橡胶林氮素研究进展

综述国内外橡胶林氮素研究进展，分析橡胶林氮素研究的发展趋势，指出系统动态模拟与指导施肥相结合是今后橡胶林生态系统养分循环研究的创新方向。     

橡胶林钾素研究进展

综述国内外橡胶林钾素相关研究,指出在橡胶林生态系统中,钾的来源途径主要包括土壤、降水、枯枝落叶归还和人工施肥等,输出途径主要为采胶、采种、淋溶损失和水土流失,针对当前胶林系统内钾素养分失衡的现状,对橡胶林钾素循环进行系统动态模拟研究,实现养分循环理论研究与指导施肥的有机结合仍是今后研究的重点。     

橡胶树养分亏缺与死皮病及其对策分析

死皮病(TPD)是危害天然橡胶生产的最严重的病害之一，给生产带来了巨大的损失。研究者从不同的角度开展研究，提出了各种致病机理假说。本文作者着重分析了国内外胶园和橡胶树养分亏缺与死皮病发生的关系，提出了开展橡胶树养分循环的动态模拟研究，对于明了橡胶树养分生理需求规律及内部物质循环机制，指导生产上科学合理、按时按需施肥，维持胶园土壤地力、防止土壤酸化具有重要作用。     

农田生态系统中磷循环及其模拟模型的研究现状

中国是世界上磷肥施用量较多的国家,各种作物的生产均需要磷肥,同时磷又是影响水体生态环境的主要营养物质。为了保持土壤肥力及水环境系统稳定,必须设计合理的施肥措施及土肥管理措施,了解磷素在植物—土壤的转移途径,以及磷素的变化通量对施肥措施及土肥管理措施优化的重要性。从磷循环的研究方法、磷的动态循环、以及磷循环模拟模型三个方面,综述了农田生态系统磷循环及模拟模型情况。     

胶园间作研究的现状、存在的问题及未来研究方向

目前，胶园间作研究多集中在幼龄胶园，而对成龄胶园研究不多，多局限在生产力、生态、水分、化感作用、营养元素的生物循环与能量流动及经济效益上，而很少把它作为一个完整的复合生态系统来研究橡胶树与间作作物之间养分竞争、水分竞争，而养分、水分资源协同高效利用的研究则更是少见。未来胶园间作的研究应着眼于成龄胶园，解决成龄胶园各组分之间的养分、水分竞争问题，着重探讨成龄胶园根系及其分泌物对养分、水分竞争的影响作用，阐明养分、水分竞争的机制，提高间作系统养分、水分利用率，为成龄胶园间作中资源高效利用提供理论依据和技术支持。     

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养分调控是芒果园生态系统研究的重要内容之一。在营养诊断、配方施肥研究的基础上，提出相应的施肥配比、施肥量、施肥期和施肥方法等具体的调控技术，推动了芒果园生态系统养分调控的研究进展。本文对芒果园生态系统养分调控的必要性、效用及配方施肥应用技术研究进行综述，并展望芒果园生态系统的系统性和整体性、技术成果推广等研究的方向。     

橡胶林土壤呼吸研究概述及展望

橡胶林生态系统是热带地区重要的人工生态系统,为热带地区的生态服务和经济发展做出了重要贡献,在世界森林生态系统中占有重要的位置。橡胶林土壤呼吸对调控大气CO2有着重要的作用,是全球变化背景下碳循环过程研究的一个重要环节。系统概述了橡胶林土壤呼吸的研究意义、研究方法、影响因素、时空变化以及对干扰的响应和组分区分,指出橡胶林土壤呼吸研究中存在的不确定性,并对后续研究的热点与方向进行展望。     

森林生态系统水循环研究概述

森林是一个复杂的生态系统，森林水循环是陆地水循环的重要组成部分，也是历来森林水文研究的热点。基于近几年有关森林水循环的研究成果，简要介绍森林水文的发展历史，概述森林在大气层、林冠层、地被层、土壤层等不同界面层的水文现象及蒸散的主要研究成果，并初步探析我国森林水文研究的发展趋势。     

海南雅星林场芒果园间作生态系统养分循环研究初报

对海南儋州雅星林场4龄芒果园的4种间作模式土壤中养分流失、养分淋失、氨挥发、养分输送循环等进行研究。结果表明:果园不同生态系统中,间作柱花草模式养分盈余最大,达到349.8kg/hm2,养分再循环量大,有利于果园不断的培肥;间作木薯模式养分盈余最少,只有7.64kg/hm2;而只有间作木薯模式的P,K和间作番薯—花生模式的N素才处于亏损状态,分别亏缺2.32kg/hm2 ,2.34kg/hm2 ,7.78kg/hm2。在果园生态系统中,不同养分损失量大小顺序为:有机质>速效钾>全氮>水解氮>速效磷。不同季节施肥(尿素),NH3挥发损失有明显的差异。随着N肥施用量的增加,N的淋失量呈现显著或极显著性增加。      

模拟增温对植物生长发育的影响

全球气候变暖是全球气候变化的主要趋势,温度控制着生态系统中许多生化反应过程的速率,且影响几乎所有生物学的过程。研究模拟增温对植物的影响对促进生态平衡发展有非常重要的意义。综述了模拟增温对植物的影响,提出了在全球气候变化下模拟增温需要进一步深入研究的方向,为减少温室气体排放造成的气候变暖提供理论依据。     

不同坡位杉木—闽粤栲混交林及杉木纯林养分循环特征的比较

选择福建省建阳范桥国有林场16 a生杉木—闽粤栲混交林与杉木纯林为研究对象,进行不同坡位不同林分养分循环特征的比较分析,结果表明：杉木—闽粤栲混交林与杉木纯林养分存留量差异明显,混交林中坡和下坡分别比杉木纯林高28.16%、19.39%;各个坡位养分归还量均表现为：混交林〉杉木纯林,混交林下坡的养分归还量最大,其次是上坡,再次为中坡;中坡和下坡养分吸收量分别是杉木纯林的1.29、1.49倍;同一坡位同一林分的养分归还比表现为：N〉P〉K,说明养分N在两林分中的循环能力最强。混交林在上、下坡的归还比分别比杉木纯林高160.0%、104.55%,而二者在中坡的差异则较不明显,混交林养分归还比表现为：下坡〉上坡〉中坡,说明混交林下坡的养分循环能力最强。     

基于GIS的海南岛森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

对海南岛森林涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境、生物多样性保护、森林防护和森林游憩8个方面14个指标进行生态系统服务功能价值评估。结果表明：海南岛8项生态服务功能总价值量2 528.29亿元/年,功能价值贡献大小依次为：涵养水源（47.52％）＞净化环境(12.35％)＞固碳释氧（11.68％）＞生物多样性保护（10.31％）＞固土保肥(6.65％)＞森林防护(6.16％)＞森林游憩(4.42％)＞积累营养物质(0.91％),根据不同森林类型的生态服务功能价值量分析,原始林（28.34％）＞次生林（26.96％）＞橡胶林（24.42％）＞用材林（14.02％）＞防护林（3.24％）＞经济林（2.29％）＞灌木林（0.43％）＞红树林（0.29％）。     

Leaf litter decomposition and diversity of arthropod decomposers in tropical <Emphasis Type="Italic">Muyong</Emphasis> forest in Banaue,Philippines

The Muyong forest, an indigenous secondary forest in Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines, plays a crucial role in the Muyong–Payoh system, a continuum of secondary forest and rice terrace, of the Banaue rice terraces by providing water and nutrients to the rice plants in the Payoh terraces. In recent decades, the planting of introduced tree species in the Muyong forest has threatened the sustainable provision of ecosystem services such as water balance and nutrient cycling. To further understand nutrient cycling in the Muyong–Payoh systems, this study was conducted in Poitan, Banaue, Ifugao to gather preliminary baseline data on floral diversity, leaf litterfall rate, leaf litter decomposition rate, and diversity and succession of arthropods in decomposing leaf litter in a Muyong forest. Vegetation analysis was done by identifying and describing the trees growing inside the five 10 m × 10 m quadrat sampling plots. Monthly leaf litter fall was collected in 1 m × 1 m litter traps, and the dry weight was determined after oven-drying at 65 °C for 48 h. Leaf litter decomposition experiment was established by laying out 12 nylon mesh bags containing fresh leaf litter in each of the four sites on the forest floor and one bag was retrieved every month to determine the change in dry weight of the leaf litter. Six bulk soil samples were collected from the Muyong forest floor and analyzed for organic matter, pH, available P and exchangeable K. Fresh leaf litter samples were analyzed for total N, P and K contents. Arthropods in the collected decomposing leaf litter were extracted using Berlese funnel and later identified up to families level using arthropod taxonomic key. The diversity of plants in the Muyong forest includes thirty-eight tree species belonging to 19 families dominated by indigenous tree species. Results showed that the monthly leaf litter fall was higher during the dry months of March to May and lower during the wet months. The estimated total leaf litter fall in Muyong forest was comparable to published litter fall from tropical secondary forests. The N, P and K contents of fresh leaf litter range from 1.0 to 1.2, 0.11 and 0.40%, respectively. The first month of decomposition has the fastest rate while the decomposition rate during the next 4 months ranged from 0.125 to 0.251. Complete decomposition or mass lost in the leaf litter in the Muyong forest took place within 5 months. The soil arthropods identified in the decomposing leaf litter were composed of 13 orders and 28 families. Majority of the collected arthropods were insects while other species including mites, spiders, millipedes and sowbugs were also present. Detrivore and fungivore Families were found to be dominant in the decomposing leaf litter. Moreover, the composition and succession of arthropod decomposer community varied in the three sampling methods and with the changing quality of the litter material as decomposition progressed. The wide diversity and succession of leaf litter decomposers consisting of detritivores, predators, fungivore and herbivore coupled with abundant rainfall and warm temperature are the two main factors that contribute to the fast rate of leaf litter decomposition and nutrient turn over in the Muyong forest. Thus, the Muyong forest can sustain the productivity of rice planted in the adjoining downstream Payoh terraces. Hence, the conservation and management of the Muyong forest is critical in maintaining the ecological functions of the Muyong–Payoh continuum.     

2000～2014年闽东海岸带土地利用动态变化

海岸带地区因其特殊的海陆生态系统环境而成为土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)研究的热点区域.本文以位于海峡西岸经济区东北翼的闽东海岸带作为研究对象,利用2000、2009和2014年3期Landsat TM/OLI影像作为数据源,对该区2000～2014年的土地利用动态变化特征进行分析.结果表明:研究区土地利用类型以林草地和耕地为主,其中林草地面积迅速扩增,研究期间共增加了1 047.24 km2,相比之下,耕地面积显著减少,近14a间共减少了959.45 km2;在人类活动影响下,水产养殖的动态变化最为剧烈,稳定性最差,而由于政府加强对建筑用地的集约利用,使其成为近14 a研究区最为稳定的土地利用类型,面积基本保持不变;闽东海岸带土地利用的集约化程度远超全国平均水平,土地利用程度综合指数达255.19,但2000～2009年间,研究区土地利用仍处于调整期,2009～2014年,随着经济的快速发展及前期的调整,土地利用效率有所提高,其变化量和变化率分别为4.86和0.019,土地利用步入发展期.本研究对闽东及其他地区的土地集约化利用及生态环境可持续具有指导意义.     

Modelling and mapping natural hazard regulating ecosystem services in Sapa,Lao Cai province,Vietnam

Land use change due to the development of agriculture and community-based tourism has resulted in an increase in natural hazards (e.g. erosion and landslides) that affect sustainability in the Sapa mountainous area in northern Vietnam. Natural hazard regulating ecosystem services have protected the local people from the destruction of their villages, goods and natural resources, especially in the rainy season. However, it is difficult to identify which kinds of anthropogenic constructions support a co-production of regulating services in human-influenced social–ecological systems and in which specific types of land use and land cover the supply of such services takes place, especially in heterogeneous mountainous areas. Therefore, this research attempts to (1) distinguish between the potential and actual use (flow) of natural hazard regulating ecosystem services and (2) understand how soil erosion and landslide regulating ecosystem services can contribute to a sustainable management of different ecosystems, especially in rice fields and forest areas. Two models (InVEST for soil erosion, Analytic Hierarchy Process for landslide analysis) were used to analyze and map the contributions of natural versus anthropogenic components for regulating natural hazards in Sapa. The results show the incoherent distribution of erosion regulating services and low capacities of landslide regulating services in areas that have seriously been affected by human activities, especially forestry and agricultural development. The contribution of rice ecosystems to soil erosion mitigation is higher than in the case of landslides. Nevertheless, one-third of the area of paddy fields in the case study area have “no” capacity to supply natural hazard regulating ecosystem services and should therefore be re-forested.