平衡施肥对重茬大豆幼苗生理及生长的影响

平衡施肥能改善重茬大豆幼苗的生理性状，使大豆主根长培养，侧根数增多，根系活力增强，总根长增加、叶面积增大，叶绿素含量增加，光合作用增强，大豆地上，地下部干重显著增加，NPK与多元微肥配合施用效果最佳。     

铬胁迫对水稻幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

用不同浓度的重铬酸钾溶液处理水稻幼苗,研究了重金属铬对水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明,随着铬胁迫浓度的提高,水稻幼苗的株高、单株鲜重、主根长等生长指标及叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性、根系活力等生理指标均逐渐降低,而MDA含量逐渐升高.在各项指标中,水稻幼苗主根长和根系活力受到显著抑制时的重铬酸钾浓度为10mg/L,低于株高、单株鲜重、叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性受到显著影响的浓度(50mg/L),说明水稻根系生长对Cr6+胁迫较地上部分更敏感.     

PEG浸种对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长及其耐冷性的影响

采用10%~30%PEG溶液浸种24 h的方法进行PEG预处理,研究PEG浸种对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长及其耐冷性的影响。结果表明,10%~20%PEG浸种预处理能提高常温和低温下水稻种子发芽势、发芽指数,增加主根长和侧根数,提高幼苗的叶绿素和脯氨酸含量。表明PEG浸种不但可以促进水稻种子萌发和幼苗长,而且可以增强种子和幼苗的耐冷性。     

芸薹素内酯对蔓性千斤拔漂浮育苗幼苗生物学特性的影响

探讨芸薹素内酯对蔓性千斤拔幼苗的调节效应,以为其制定漂浮育苗操作技术规程提供科学依据。试验设4种芸薹素内酯浓度处理,比较研究其对蔓性千斤拔幼苗生物学特性的影响。结果表明,喷施芸薹素内酯对提高蔓性千斤拔幼苗株高、叶片数、主根长、一级侧根数、单株干物重和根冠比均有不同程度的促进作用;不同浓度处理的效果总体表现为低浓度>高浓度>CK,与CK相比较,低浓度(BR1)处理的株高显著增加了20.7%,其一级侧根数显著提高了18.1%,其单株干物质积累量和根冠比分别显著增加了23.0%和38.4%,但其叶片数和主根长与CK间无显著差异;而较高浓度的BR处理对增加蔓性千斤拔幼苗一级侧根数有显著的正效应。     

不同铝水平胁迫对橡胶树幼苗若干生理指标的影响

研究不同铝水平胁迫(0、50、100、200、400 mmol/L)对橡胶树幼苗过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素含量、叶片相对电导率及幼苗地上部与地下部铝含量变化的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫均使橡胶树幼苗生理指标产生一定的变化。在200 mmol/L和400 mmol/L铝水平下橡胶苗叶片POD活性和SOD活性先上升后下降至胁迫前甚至为0;MDA含量则大量增加,而且越来越高;叶绿素总量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b随胁迫时间的推移呈下降趋势,且铝浓度越大下降趋势越明显;相对电导率随胁迫时间的推移均呈现上升趋势,介于60%~100%之间,超过细胞质膜死亡的阈值;橡胶苗地下部铝含量分别约为地上部铝含量的3倍、2倍、1.3倍。不同铝水平胁迫处理中,随着铝浓度越高、胁迫时间越长对橡胶树幼苗生理指标的影响越大。其中在200 mmol/L铝水平下叶片相对电导率大于50%,达到叶片细胞膜透性阈值,MDA则大量增加,SOD和POD急速上升后下降,叶绿素含量极少。因而认为橡胶树幼苗的最高铝耐受浓度为200 mmol/L,地下部铝含量的耐受量为6.2 mg/g,地上部的耐受量为2.9 mg/g。     

棉花营养液漂浮育苗条件下棉幼苗根系生长动态

以金农棉1号F1为材料,在营养液漂浮育苗条件下,研究了不同播种深度(1,2,3,4 cm)棉苗根系的生长动态.结果表明:种子破胸播种后16h主根开始伸长,24 h后伸长可达3～5mm,第3天后主根上有一级侧根原基突起,第4天突起明显,部分突起伸长,出现3～5条一级侧根,第9天在一级侧根上长出二级侧根;不同播种深度之问根系生长有一定的差异,以播种深度为1,2 cm的处理根系生长较好,主根长度和一级侧根数均呈S型曲线增长;播种深度为3,4 cm的处理,根系生长发育不正常,特别是播种深度为4 cm的处理,播种后21d根系全部腐烂,棉苗死亡.     

不同围径,不同主根长度的橡胶树高截干苗定植试验

报道了出圃时不同围径、不同主根长度的橡胶树高截干苗大田定植成活和当年恢复生长情况。苗木围径大小、主根长度与其定植成活率和植后恢复生长速度有密切关系。出圃时围径９－１５ｃｍ的橡胶树高截干苗大田定植成活率高，恢复生长较快。围径９ｃｍ以上的苗木，主根长度以大于４５ｃｍ为宜；围径大于１１ｃｍ的苗木，主根长应大于５０ｃｍ。     

木霉菌对大豆幼苗生长的影响及在根部定殖研究

分析木霉菌MM35、MM7、MM8、MM9、ZT1、ZT2对大豆幼苗生长的影响,其中MM7、ZT1和ZT2的孢子悬浮液在104cfu·mL-1和105cfu·mL-1的浓度下对大豆发芽不会产生影响,其代谢产物对大豆发芽没有抑制作用.盆栽试验表明:木霉菌MM7不对大豆幼苗产生致病性,且使株高增加13%.盆栽灭菌条件下研究木霉MM7在大豆根部定殖能力表明:木霉菌MM7可随大豆主根和侧根的生长而不断繁殖,且在土壤表面以下0～5 cm大豆根际土壤中MM7孢子数量明显高于5～10 cm和10～15 cm的土层,随着生育时间的延长,不同土层大豆主根和侧根表面木霉菌数量均可在12 d～22 d之间达到最高值,在根的表面形成保护层,对于大豆苗期病原菌起到一定抑制作用.     

不同类型花生根部性状的初步研究

对39份花生品种(其中12份普通型、12份珍珠豆型、13份龙生型和2份多粒型)进行根系性状研究。 结果表明,不同类型花生在主根长、根体积、根干重、侧根根瘤数等方面没有明显差异,但在侧根数、根基粗、主根根 瘤数、主侧根干重比等方面有显著差异或极显著差异,而在同一类型间除个别性状有差异外,其他性状在品种间差 异不显著。珍珠豆型花生的根干重小、根基粗小、主根根瘤数和侧根根瘤数少、一次侧根少且主侧根干重比小;普 通型花生主根长、侧根根瘤多、根体积小;龙生型花生根干重大、侧根根瘤数少、主根干重/侧根干重大、侧根数少; 多粒型花生根体积大、主根根瘤数多、侧根数多。利用根系性状对花生进行聚类分析,表明花生根系性状存在丰富 的多样性。虽然基于根系性状的聚类分析未能将39份花生分为两大类密枝亚种和疏枝亚种,也未能对亚种内类 型区分开来,但各亚组内花生品种基本上都是密枝亚种或疏枝亚种。     

乙烯对低磷胁迫下大豆根形态和生理特性的影响

利用沙培方法研究了乙烯对磷胁迫下大豆幼苗的生理影响。结果表明:磷胁迫下大豆主根长度降低50%,侧根长度增加46%,侧根数目增加64%。缺磷时大豆根系磷含量降低,根系活力和根系组织酸性磷酸酶活性分别是全磷培养植株的1.2和1.3倍;与供磷植株相比,缺磷时大豆干物质累积量显著降低,缺磷主要抑制了地上部分干物质累积,而根系干物质累积几乎不变,根冠比增大。磷胁迫使大豆乙烯含量增加,但乙烯释放量被乙烯拮抗剂Co2+抑制。外源乙烯利抑制全磷大豆主根伸长,促进缺磷大豆侧根生长;乙烯拮抗剂Co2+逆转了低磷和乙烯对主根的抑制,减少侧根数目。乙烯利能够增加大豆幼苗根系活力和根系组织酸性磷酸酶活性,降低大豆生物量,增加根冠比,且磷胁迫时效果更为明显。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.