党参发酵优势菌种筛选及发酵产物的化学成分研究

目的 从13种药用真菌中筛选出党参发酵的优势菌种,并对优势菌种与党参发酵产物的化学成分进行研究.方法 利用硅胶柱色谱、ODS柱色谱、半制备液相色谱等方法 对党参发酵产物70％乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,结合化合物理化性质和波谱数据(1H-NMR、13C-NMR)鉴定化合物的结构.结果 根据党参发酵情况确定灵芝菌为党参发酵优...     

野生灵芝与栽培灵芝主要成分和功效的比较分析

概述灵芝资源的分类地位、生态分布及开发利用现状,并引用相关数据对野生灵芝和栽培灵芝的主要活性成分和药理作用进行比较分析。结果表明：不同产地的野生灵芝活性成分差异较大,而栽培灵芝的活性成分以及含量则由品种和栽培条件决定;野生灵芝与栽培灵芝都有较强的促进巨噬细胞吞噬功能,且作用效果无显著差异;野生灵芝和栽培灵芝均具有较好的抗应激、抗疲劳作用,栽培灵芝在镇静作用上比野生灵芝的稍强。分析认为,通过改进栽培技术可提高栽培灵芝的某些成分和功效,并优于野生灵芝,这将为灵芝的栽培及野生灵芝资源的保护开发提供科学依据,并科学引导人们以栽培灵芝代替野生灵芝作为临床用药。     

海南橡胶园灵芝属真菌分类研究

在2010年10月至2013年5月间,通过对采自海南省儋州、文昌、澄迈、五指山、白沙、三亚、东方、临高、定安、琼中、陵水等11个市、县的中、老龄橡胶树林段及其防护林的病、死树及树桩上的灵芝属真菌标本180余份进行鉴定,初步鉴定出灵芝属真菌17种,分别为白边树舌(Ganoderma albornartginatm)、层叠灵芝(G.lobatum)、长管灵芝(G.annulare)、黄边灵芝(G.luteomarginatum)、灵芝(G.lucidum)、南方树舌灵芝(G.australe)、热带灵芝(G.tropicum)、唐氏灵芝(G.donkii)、橡胶灵芝(G.pseudoferreum)、有柄树舌灵芝(G.gibbosm)、树舌灵芝(G.applanatum)、菲律宾灵芝(G.philippii)、褐灵芝(G.brownii)、薄盖灵芝(G.capense)、马蹄状灵芝(G.ungulatum)、吊罗山灵芝(G.diaoluoshanense)和无柄灵芝(G.resinaceum)。其中橡胶灵芝和菲律宾灵芝为引起橡胶树红根病的重要病原菌,热带灵芝(G.tropicum)、薄盖灵芝(G.capense)为引起台湾相思、木麻黄、桉树等防护林树木枯死的重要病原菌。     

膨化灵芝孢子粉获国家发明专利

灵芝孢子粉是灵芝的种子，也是灵芝药效最集中的部分，它的功效是灵芝菌体的75倍左右。在灵芝生长过程中孢子粉释放的时间短，数量少，1t灵芝才能出1kg孢子粉，所以极为珍贵。     

膨化灵芝孢子粉获国家发明专利

灵芝孢子粉是灵芝的种子，也是灵芝药效最集中的部分，它的功效是灵芝菌体的75倍左右。在灵芝生长过程中孢子粉释放的时间短，数量少，1t灵芝才能出1kg孢子粉，所以极为珍贵。     

不同土壤种植的灵芝超微粉增强小鼠免疫功能的比较研究

目的 比较山核桃壳、山沙土、玉米芯及玉米秸秆栽培土壤培育的灵芝超微粉对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法清洁级ICR雄性小鼠随机分为对照组,灵芝1号组,灵芝2号组,灵芝3号组及灵芝4号低、高剂量组,每组10只。对照组每日灌胃给予0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠20ml/kg,灵芝1号、灵芝2号、灵芝3号及灵芝4号低、高剂量组分别灌胃给予不同土壤种植的灵芝超微粉0.5、1.0 g/kg,每日1次,连续灌胃30天。计算小鼠胸腺、肝脏和脾脏系数,测定碳粒廓清指数K,吞噬指数α,血清溶血素生成,T淋巴细胞转化功能和NK细胞活性。结果灵芝1号,灵芝2号,灵芝3号及灵芝4号组均能明显增强小鼠脏器系数,廓清指数和吞噬指数,促进血清溶血素生成和T淋巴细胞增殖,提高NK细胞活性。结论山核桃壳、山沙土,玉米芯及玉米秸秆土壤培育的灵芝超微粉对小鼠非特异性及特异性免疫功能均具有增强作用,各组间无明显差异。     

膨化灵芝孢子粉获国家发明专利

灵芝孢子粉是灵芝的种子，也是灵芝药效最集中的部分，它的功效是灵芝菌体的75倍左右。在灵芝生长过程中孢子粉释放的时间短，数量少，1t灵芝才能出1kg孢子粉，所以极为珍贵。     

富硒灵芝的研究进展

富硒灵芝是以灵芝作为硒的转化载体培养获得的,其兼具灵芝与硒的生物活性,具有很高的药用价值对近年来对富硒灵芝的研究作一综述,包括灵芝的富硒培养、富硒灵芝的生物活性、含硒有效成分的分离和分析以及富硒灵芝产品开发的现状等,并对其研究方向进行了展望、     

橡胶林下鹿角灵芝栽培试验

在老龄胶园林下进行鹿角灵芝的棚栽试验,结果表明：鹿角灵芝菌丝生长状况良好,成活率为95.3 %-98.1 %,鹿角灵芝的子实体也能充分发育;单袋鹿角灵芝鲜重41.71-92.4 g,干重29.6-48.2 g。鹿角灵芝适宜在橡胶人工林下做棚栽种植。     

甘蔗渣对灵芝菌丝生长的影响及菌种保藏评价

为了筛选出最适合灵芝菌种复壮的培养基和灵芝菌种的保藏方法,通过添加不同含量的甘蔗渣提取液作为灵芝菌株复壮的培养基,观察灵芝菌丝在不同培养基下的生长速度和生长状况,并通过对灵芝菌种酶活力进行测定分析,比较几种不同保藏方法对灵芝菌种活力的影响。结果表明：马铃薯葡萄糖培养基（PDA）培养基添加甘蔗渣提取液能更好促进灵芝菌丝生长,添加100 g/L甘蔗渣提取液,赤灵芝GL102、紫灵芝GS63和GS15菌丝生长速率分别提高48%、70%和28%。与PDA保藏和石蜡油保藏培养基相比,甘蔗渣保藏的灵芝菌丝生长快、长势好,脱氢酶活力高。因此,甘蔗渣可用于灵芝菌种的复壮和保藏。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.