酪氨酸磷酸化在精子获能过程中的作用

在精子细胞发生顶体反应并使卵母细胞受精之前,获能是一个重要的生理先决条件。获能是精子在雌性生殖道中进一步成熟的复杂现象,其赋予精子以增强活性的能力,使精子能够与卵母细胞透明带（ZP）相互作用,进行顶体反应并与卵母细胞质膜融合,进而完成受精过程。然而精子获能的分子机制十分复杂,目前还未完全明确,但获能后的精子会有诸多结构及生化方面的变化,如蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化、精子膜胆固醇外流、活性氧的产生及精子膜超极化。蛋白质通过磷酸化或去磷酸化调节精子获能和顶体反应等一些重要的现象,这是精子到达、结合、穿透和融合卵母细胞所必需的过程。因此蛋白磷酸化是获能的一个非常重要的过程,尤其是在酪氨酸残基处的磷酸化是获能过程中发生的最重要的事件之一,且酪氨酸磷酸化可能是细胞中信号转导途径的主要甚至是唯一的指标。作者主要针对蛋白磷酸化、精子中酪氨酸磷酸化的发现、作用和定位,以及影响获能过程中酪氨酸磷酸化的几个因素进行阐述。     

酪氨酸磷酸化在精子获能过程中的作用

在精子细胞发生顶体反应并使卵母细胞受精之前,获能是一个重要的生理先决条件。获能是精子在雌性生殖道中进一步成熟的复杂现象,其赋予精子以增强活性的能力,使精子能够与卵母细胞透明带(ZP)相互作用,进行顶体反应并与卵母细胞质膜融合,进而完成受精过程。然而精子获能的分子机制十分复杂,目前还未完全明确,但获能后的精子会有诸多结构及生化方面的变化,如蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化、精子膜胆固醇外流、活性氧的产生及精子膜超极化。蛋白质通过磷酸化或去磷酸化调节精子获能和顶体反应等一些重要的现象,这是精子到达、结合、穿透和融合卵母细胞所必需的过程。因此蛋白磷酸化是获能的一个非常重要的过程,尤其是在酪氨酸残基处的磷酸化是获能过程中发生的最重要的事件之一,且酪氨酸磷酸化可能是细胞中信号转导途径的主要甚至是唯一的指标。作者主要针对蛋白磷酸化、精子中酪氨酸磷酸化的发现、作用和定位,以及影响获能过程中酪氨酸磷酸化的几个因素进行阐述。     

哺乳类动物精子的获能和顶体反应

介绍了在生殖过程中的2个重要的生理变化--获能和顶体反应,并综述了最近几年来在生殖生物学领域关于获能与顶体反应机制方面的最新成果.结果显示,cAMP、Ca2+、咖啡因等因素对精子获能有促进作用,ZP3、Ca2+、cAMP、肝素等因素对顶体反应有促进作用.所有研究成果表明,精子的荻能和顶体反应与精子膜的生理变化有着密切关系.     

精子获能机理及调控

哺乳动物的精子在刚射入雌性生殖道时 ,或从附睾取出时 ,并不具备受精能力 ,必需在雌性生殖道内经过一段时间 ,发生生理及形态学的变化才能获得受精能力 ,这一现象是被美籍华人科学家张明觉和澳大利亚科学家Ａｕｓｔｉｎ发现的 ,后来被Ａｕｓｔｉｎ称为精子获能 (ＳｐｅｒｍＣａｐａｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎ) [1] 。在自然状况下精子获能是在雌性的生殖道内进行的 ,从子宫开始到输卵管的壶腹部完成。它受自主神经和雌性甾体激素的调控[2 ] 。获能是一个多过程的步骤 ,包括精子的超激化的运动、精子膜蛋白的变化、膜流动性的变化直到顶体反应的发生 …     

精子获能过程中蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化的研究进展

精子获能是精子发生顶体反应以及精卵结合受精前重要的生理过程,许多因素参与调节精子获能,其中精子蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化是精子运动力、精子超激活运动、精子获能等多种生理生化过程的重要调控因素。本文就目前有关精子蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化与精子获能之间的研究进展进行综述。     

哺乳动物获能精子蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化研究进展

哺乳动物成熟精子是一种高度分化的生殖细胞,"获能"后具有受精能力,其中酪氨酸磷酸化过程是获能过程中非常重要的环节,参与调控获能相关的顶体反应和超激活运动。精子获能分子机理研究有助于解决临床男性不育以及男性避孕问题,同时为牲畜体外人工授精技术应用提供理论支持。目前哺乳动物获能精子蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化的分子机制研究主要集中在信号通路、蛋白质种类鉴定、影响因素等方面。     

碳酸氢根对精子功能的影响

哺乳动物的精子在刚进入雌性生殖道或从附睾取出时,并不具备受精能力,它必须在雌性生殖道内通过精子获能,才具备受精的能力。在一系列关于精子受精的体内体外实验中,均发现雌性生殖道的内环境对精子获能有重要作用。在体外模拟雌性生殖道的内环境的试验中,精子获能不仅与各种激素的浓度相关,还涉及许多离子浓度的变化,如Ca~(2 )、K~ 、HCO_3~-、Cl~-等。研究表明,雌性生殖道含有高浓度的HCO_3~-,对精子功能起重要作用,它通过影响精子的运动、获能及顶体反应,而对精子的受精能力产生重要影响,同时,HCO_3~-分泌受损也为不育的病因提供了最新证据。     

精液冷冻保存的影响因素分析

就精子冷冻与种间及种内差异，冷冻保存剂、获能、精子的异源性、精子的寿命等方面的关系进行了分析。提出今后应在冷冻损伤的原因、渗透压及氧化还原反应对精子膜的影响，膜组成及流动性与精子抗冻性的关系等方面进行深入的研究，将有助于对冻融技术进行实质性的改进。     

冷冻保存对和田羊精液品质的影响

对和田羊精液进行冷冻保存,以比较冷冻对和田羊精子获能、质膜完整性和顶体完整率的影响。结果表明：①冷冻保存对绵羊精子获能有一定的影响,解冻精子的获能比新鲜精子的获能数量显著增多（P〈O．05）。解冻过程使得显示获能的B型精子的数量显著增加（P〈0．05）。②冷冻使精子质膜破损,致使解冻精子无论是在质膜完整性还是在顸体完整率上都与新鲜精子存在较大差异,说明冷冻过程对精子膜结构造成了严重损伤。     

哺乳动物精子获能信号通路及检测方法研究进展

哺乳动物精子与卵细胞结合完成受精前,获能是关键环节之一。精子获能伴随着许多生理生化过程的改变,包括离子含量的改变、质膜重组、胆固醇外排和蛋白质的酪氨酸磷酸化等,此外,去能因子能使精子顺利完成受精。通过这些变化可以检测精子的获能状态,常用的检测方法主要有s ACcAMP-PKA通路检测、质膜流动性变化检测、胆固醇再次分布检测、酪氨酸磷酸化检测和顶体反应检测等。对哺乳动物精子获能过程中涉及的信号通路、信号分子、调节因子、离子通道以及精子获能检测方法的研究进展进行综述,并对未来主要研究方向进行展望,以期为精子体外培养及辅助生殖技术的应用等提供参考。     

The membrane of the mammalian spermatozoa: much more than an inert envelope

Sperm plasma membrane is a very important structure that functions to protect sperm against extracellular injuries and to respond to physiological challenges. It plays a crucial role during sperm capacitation, in sperm-egg interaction and, finally, in fertilization. Concerning sperm technology, possibly the most important factors causing damage in mammalian spermatozoa membranes are initiated by the osmotic stress generated by dehydration of the cells during freezing and thawing. These changes are rapidly derived to the plasma and organelle membranes that gradually experiment loss of membrane architecture, causing unbalanced production of reactive oxygen species and increased lipid peroxidation. Other procedures such as sperm sorting or liquid storage of sperm also induce harmful changes in the integrity of the membrane. The specific composition of lipids of the sperm membranes may provide clues for understanding the mechanisms behind the differences found in the response to stress in different species. In the present review, we deal with the composition, architecture and organization of the sperm plasma membrane, emphasizing the factors that can affect membrane integrity. The intracellular signalling pathways related with membrane reorganization during capacitation and acrosome reaction are also reviewed.     

猪精子获能前后细胞亚组分蛋白分离及酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白的鉴定

本研究对猪精子获能前后细胞亚组分蛋白进行分离以及对酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白进行鉴定,旨在为哺乳动物精子受精生物学研究奠定理论基础。利用动物精子体外获能培养、细胞亚组分分离技术及蛋白免疫印迹的方法,分离猪精子细胞亚组分蛋白及酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白鉴定。结果表明,猪精子经过获能培养后各项活力指标均得到显著提高,且与精子蛋白发生酪氨酸磷酸化修饰密切相关;获能精子中126、108、79ku的高分子量蛋白磷酸化程度明显高于未获能精子;分子质量约为25、47、50ku的膜蛋白及47ku胞浆蛋白发生酪氨酸磷酸化,其中25、47ku的膜蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化程度显著高于未获能精子(P<0.05);分子量约为23、37、42～50ku的核蛋白发生酪氨酸磷酸化,获能精子中23ku的核蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化程度显著高于未获能精子(P<0.05)。结果提示,猪精子细胞不同亚组分中,发生酪氨酸磷酸化修饰的蛋白以膜蛋白及核蛋白为主,同时有少量的胞浆蛋白。     

First messenger regulation of mammalian sperm function via adenylyl cyclase/cAMP

When released into an appropriate environment, mammalian spermatozoa begin to capacitate and then continue until fully capacitated and able to fertilize. During capacitation in vitro, some cells 'over-capacitate' and undergo spontaneous acrosome reactions; this would be highly undesirable in vivo since already acrosome-reacted spermatozoa are non-fertilizing. Recent studies have revealed that seminal plasma contains several small molecules that bind to specific receptors on the sperm plasma membrane and act as 'first messengers', causing biologically important changes in availability of the 'second messenger' cAMP. Fertilization promoting peptide (FPP), calcitonin and adenosine all regulate cAMP production, stimulating it in uncapacitated spermatozoa and then inhibiting it in capacitated cells; in contrast, angiotensin II stimulates cAMP throughout capacitation. The molecules that regulate cAMP appear to do so via G protein-modulated changes in membrane associated adenylyl cyclases (mACs). Both mouse and human spermatozoa have been shown to have Galphas and Galphai2, as well as several isoforms of mAC, located in the same regions as the specific receptors. Thus spermatozoa possess the required elements for several separate signal transduction pathways, many of which regulate mAC/cAMP and so maintain sperm fertilizing ability. In vivo, such responses could increase the chances of successful fertilization.     

哺乳动物精子线粒体研究进展

哺乳动物精子线粒体是维持精子活力的关键细胞器，对精子超激活运动、获能、顶体反应及受精等过程起到重要的调节作用。哺乳动物精子线粒体特有的形态特征与特异性酶异构体使其具有独特动力学和调节特性。精子线粒体中发生的氧化磷酸化过程是维持精子运动的重要途径，该过程产生的活性氧对精子功能的维持具有重要作用，但过量可能导致精子损伤，加速精子凋亡。哺乳动物精子质膜磷脂酰丝氨酸外翻和相关半胱氨酸蛋白酶激活级联反应引起细胞凋亡。区别于体细胞线粒体，精子线粒体钙信号可能并未参与精子固有的凋亡途径，作为衡量线粒体功能的敏感指标，其对线粒体膜电位和耗氧量的检测研究至关重要。哺乳动物精子线粒体具有自身的遗传系统，线粒体基因拷贝数可能作为无创衡量精子质量和受精能力的标记。作者重点阐述了哺乳动物精子线粒体的结构、线粒体鞘的形成及其生物功能，包括发生在线粒体中的氧化磷酸化过程、活性氧对精子的利与弊、线粒体参与钙稳态与细胞凋亡过程；介绍了线粒体膜电位和耗氧量的检测，简述了线粒体基因组的研究进展，为进一步探讨线粒体所涉及的精子功能机制奠定基础。     

Hyaluronic Acid as Capacitation Inductor: Metabolic Changes and Membrane‐Associated Adenylate Cyclase Regulation

The aim of this research was to study the effect of hyaluronic acid on bovine cryopreserved spermatozoa compared with heparin as regards the variation of capacitation induction, cellular oxidative metabolism and intracellular signal induced by membrane‐associated adenylate cyclase to propose hyaluronic acid as a capacitation inductor. Heparin or hyaluronic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine were used to induce sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction, respectively. 2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine was used as a membrane‐associated adenylate cyclase inhibitor. The highest percentages of capacitated spermatozoa and live spermatozoa with acrosome integrity were obtained by incubating sperm for 60 min using 1000 μg/ml hyaluronic acid. In these conditions, capacitation induced by hyaluronic acid was lower compared with heparin; nonetheless both glycosaminoglycans promote intracellular changes that allow true acrosome reaction in vitro induced by lysophosphatidylcholine in bovine spermatozoa. Oxygen consumption in heparin‐capacitated spermatozoa was significantly higher than in hyaluronic acid‐treated spermatozoa. With all treatments, mitochondrial coupling was observed when a specific uncoupler of the respiratory chain was added. The inhibition of membrane‐associated adenylate cyclase significantly blocked capacitation induction produced by hyaluronic acid, maintaining a basal sperm oxygen uptake in contrast to heparin effect in which both sperm parameters were inhibited, suggesting that the membrane‐associated adenylate cyclase activation is involved in the intracellular signal mechanisms induced by both capacitation inductors, but only regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in heparin‐capacitated spermatozoa.     

牛精子体外获能的研究进展

文章从精子体外获能的分子机制和体外获能的影响因素等两个方面对牛精子体外获能的发展现状作了比较全面的概括.同时指出了各种处理精子方法的优缺点.并指出了牛精子体外获能的研究价值和意义.     

The Effect of Oestradiol, Progesterone and Heparin on Bovine Spermatozoa Function After Thawing

The present experiment was designed to determine the effects of various biologically active substances, such as oestradiol (OE), progesterone (P4) and heparin (Hep) alone or in combination on sperm plasma membrane scrambling, capacitation and acrosome reaction (AR) of post-thaw bovine spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were incubated for 180 min in capacitation medium supplemented with (i) 1 mug/ml OE; (ii) 1 mug/ml P4; (iii) 1 mug/ml OE and 1 mug/ml P4; (iv) 1 mug/ml OE and 5 mug/ml Hep; (v) 1 mug/ml P4 and 5 mug/ml Hep; (vi) 1 mug/ml OE, 1 mug/ml P4 and 5 mug/ml Hep. At predetermined time intervals aliquots were taken to assess sperm plasma membrane scrambling, or capacitation (AR induced by lysophosphatidylcholine) in spermatozoa. The second experiment was aimed to study the effects of OE, P4 and OE/P4 as potential inducers of AR in Hep-capacitated spermatozoa. Plasma membrane scrambling was assessed by a flow cytometer, using Merocyanine staining. Acrosomal status and viability of spermatozoa were evaluated under epifluorescence microscope with Ethidium homodimer-1/peanut agglutinin fluorescein isothiocyanate staining method (EthD-1/PNA-FITC). The results show that OE, P4 and a combination of OE/P4 at concentrations used did not affect sperm viability. Heparin significantly (p < 0.001) increased sperm plasma membrane scrambling of OE and P4-treated spermatozoa. P4 significantly affected the rate of sperm capacitation (p < 0.001) and AR (p < 0.05), but OE expressed membrane-stabilizing properties (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that in frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa OE presents plasma membrane stabilizing properties that can be abolished by Hep, but not by P4. Progesterone possesses capacitating and AR-inducing properties in frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa that can be alleviated by OE.     

Dynamics in the membrane organization of the mammalian sperm cell and functionality in fertilization

The capacitation process of sperm cells involves complex changes in the composition and orientation of molecules at the surface of the sperm cell. Here we focus on the lipid architecture in the sperm plasma membrane and demonstrate that the sperm plasma membrane is not static but is an extremely dynamic structure. Advanced fluoroscopic techniques enabled continuous monitoring of lipid organization in living cells and extremely rapid lipid movements were observed. The orientation of lipids in the sperm plasma membrane changed under capacitative treatments, was found to be sensitive for temperature and also changed upon binding of sperm cells to the zona pellucida. The changes in membrane properties coincided with an activation of protein kinases resulting in tyrosine phosphorylation of specific plasma membrane proteins. The detected membrane changes relate to intrinsic membrane properties such as fluidity, permeability, adhesiveness and fusibility. We think that these results may provide a physiological basis for new assays, able to discriminate between functional and non-physiological sperm cells.