虫应采用大五点、对角线法;幼虫最适应采用Z字型法;卵最适应采用对角线法。     

大猿叶虫山东种群生物学特性研究

对大猿叶虫生物学特性研究的结果表明,在山东省泰安市田间,该虫有两个明显的危害期,分别出现在春季和秋季,以成虫在土中越夏和越冬,年发生1～2代,部分隔年繁殖。滞育成虫于3月中旬至4月下旬陆续出土繁殖。在25℃下,成虫产卵期为11～34d,每雌产卵量平均861粒。第1代成虫5月中旬全部入土越夏。越夏成虫于8月下旬至9月中旬出土繁殖。在25℃下,产卵期为13～26d,每雌产卵量平均775粒。第2代成虫10月下旬前陆续入土越冬。雌雄一生能多次交配,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为11.9、11.2、10.2℃。滞育成虫的寿命为5～24个月。     

关键环境因子对桃小食心虫出土羽化动态的影响

为明确有效积温、土壤含水量对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura出土羽化的影响,在室内控制土壤温、湿度的条件下测定了越冬代和第1代各生命阶段的有效积温,于2010—2015年在山西省临县枣园对越冬幼虫和成虫动态进行调查,并对田间土壤温度和含水量进行系统监测。结果表明:桃小食心虫室内越冬幼虫出土积温为258.2日度;而受5月份首次有效降雨日的影响,田间出土积温存在384.2~764.6日度的年度变化。土壤含水量对越冬幼虫出土模式及出土率有显著影响。持续干旱或土壤高湿均可导致双峰现象,土壤高湿的频繁出现还可显著降低幼虫出土率。通过6年田间监测数据的分析表明,越冬幼虫首现日与有效降雨日无显著相关性,而首现日有效积温(y)与降雨日有效积温(x)呈极显著正相关,回归方程为y=0.7758x+188.16(r=0.997,P0.001)。     

我国2008年草地螟大发生种群空间分布特征

［目的］为进一步认识草地螟大发生规律,更好地开展大尺度草地螟发生预测预报,本文对2008年草地螟大发生种群空间分布特征进行分析。［方法］ 对2008年我国草地螟1代成虫和2代幼虫发生数量与当地温湿度条件进行回归分析,找出影响草地螟种群空间分布特征的主要因素。［结果］ 草地螟成虫发生期的环境温湿度对随后幼虫发生的空间分布具有显著的影响。草地螟成虫集中分布在湿度60%~80%的区域内,而在相对湿度为60%~80%的区域内,温度是草地螟成虫和幼虫空间分布的主导因素。成虫主要分布在温度高于21 ℃的区域内,而温度高于27 ℃的区域内草地螟成虫量较少。在成虫盛期温度为19~27 ℃的区域内易形成草地螟幼虫大发生,特别是在温度为21~25 ℃区域内发生程度更重,该温度范围与草地螟成虫产卵适温范围相符。［结论］ 成虫发生期的环境温湿度指标应是开展大尺度空间草地螟大发生分布预测预报的重要依据。     

淮北地区农田金龟子三种优势种在土壤中垂直活动规律观察

在安徽省淮北地区,暗黑金龟子Holotrichia parallela Motsehulsky和铜绿金龟子Anomala corpulenta MotschuIsky 1年发生1代,一般以三龄幼虫越冬;大黑金龟子Holotrichia oblita Faldermann两年发生1代,以成虫和三龄幼虫交替越冬。三种金龟子相同虫态(龄、期)在地下的垂直分布基本一致。3月下旬至4月上旬,铜绿、大黑金龟子越冬幼虫上升为害,而暗黑金龟子越冬幼虫则停留在越冬土室内直至化蛹。大黑金龟子成虫羽化后蛰伏至翌年4月,然后出土;另两种成虫羽化后于当年5月下旬开始出土。从成虫出土后至三龄幼虫下蛰前,群体分布在浅土层。幼虫为害夏季作物,并在下蛰前为害秋播小麦。土温决定了幼、成虫春季的上升和秋季的下蛰。群体在浅土层活动期,土壤湿度是群体升降的主要因素。土壤结构、寄主植物成熟期和幼虫龄期均能影响群体的垂直分布。暗黑金龟子从三龄幼虫下蛰至羽化成虫上升,这期间群体垂直分布不变,呈正态分布。     

新疆地区马铃薯甲虫发育与温度关系的研究

研究了新疆乌鲁木齐地区的马铃薯甲虫在15、20、25、30 ℃和32 ℃及相对湿度75%下各虫态的发育历期和发育速率。结果表明,马铃薯甲虫各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率随温度的升高而加快。其在20 ℃下完成整个世代需要59.2 d,而在32 ℃下完成1代则减少到32.9 d。并用直线回归法,得出各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为:卵期11.9 ℃和32.26日•度,幼虫期4.6 ℃和526.32日•度,蛹期5.1 ℃和270.27日•度,成虫产卵前期14.4 ℃和117.65日•度,整个未成熟期7.9 ℃和675.68日•度,整个世代8.1 ℃和832.35日•度。结合乌鲁木齐市各月平均气温和累积有效积温,推测出马铃薯甲虫在乌鲁木齐地区一年可以发生的理论代数为1.89代,与田间实际发生代数基本吻合。     

玉米铁甲虫的发生及防治

玉米铁甲虫Dactylispa balyi(Gestpo)为具有毁灭性的地区性害虫,曾在贵州省的罗甸、盘县、兴义、安龙等县发生。 生活习性 玉米铁甲虫在罗甸一年发生1—2代,以成虫在河沟、田边禾本科杂草上越冬。越冬期间,只要气温达20℃左右仍能活动取食。     

马铃薯瓢虫的生物学特性观察

马铃薯瓢虫在菏泽市常年发生3代,个别年份4代,世代重叠。以成虫越冬。4月中旬越冬成虫开始活动,4月末5月初开始交配、产卵。5月至9月为害,10月中旬后越冬。本文研究了该虫的年生活史、生活习性及影响发生因素,并提出了相应防治措施。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.