丹麦规模化畜牧场经营设施研究

简要地介绍了丹麦猪场、奶牛场的常见设施构造．介绍了猪场中产房、受精房、妊娠房、后备猪房、保育猪房及肉猪场的主体构造组成;较普遍使用的半漏缝地板;以及一些猪场配备的喂料控制系统．介绍了奶牛场中的挤奶设施、生活设施等主要组成情况;奶牛场一般使用电动的挤奶器挤奶;使用电动传输带将粪便排出．     

Evaluation of automated in-line precision dairy farming technology implementation in three dairy farms in Italy

In recent decades, dairy farms have been exposed to wide variation in profit levels due to a considerable variability of milk price, and energy and feed costs. Consequently, it is necessary for the dairy industry to improve efficiency and productivity by adopting innovative technologies. The automated in-parlour milk analysis and separation is mainly useful to produce low or high quality milk and to monitor the animal health status. Milk with high levels of protein and fat contents may reduce the intensity of standardization during cheesemaking process, reducing production costs. The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of real-time milk separation during milking and the performance of the milking machine after implementation of AfiMilk MCS. In addition, the economic aspects were assessed. The separation of milk required the existing milking parlors to be equipped with an additional milkline to allow channeling milk with low and high coagulation properties into two different cooling tanks. The results showed that the high coagulation milk fraction, compared to the bulk milk, increased in fat (from 18% to 43%) and protein (from 3% to 7%) concentration. The technology tested has given promising results showing reliability and efficiency in milk separation in real time with affordable implementation costs.     

奶牛场用水特征及节水措施

为了系统全面地掌握奶牛养殖场用水特征,提出科学合理的节水措施,采用查阅文献和实地调研相结合的方法,概述了国内外奶牛养殖现状,系统总结了奶牛养殖各环节用水特征、变化规律及影响因素。结果显示:饮用水、清洁水、降温水是国内外奶牛养殖主要用水构成,养殖规模、泌乳牛比例、挤奶厅类型、气候特点等是影响奶牛场用水特征的主要因素,构建涵盖多因素的用水量预测模型是研究热点。分析确定了饮用水、挤奶厅用水和喷淋用水是奶牛养殖重点节水环节,并对后续奶牛场养殖过程节水研究提出了具体建议。     

规模化奶牛场数字化网络管理平台开发与应用

【目的】利用网络数据库技术,建立规模化奶牛场生产过程数据网络整合与智能分析共享平台,以满足规模化奶牛场数字化管理水平,提高繁育效率及遗传进展。【方法】基于奶牛从发情、配种、孕检、妊娠、产犊、泌乳、干奶到下一个繁殖周期的生产管理流程,将奶牛划分为犊牛、青年牛、育肥牛、泌乳牛、干奶牛5种类型,在设计采集生产母牛及公牛基本信息及数据标准规范后,采用Microsoft.Net框架、SQL Server 2008网络数据库及FusionCharts网络绘图等技术,研究构建规模化奶牛场繁殖、泌乳及健康等数据管理及智能分析平台。【结果】平台一级子系统包括系统维护、牛只管理、繁殖管理、产乳管理、饲养管理、健康管理、统计分析及场内管理。在8大子系统上总共实现的功能模块多达96项。其中,系统维护6项,牛只管理10项,繁殖管理13项,含DHI数据的产乳管理14项,饲料管理4项,健康管理10项,统计分析18项以及场内管理21项。平台主要实现了对奶牛繁殖与泌乳生产核心数据的网络远程数字化管理,主要包括公、母牛个体繁殖状态的全程记录、不同胎次的泌乳数据的记录、牛只资料卡等在线动态分析、各类基础数据的排序与输出等。在数据挖掘分析上,可在线计算平均胎间距、泌乳牛胎次结构、高低产母牛数量、系谱跟踪及近交系数等。在生产提示功能设计上,可处理的项目包括发情配种、初检复检、产犊泌乳、干奶、催乳、淘汰及犊牛断奶等各类将发生的生产事件,而且可对大部分统计分析数据进行可视化图形渲染处理,如胎次产量分布图、年度产奶比较图、二叉树谱系图及泌乳曲线图等。【结论】对生产过程基本数据的分析与数据挖掘,提升了基础数据的利用价值,更有利于奶牛场管理者的科学决策。     

Simplify the interpretation of alert lists for clinical mastitis in automatic milking systems

Based on sensor measurements, an automatic milking system (AMS) generates mastitis alert lists indicating cows which are likely to have clinical mastitis (CM). Because of the general assumption of equal probabilities of developing CM for all cows, all alerts on the list have the same success rate. As a consequence, it is not possible to rank-order the alerts in terms of their likelihood of CM. In practice, the performance of a CM detection system is not only based on the sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) of the system, but is also influenced by the prior probability of a cow having CM. This study illustrates the idea of using cow-specific prior probabilities of CM, based on non-AMS information, to provide a rank-order on the alerts from an AMS. A tree-augmented naive Bayesian network was trained from available data to determine these cow-specific prior probabilities for CM. The graphical structure of the network and the probability tables for its variables in the network were based on data from 274 Dutch dairy herds that recorded each case of CM over an 18-month period. The final data set contained information on a total of 5363 CM cases derived from 28,137 lactations and 22,860 cows. The available prior cow information (parity, days in milk, season of the year, somatic cell count history and CM history) was included as variables in the network. By combining the cow-specific prior probabilities of CM with the SN and SP of the detection system of the AMS, the computed success rates can be used to discriminate between CM alerts. Our illustrations indicate that the success rate might range from 3 to 84%, while assuming an equal overall probability would result in a success rate of 21%. Using the computed success rates, the CM alerts on an alert list can be rank-ordered, thereby providing the dairy farmer information about which cows have the highest priority for visual inspection for CM.     

Community digester operations and dairy farmer perspectives

Rising energy costs, increasing herd sizes, and other structural changes affecting the New York dairy industry may make farmers receptive to new energy production technologies. Anaerobic digestion represents a possible benefit to farmers by reducing odor while producing methane for electricity. However, current digester designs are for herd sizes of 300 or more cows, with significant economies of scale, so smaller operators may have little interest in the technology. Moreover, without a favorable policy environment and reliable grant programs, the initial investments required for digester installation might deter operators. One solution to these issues may be community digesters, which are centrally located facilities that accept manure from multiple farms. Data from a survey of New York dairy farmers were used to assess farmers’ interest in community digesters. In general, interest was associated with power generation outcomes and reservations about organic farming practices; advocates might encourage their use among smaller conventional farm operators looking for new sources of profit and diversification.     

The effects of temporal and environmental factors on the urination behaviour of dairy cows using tracking and sensor technologies

New Zealand dairy farmers are facing increasing pressure to reduce nutrient losses from grazing ruminants to the environment. Research suggests that the major source of nutrient loss is animal excreta which, for nitrogen (N), relates to cattle urine in particular. Most models used to describe N cycling and predict loss assume homogeneous distribution of urine patches across grazing areas. This study aims to provide baseline knowledge of the temporal and spatial distribution of N by monitoring the urination behaviour of individual dairy cows on a commercial farm using remote precision tools. The study took place on No 4 Dairy Farm, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand during early autumn in March 2009. Thirty cows in late lactation, balanced for milking order and age, from a herd of 180 milking cows, were fitted with global positioning system collars and urine sensors for seven consecutive days. The herd was milked twice a day and rotationally grazed, without supplementation. Cows were rotated through 12 paddocks, each ~1.1 ha. The majority of urine (85 % of total) was deposited on pasture, while 10 % of total urine deposits were captured in the holding yard and milking shed. Kernel density estimates indicated that urine patch distribution was not homogeneous, thus there was aggregation of urine patches within particular areas of the paddocks. Moderate correlations between the time spent in a location and urine patch density provided evidence that the time spent in a particular location was a factor affecting the density of urine patches. Substantial variation in results between paddocks suggested that paddock characteristics did not play a major role in determining urine distribution patterns in this study.     

美拉德反应产物对奶牛生产性能和乳品质的影响

[目的]研究日粮中添加美拉德反应产物（MRPs）对奶牛生产性能和乳品质的影响。[方法]在220头荷斯坦泌乳奶牛精料中添加1000mg/kg的MRPs,研究其对奶牛生产性能和乳品质的影响。试验期为1个月,统计每天的奶产量,每次挤奶时用全自动乳品成分分析仪测定乳脂和乳蛋白,试验末用平皿细菌总数计算法测牛奶中的细菌数。以2007年同期数据为对照。[结果]添加MRPs的试验牛奶产量比对照牛增加了6．81％（P〈0.01）,乳脂提高了3．98％（P〈0.01）,乳蛋白提高了2．44％（P〉0．05）,试验开始前奶中细菌数为〈40万cfu/ml,试验末为〈10万cfu/ml。[结论]日粮中添加MRPs能显著提高奶产量和乳脂含量,增加乳蛋白含量,降低奶中细菌数目,改善乳品质。     

长沙地区奶牛养殖现状调查

为探明湖南奶牛养殖发展缓慢的原因，以促进湖南奶业的发展，对长沙地区主要奶牛场奶牛的产奶性能和饲料使用情况进行了调查．结果表明：1）季节对奶牛产奶量和乳成分有极显著影响，8月奶牛的产奶量降至最低；2）不同牛场间4～9月乳成分存在极显著差异，且测定月份和牛场对乳蛋白互作影响极显著；3）长沙奶牛粗饲料明显缺乏．据此，笔者提出了发展长沙（湖南）奶业的主要措施：1）立足本地资源，开发具有长沙（湖南）特色的奶牛饲料，如全株青贮饲料稻和整粒棉籽；2）采取综合措施缓解奶牛热应激；3）提高奶牛饲养管理水平．     

Study of Digital Management System of Milking Process on Large-Sized Dairy Farm

This study was to supply the systemic and full milking process data to support the implementation of both dairy herd improvement （DHI） and digital feeding of dairy cattle. This study designed the relational structured database and developed a set of digital management information system on milking process of intensive dairy farm using Visual Basic 6.0, Access databases, and Crystal report combining the milking characteristics of a grown cow, such as quality and sanitation testing indexes of raw milk. The system supplies a series of convenient, intelligent input interfaces of crude datum, and can count, analyze, and graphically show milking datum based on different types and different parities of cows or herds in a specific duration, and can dynamically produce some important derived data, such as days of grown cow, daily average of milk production of grown cow, days of cow milk production, and daily average of milking cow production; and can carry out all-pervasive data mining. With the help of system analysis and software design techniques, it is possible to realize precision farming for a dairy cattle herd based on whole digital management of milking process and realtime prediction on nutrient requirements and ration of dairy cattle, as well as dairy herd improvement.     

可穿戴设备技术在奶牛养殖中的应用及发展趋势

奶牛生理监测是未来奶牛养殖产业化的发展方向,使传统奶牛模式转变为以信息网络为中心的精准管理模式。可穿戴设备技术可实时获取动物生命本体信息,应用于奶牛养殖中可有效监测奶牛身体健康指数和预防疾病疫病的发生,能较大幅度提高奶牛养殖的生产效率与经济效益。围绕可穿戴设备技术在奶牛生理信息监护中的应用,分别介绍了奶牛体温、活动量、心率、呼吸频率4个参数的检测方法,阐述了国内外奶牛可穿戴设备技术的研究现状及发展趋势,以期为可穿戴设备技术在畜牧养殖中的进一步应用与研究提供参考。     

集约化奶牛场泌乳数字化管理系统研究

 【目的】为牛群品种改良（DHI）和奶牛精细饲养提供系统和完整的产乳数据。【方法】本研究采用Visual Basic 6.0、Access数据库、水晶报表等软件开发技术,结合成母牛的泌乳特性和原奶的质量和卫生检测指标,设计了关系型数据表,开发了集约化奶牛场产乳过程的数字化管理系统。【结果】系统提供的对源数据的录入具有智能性,能对不同性质、不同胎次的个体和群体进行指定时间段上产奶数据的多种统计、分析与图形化处理,能动态产生重要的派生数据如成母牛头天数、成母牛日均产、泌乳牛头天数、泌乳牛日均产等,实现了牛群产乳数据多层面的数据挖掘。【结论】通过系统分析和软件开发技术,在全面实现集约化奶牛场产乳环节的数字化管理 基础上,并与奶牛的营养需要预测与日粮供给相结合,为按个体或群体实施奶牛的精细饲养和品种改良提供了可能。     

围产期奶牛血清中阴阳离子状况的分析

为了解围产期奶牛机体主要阴阳离子水平及其变化,在黑龙江某3个集约化奶牛场分别选取荷斯坦经产奶牛8头,分别在产前21 d、14 d,7 d、分娩当天、产后7 d、14 d、21 d尾静脉采血,并测定Cl、Na、K、Mg、Ca、P等离子血清浓度.结果显示围产期奶牛血清Cl、Na、K、P含量在分娩后呈现降低趋势;Ca含量呈分...     

贵州微小牛蜱的检测与防制研究

微小牛蜱在贵州某些奶牛场、人工草场、养牛专业户及农户的牛群中存在,严重危害牛群的健康.对贵州微小牛蜱的危害、流行情况、监测及防制进行了探索,可为进一步开展微小牛蜱的防治研究提供参考依据.     

荷斯坦牛两类性情评定方法分析及其对日产奶量与体细胞评分的影响

为探究奶牛性情的影响因素及其对日产奶量和体细胞评分的影响,于2019年7月-8月对北京地区2个牛场1 100头泌乳牛进行了挤奶性情评分和主观性情评分的收集,并通过Logistic回归模型分析奶牛各性情评分的影响因素,利用GLM过程分析各性情评分对日产奶量和体细胞评分的影响,此外,通过计算秩相关系数检验不同性情评分之间的...     

不同养殖模式及存栏规模牛场奶牛生产性能分析

对山东省86家奶牛群体改良(DHI)参测牛场的生产性能数据进行了综合统计,采用最小二乘分析法探究了养殖模式(规模化牧场和小区)及饲养规模对牛只生产性能是否存在影响,同时比较了近年来不同规模奶牛场生产性能变化情况。结果表明,山东省DHI参测奶牛场以规模化牧场为主,牧场的存栏规模以300～600头最多,其次为300头以下、600～1000头、1000头以上。不同养殖模式和养殖规模牛场之间在各项生产性能指标上存在显著差异(P<0.05):牧场养殖模式下牛群平均胎次、生奶产量和质量水平显著高于小区模式;不同养殖规模牛场生产性能比较显示,日产奶量、校正奶量和305天奶量均以300头以下牛场为最高(P<0.05),乳脂率以1000头以上牛场为最高(P<0.05),乳蛋白率以600～1000头存栏规模的牛场最高(P<0.05)。从近7年校正奶量变化情况看,存栏600～1000头的奶牛场校正奶量上升趋势最为明显。     

Factors affecting the adoption of on-farm milk safety measures in Northern China — An examination from the perspective of farm size and production type

The cow stock of smallholder farmers with less than 100 cows still accounted for nearly 50% of total cows in China. Since the milk scandal occurred in 2008, raw milk safety has become focus for the sound development of the Chinese dairy industry. Adoption of on-farm milk safety measures by smallholders is a key for ensuring milk safety, and these measures are largely voluntary in nature. The recent survey conducted in northern China reveals that an overall adoption rate of various milk safety measures by smallholders is close to 48% with wide variations across the dairy farmers. We employ the Poisson regression model to study the determinants of farmers' adoption of voluntary milk safety measures. Compared with backyard dairy farmers, dairy complex and scaled dairy farms adopted more milk safety measures. Moreover, the empirical result indicates that farmers' adoption of raw milk safety measures is positively affected by farm size. These findings suggest that the changing dairy production structure towards larger farms and away from backyard dairy farming prompts smallholder dairy farmers to adopt more raw milk safety measures. This lends some support to the role of recent policy initiatives towards larger farms and away from backyard dairy farming on increasing the farmers' milk safety practices and reducing on-farm incidence of milk safety.     

高产奶牛适宜干奶期长度研究进展

为分析缩短或取消干奶期在高产奶牛生产中的可行性和经济性,本文主要分析了2003—2020年有关干奶期长度对奶牛的泌乳、健康、繁殖力和经济效益影响的研究文献。结果表明:1)缩短干奶期至30d或取消干奶期可导致下一周期泌乳量下降,但分娩前额外的产奶量可部分弥补产奶损失。2)缩短或取消干奶期可显著改善奶牛泌乳初期的能量负平衡问题,且缓解由能量负平衡导致的代谢紊乱,提高奶牛繁殖力。奶牛健康水平和繁殖力提高带来的收益,可部分弥补产奶量降低带来的经济损失。3)缩短或取消干奶期对犊牛健康水平无显著影响。目前该干奶策略在实际生产中推广和应用仍需要更多的研究数据支撑,未来研究可聚焦于30或0d干奶期相匹配的饲养管理策略研发,适宜干奶期长度预测模型的建立和干奶期乳腺退化和乳腺组织更新的分子机制探究,为将来奶牛适宜干奶期长度的研究提供参考,也为实际生产中奶牛干奶期长度选择提供依据。     

基于高通量测序技术分析奶牛乳房炎关联微生物群落结构及多样性

[目的]研究奶牛乳房炎主要病原微生物及乳汁中微生物群系分布.[方法]对CJ和HZS 2个牛场的奶牛进行乳房炎检查,视觉和触觉等临床检查奶牛乳房及乳汁后,将2个场中确诊为临床乳房炎的奶牛随机采集乳汁样本各3份,并将非临床型奶牛的乳汁样本随机采集各1份,通过对乳房炎奶牛和非临床型奶牛乳样中细菌的16S rRNA基因V3-V...