硒对雏鸡胰腺的生物学效应

硒作为一种化学元素,高剂量是有毒的,但是,极少量又是禽类日粮中绝对必需的营养物。硒为何能增进动物的健康和生长的科学奥秘,随着广泛、深入的研究,逐渐揭示与解释。研究结果证实硒对于鸡的生长和维持胰腺外分泌机能具有专一的作用。胰腺是雏鸡对硒缺乏最先受影响、最敏感的靶器官,胰腺萎缩单纯由缺硒引起,因此唯有硒才能防治。本文综述有关硒对雏鸡胰腺的生物学效应的一些文献,试图对探讨与揭示硒的生物学效应以及硒一维生素E缺乏征的机理提供有益的启示和帮助。     

硒对雏鸡胰腺的生物学作用

微量元素硒是许多生物,特别是畜禽所必需的营养素。畜禽对缺硒的敏感性常依动物种属、年龄和性别而各异,且低硒对畜禽各器官机能及形态的影响与所引致的变化也各有特点。本文仅就硒对雏鸡胰腺的生物学作用加以综述。     

硒的代谢机制及其对家禽生产性能影响的研究进展

本文综述了硒对家禽生长性能、产蛋性能、免疫器官发育和生殖机能的影响,并对今后硒的研究方向进行了展望。     

氧化应激在硒缺乏致鸡胰岛β细胞功能损伤中的作用

为探讨氧化应激在硒缺乏致鸡胰岛β细胞功能损伤中的作用,1日龄海兰白蛋鸡200只,随机分为两组,缺硒组饲喂低硒日粮(硒含量为0.032 mg/kg),对照组饲喂正常日粮(硒含量为0.282 mg/kg).分别于30,45,60及75日龄采取全血和胰腺,检测血清和胰腺中抗氧化酶(GSH-Px、SOD、CAT)活性,GSH、MDA含量,放射免疫法检测血清和胰腺中胰岛素和C肽含量,荧光法测定全血和胰腺中硒的含量.结果表明:缺硒组全血和胰腺中硒含量呈下降趋势,血清和胰腺中GSH-Px、T-SOD、CAT活性、GSH含量均低于对照组,MDA含量高于对照组,同时血清胰岛素、C肽含量下降,胰岛C肽及胰岛素分泌贮备减少,均具有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05).缺硒可使鸡血清和胰腺内抗氧化酶活性下降,胰岛β细胞功能降低,表明氧化应激是硒缺乏致鸡胰岛β细胞功能受损的主要原因.     

缺硒对鸡胰腺影响的病理组织学观察

用1日龄来航公雏,进行两次试验。第一次试验,将180只雏鸡按体重平均分为两组,每组90只。试验组喂低硒基础日粮(含硒0.01ppm),对照组在基础日粮中补硒至0.20ppm。试验于6、12、18、24、30日龄时分批进行剖检。每次随机从各组取6只做胰腺的病理组织学观察。 第二次试验,将275只雏鸡按体重平均分成5组,每组55只,日粮含硒水平为0.01ppm、0.025ppm、0.05ppm、0.10ppm、0.20ppm。试验于39日龄时随机从每组取5只进行胰腺的病理组织学观察。 结果,低硒组6日龄时,胰腺腺泡上皮细胞胞浆内出现空泡,12日龄时多数与6日龄的变化几乎相似;18日龄时,腺泡上皮细胞胞浆内出现玻璃小体,并有腺泡轻度萎缩;24日龄时胰腺组织的实质内空泡剧增,呈蜂窝状,部分区域的腺泡萎缩,间质开始纤维化;30日龄时胰腺组织的部分区域出现纤维化;39日龄时日粮硒水平0.01ppm组胰腺组织大部分区域出现纤维化。日粮硒水平0.025及0.05ppm组胰腺组织的部分腺泡严重萎缩或轻度纤维化。日粮硒水平0.10ppm组胰腺组织轻度纤维化或腺泡萎缩。两次试验只有0.20ppm组,除个别胰腺实质中出现少量的空泡外,其余未见异常变化。作者初步认为,鸡日粮中硒的含量以0.15～0.20ppm为适宜。     

硒对羊生产性能的影响研究

硒是生命体必需的微量元素之一,其对动物的繁殖性能、生产性能、免疫机能等有着重要影响。近年来有关硒对羊生产性能影响的研究有大量报道,本文就硒对羊生产性能和免疫机能的影响及其在羊生产方面的应用研究进行了综述,为肉羊生产相关研究提供参考。     

硒对家畜繁殖机能的影响

硒对家畜繁殖机能的影响,是许多畜牧兽医工作者关心的问题.1 硒对公畜繁殖机能的影响Smith(1979)用放射性硒的方法研究公牛的生殖道及其它有关机体组织硒的存留量,发现除肾脏之外,以附睾、睾丸及前列腺和精囊中的硒含量最高.Segerson等(1981)对公猪体的研究也得到相似的结果.这表明,公牛和公猪的生殖器官与硒有亲合力,即有聚硒能力.     

不同水平豆粕替代鱼粉的饲料中添加酵母硒对凡纳滨对虾的影响

通过试验饲料对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、摄食情况、消化、代谢及免疫机能的影响研究,考察酵母硒在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的应用水平和应用效果,以节约养殖成本。试验选用(10±2)mm凡纳滨对虾幼虾进行为期56 d的试验。试验共设计豆粕替代水平分别为0、24%、48%、72%、96%的五组饲料,除对照组外每组饲料添加1%的酵母硒产品。结果显示:在添加酵母硒产品的对虾饲料中,不同豆粕替代水平对凡纳滨对虾的成活率、蛋白质效率、饲料系数、全虾水分、灰分、蛋白、脂肪,肌肉蛋白、脂肪、肝脏蛋白,肝胰腺中的淀粉酶、谷草转氨酶、总抗氧化能力、血淋巴中的甘油三酯和总胆固醇水平各组间没有显著差异(P0.05),但增重率、特定生长率,肝胰腺的谷丙转氨酶活性、脂肪含量及脂肪酶、溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶活性各组间存在差异;原料、饲料和生产成本均随着豆粕替代比例的提高逐渐降低。试验结果表明,适量添加酵母硒产品可以提高豆粕替代鱼粉的水平。     

硒在盐池县养猪业中的开发运用

硒是动物体内必需的微量元素，它在动物体内的新陈代谢中起着极其重要的作用。本文论述了硒的生理机能。分析了缺硒或硒过量对养猪业的影响和危害。并指出如何进行科学补硒。     

新生犊牛急性亚硒酸钠中毒的诊断报告

硒是各种动物生长发育不可缺少的重要微量元素,硒在动物体内具有抗氧化作用,对维持细胞膜的正常机能具有重要作用。硒能促进动物生长发育,提高繁殖性能,提高营养物质的消化率,促进抗体产生,增强机体的免疫机能。在土壤缺硒地区,饲料植物中缺硒,常导致畜禽发生硒缺乏症,引起犊牛     

AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE ULTRASOUND APPEARANCE OF THE NORMAL FELINE PANCREAS

In humans, pancreatic hyperechogenicity and duct dilation are reported as normal aging changes. Similar changes have been reported with pancreatitis in the cat. We attempted to determine if aging changes occur in the ultrasound appearance of the normal feline pancreas. The pancreas of 84 normal (based on history, physical exam, biochemical profile, and feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations) cats of varying ages was scanned. Pancreatic width at the left limb and body, pancreatic duct diameter at left limb and body, and pancreatic echogenicity compared with liver and surrounding fat were noted and compared with age and body weight. Lower and upper limits of the 95% reference intervals for pancreatic left limb width were 2.6 and 9.5 mm, and 3.5 and 8.5 mm for the pancreatic body width. There was no significant difference in pancreatic width between the left limb and body. Lower and upper limits of the 95% reference interval for the diameter of the pancreatic duct at the left limb and body were similar, and were 0.65 and 2.5 mm. There was a weak but significant linear correlation between pancreatic duct diameter and age, with increasing pancreatic duct diameter with increasing age. There was no correlation of pancreatic width with age, and no correlation of pancreatic echogenicity with age or body weight. Based on this study, feline pancreatic size and echogenicity do not change with age. Pancreatic duct diameter increases slightly with age and should not be used as a sole indicator of pancreatitis in the geriatric cat.     

Ileal exposure to pig pancreatic juice and bile inhibit exocrine pancreatic secretion in pigs

The mechanisms involved in the down regulation of the exocrine pancreas are still not fully elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of duodenal and ileal exposure to pancreatic enzymes and bile on pancreatic secretion. Experiments were performed with pigs fitted with pancreatic duct, ileal and jugular vein catheters, and duodenal T-shaped cannula. A negative feedback regulation of pancreatic secretion was found for both duodenal and ileal delivery of pancreatic juice. Pancreatic secretion was unaffected by duodenal delivery of bile and bile salts, while ileal delivery of bile and bile salts lowered it. On the other hand, pancreatic secretion was increased by duodenal loading of commercial non- or activated pancreatic enzyme preparations, thus probably recognised as dietary protein. Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) level was lowered only by duodenal delivery of pancreatic juice. In conclusion, the results prove the existence of negative feedback mechanism regulating pancreatic secretion dependent on the presence of pure pancreatic juice or bile at the ileal level. The mechanism at the duodenal level is exclusively sensitive to pure pancreatic juice.     

Effects of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and replacement therapy on the bacterial flora of the duodenum in dogs

The influence of pancreatic secretions on the bacterial flora of the small intestine in 6 dogs was investigated by determining effects of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency on numbers and types of bacteria in duodenal juice, and by examining the subsequent response to dietary supplementation with bovine pancreatic extract. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was induced by ligation of pancreatic ducts and was confirmed by indirect assessment of exocrine pancreatic function. Duct ligation was followed by large increases (P less than 0.01) in total numbers of bacteria, reflecting increased numbers particularly of Lactobacillus spp and Streptococcus spp, in 3 dogs accompanied by obligate anaerobes. Total numbers of aerobes and anaerobes decreased markedly (P less than 0.05) after supplementation with bovine pancreatic extract to values that were not significantly different from those determined before duct ligation. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency therefore resulted in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth that was reversed by pancreatic replacement therapy, indicating that pancreatic secretions can have an important influence on the small intestinal bacterial flora of dogs.     

Attempt to establish a chronic model to study the influence of bile and pancreatic juice diversion on pancreas feedback regulation in conscious pigs

The diversion of pancreatic juice and bile stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion but the mechanism behind this process is still not clear. The present study investigates the influence of long lasting (10 h) bile diversion or pancreatic juice and bile diversion on the pancreatic secretion in conscious pigs. The experiments were performed on 4 weaned piglets, which had a catheter inserted to the accessory pancreatic duct and bile duct and two cannulas to the duodenum. The depletion of bile alone or both bile and pancreatic juice (PJ) resulted in an increased preprandial pancreatic juice outflow, as compared to controls. Bile diversion increased the pancreatic response to feeding. PJ volume, protein outflow, and trypsin activity values were significantly higher in bile diverted pigs than in control pigs during the prandial and postprandial periods. While in pancreatic juice and bile diverted piglets the PJ protein outflow and trypsin activity slightly increased in response to feeding, their values were lower than those of the control piglets. In conclusion, both pancreatic juice and bile present in the small intestine play an important role in the regulation of the pancreatic juice secretion.     

RELATIONSHIP OF PANCREATIC DUCT DILATION TO AGE AND CLINICAL FINDINGS IN CATS

Dilation of the pancreatic duct has been described as an ultrasonographic feature of pancreatitis in cats. The purpose of this study was to determine normal pancreatic duct width in healthy older cats and assess the significance of pancreatic duct dilation observed in a clinical population. In a prospective study, pancreatic ultrasound was performed in 15 healthy cats (mean age 13 +/- 3 years). Mean pancreatic width of left lobe, body, and right lobe was 0.65 +/- 0.16 cm (0.46-1.03 cm), 0.64 +/- 0.14 cm (0.46-0.9 cm), and 0.43 +/- 0.09 cm (0.3-0.57 cm), respectively. Mean pancreatic duct width was 0.13 +/- 0.04 cm (0.06-0.24 cm), which was significantly larger than previously reported for younger cats (0.08 +/- 0.025 cm) (P < 0.001). One hundred and four of 1445 clinical patients (7.2%) were diagnosed with a dilated pancreatic duct and were reviewed in a retrospective study. Incidence of pancreatic duct dilation was significantly higher in older than in younger cats (2.7% in cats < 1-5 years vs. 18.1% in cats 15 years or older; P < 0.001). Mean pancreatic duct width was 0.23 +/- 0.07 cm (0.14-0.52 cm), and there was a significant correlation between age and pancreatic duct width (P = 0.01). There was also a significant relationship between the mean ratio of pancreatic duct width and pancreatic thickness (n = 98) (0.29 +/- 0.09; 0.09-0.58; P = 0.041). There was no significant difference in age between cats with and without pancreatic disease. There was no association between pancreatic disease and pancreatic duct width or pancreatic duct width/pancreatic thickness ratio. Pancreatic duct width and pancreatic duct width/pancreatic thickness ratio in cats are significantly associated with age.     

Studies on nutrient digestibilities (pre-caecal and total) in pancreatic duct-ligated pigs and the effects of enzyme substitution

Introduction Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency causes digestive disturbances in humans and animals. However, although clinical symptoms of pancreatic insufficiency, e.g. steatorrhoea, only occurs after loss of 80–90% normal pancreatic secretory capacity (D i M agno et al. 1973), pancreatic enzyme supplementation does not always result in normalization of digestion (especially of fat), even with high doses of enzymes (L& ouml ; ser and F& ouml ; lsch 1995). In order to better understand the physiological and the pathological consequences of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in humans as well as its therapy with enzyme substitution, studies have been made using an animal model of induced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Hither to, studies concerning pancreatic duct ligation and/or the influence of enzyme substitution have mainly been focused on estimation of enzyme activities in chyme (e.g. A bello et al. 1989) and/or on faecal analyses of total digestibility (e.g. I mmondi et al. 1972). To get more information on effects of enzymes (natural or substituted) it seems necessary to investigate the site and extent of digestion more intensively (S udendey 1995). Therefore a pig model of induced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, via pancreatic duct ligation, was chosen and pre-caecal digestibility was measured by means of an ileo-caecal re-entrant fistula. Studies on the digestibility of a high fat diet were made, since cystic fibrosis patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency are recommended to take in high amounts of energy to avoid catabolic metabolism and nowadays these high energy diets comprise increasing proportions of fat (D urie and P encharz 1989; S hepherd et al. 1991). The following aspects were investigated in controls and pancreatic duct-ligated pigs that were fed a high fat diet: changes in the composition of ileal chyme and faeces; effects on nutrient digestibility (pre-caecal and total); efficacy of enzyme substitution in total exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.     

纳米氧化铈对蛋鸡胰脂肪酶活性及基因表达的影响

本文旨在建立胰脂肪酶实时荧光定量 ＰＣＲ检测方法的基础上研究纳米氧化铈对蛋鸡胰脂肪酶活性及基因表达的影响。试验选择 ２６周龄健康商品蛋鸡 ３８４只，随机分为 ４组，每组８个重复，每个重复 １２只鸡。以玉米 －豆粕型饲粮为基础饲粮，在基础饲粮中分别添加 ０（Ⅰ组）、３０（Ⅱ组）、６０（Ⅲ组）和 ９０ｍｇ／ｋｇ（Ⅳ组）的纳米氧化铈，试验期 ７周。结果表明：１）本试验建立的胰脂肪酶实时荧光定量 ＰＣＲ检测方法具有线性关系好，特异性、敏感性、重复性高等特点，可用于检测胰脂肪酶 ｍＲＮＡ表达水平；２）Ⅲ组胰脂肪酶活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１），胰脂肪酶 ｍＲＮＡ表达水平显著高于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此得出，饲粮中添加 ６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ纳米氧化铈可显著提高蛋鸡胰脂肪酶活性，上调胰脂肪酶 ｍＲＮＡ表达水平。     

IMAGING FINDINGS IN PANCREATIC NEOPLASIA AND NODULAR HYPERPLASIA IN 19 CATS

Pancreatic neoplasia in cats is rare and associated with a poor prognosis, but pancreatic nodular hyperplasia is a common incidental finding. The purpose of this study was to describe radiographic and ultrasonographic findings in cats with pancreatic neoplasia or nodular hyperplasia. Fourteen cats (age 3-18 years) were diagnosed with malignant pancreatic tumors: carcinoma/adenocarcinoma (n = 11), lymphoma (n = 1), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1), and lymphangiosarcoma (n = 1). The most common radiographic findings were an abdominal mass or mass effect (6/6) and lack of serosal margin detail (4/6). On ultrasound, the most common finding was a focal pancreatic mass or nodule, with a size range from 0.4 cm to more than 7.0 cm (8/14). Lymphadenopathy (7/14) and abdominal effusion (7/14) were frequently seen. Five cats (age 10-16 years) with adenomatous/nodular hyperplasia had an abdominal mass or mass effect as the most common radiographic finding (3/3). On ultrasound, all cats had multiple hypoechoic nodules between 0.3 and 1.0 cm associated with the pancreas. Other common findings were pancreatic thickening (2/5), lymphadenopathy (2/5), and abdominal effusion (2/5). The only imaging finding unique to malignant pancreatic tumors was the presence of a single pancreatic nodule or mass exceeding 2cm in at least one dimension (4/14). Although there was a tendency for neoplastic lesions to manifest as single larger lesions and for nodular hyperplasia to manifest as multiple smaller lesions, there was overlap of the imaging findings in both entities. Radiographs and ultrasound can complement but not replace cytology and histopathology in the diagnosis of feline pancreatic neoplasia.     

Morphologic and immunocytochemical study of young dogs with diabetes mellitus associated with pancreatic islet hypoplasia

In 11 dogs (7 males, 4 females; 10 purebred, 1 mixed breed), diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus before the age of 6 months, the pancreas was evaluated histologically; in 6, the pancreas also was examined by use of electron microscopy and/or immunocytochemical methods. Each dog was placed in 1 of 3 groups (A through C) on the basis of pancreatic histopathologic findings: Group A (n = 3)--no recognizable islets, but the pancreas in 2 dogs contained scattered endocrine cells detectable by use of immunoperoxidase staining or electron microscopy; Group B (n = 4)--no recognizable islets, but the pancreas had severe vacuolation of ducts and acini, as well as acinar atrophy; Group C (n = 4)--scant shrunken islets; 1 pancreas had reduced numbers of recognizable islets, hydropic beta-cell vacuolation attributable to glycogen deposition, and islet and nonislet endocrine cells in expected proportions. Insulitis was not observed in any pancreas, although scattered lymphocytes were seen in the pancreatic interstitial fibrous tissue of 3 dogs. Histologic pancreatic lesions in these young dogs were distinct from those of type-I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in human beings, as well as from those of diabetes mellitus in aged dogs, but were similar to those described in other young diabetic dogs. This uncommon syndrome is distinct from commonly recognized canine diabetes mellitus, on the basis of age of onset, predisposition for purebred dogs, lack of predisposing endocrinopathies or obesity, and pancreatic histologic features. The cause(s) is unknown, but is related to pancreatic endocrine hypoplasia and not to insulitis or to exocrine pancreatic inflammation. The term pancreatic islet hypoplasia is chosen as best describing this disorder.     

Immunocytochemical component of endocrine cells in pancreatic islets of horses

The endocrine cell components in the pancreatic islets of the following 4 pancreatic regions of the horse were investigated by immunohistochemical methods: lobus pancreatis sinister (left lobe); lobus pancreatis dexter (right lobe); and 2 regions of Corpus pancreatis (body), the duodenal lobe which lies along the cranial duodenal flexure and descending duodenum, and the intermediate lobe which is situated around the portal vein. The islets in the left and intermediate lobes contained a central mass of glucagon cells surrounded by insulin cells, a few somatostatin cells and sporadic pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells. On the other hand, the islets in the duodenal lobe were small in size compared with the other 3 regions, and were predominant in insulin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells, but almost lacked in glucagon cells. These findings suggested that the duodenal lobe was derived from the ventral pancreatic primordium, and the left and intermediate lobes were originated from the dorsal pancreatic primordium. In the right lobe, the composition and distribution of the islet cells were almost the same as those in the left and intermediate lobes, but there were several lobules containing numerous PP cells as seen in the duodenal lobe.