Nitrate leaching in field lysimeters at an agricultural site in Zimbabwe

Abstract. Nitrate leaching in lysimeters containing a tropical sandy agricultural soil was studied over two summers with maize ( Zea mays L.) and one winter season with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments included two moisture regimes and two nitrogen sources, cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer-N (either ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate) applied at 100 kg N/ha in the summers. Neither manure nor fertilizer-N was applied in the intervening winter. Leachate volume from the manured lysimeters was mostly larger than from fertilized ones because of poor growth and less evapotranspiration. The largest seasonal nitrate loads (17–39 kg N/ha) were obtained in the wet summer immediately after installation of the lysimeters. Nitrate loads in winter (3.7–18.6 kg N/ha) were larger than those obtained in fertilized (0.6 and 9.3 kg N/ha) and manured (0.3 and 3.0 kg N/ha) lysimeters for the two moisture regimes in the second summer. The drier conditions in the second summer decreased N-mineralization and leaching of manure.     

Nutrient leaching from pine needles impacted by acidic cloudwater

In coastral and mountainous environments, fog and cloud droplets are frequently deposited onto terrestrial surfaces; this deposition pathway may account for a large fraction of both moisture and chemical loading. Stratus cloudwater was collected for chemical analyses at Henninger Flats (870 m MSL), a site in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains, 25 km northeast of downtown Los Angeles. Concurrent samples of intercepted cloudwater were manually removed, drop-by-drop, from needles on various species of pine trees upon which it had deposited. Samples were analyzed for pH, major cations, and anions. Solute concentrations were substantially higher in samples removed from pine needles compared to the suspended cloudwater. For example, cloudwater concentrations for nitrate and sulfate were measured between 0.25 and 4.5 meq L^?1 while deposited samples were 0.4 to 90 meq L^?1. This solute enhancement was due to evaporation following droplet deposition and to nutrient leaching. Nutrient leaching was indicated by (a) a disproportionate increase in the concentrations of cations such as K and Mg (a factor of 2 to 15 enrichment relative to sulfate), and (b) reductions in the leachate acidity and ammonium relative to the incident droplets. A relationship was observed between the enhancement of Na, Ca, and nitrate in pine needle leachate. This suggests that reactions at the foliar surfaces are occurring which involve gaseous HNO₃ and accumulated soil dust and sea-salt particles.     

Nutrient leaching losses from a sandy soil in lysimeters

Abstract

Two lysimeter experiments were conducted on annual leaching losses of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), sulphate‐sulphur (SO₄‐S), and magnesium (Mg) (one experiment only) from a sandy soil in central England during 1988–1995 to provide information on typical nutrient losses under arable agriculture below 1.2 m (Experiment 1) or 1.5 m (Experiment 2). Total annual losses, in the absence of manure additions, were highly dependent on the amount of drainage; flow‐weighted average concentrations were similar between years within experiments. Concentrations, averaged over the duration of the experiments were 74 and 78 mg L^‐1 Ca, 17 and 27 mg L^‐1 Na, 11 and 8 mg L^‐1 K, 74 and 77 mg L^‐1 Cl, and 57 and 38 mg L^‐1 SO₄‐S for the two experiments respectively; Mg concentration was 17 mg L^‐1. Applications of chicken litter were made to some of the lysimeters in the last three years, and all nutrients showed increased leaching as a result. Application rates akin to disposal (rather than for crop fertilization) produced the largest losses. Following a total application of 125 t ha^‐1 over three years, average concentrations in water draining below 1.5 m in the final year were 57 and 277 mg L^‐1 Ca, 22 and 75 mg L^‐1 Cl, 7 and 14 mg L^‐1 K, 22 and 57 mg L^‐1 Na, 27, and 125 mg L^‐1 SO₄‐S for the untreated and manured soils, respectively.     

Nutrient leaching from clay soil monoliths with variable past manure inputs

Overall, arable soils in Sweden are currently generally close to phosphorus (P) balance, but excessive P accumulation has occurred on animal fur farms, i.e., those rearing mink (Mustela vison) and foxes (Alopex lagopus and Vulpes vulpes). Manure P from these farms has sometimes regarded as sparingly soluble. Laboratory lysimeter topsoil trials with simulated rain demonstrated that potential leaching of P in dissolved reactive form (DRP) can be very high, even for heavy clay (50%–65%) soils. The Swedish/Norwegian soil test P‐AL (soil P extracted with acid NH₄ lactate, AL) proved useful as a potential indicator of DRP leaching risk (regression coefficient [R²] = 0.89) from fur farms. The upper 5‐cm soil layer, with 190% higher (median) soil P status than the 5–20 cm layer, was the major source of potential DRP leaching through soil columns at the site, despite having been under grass or green fallow for the past 8 y. In percolate from topsoil lysimeters, DRP concentration increased by 0.29 mg L^–1 after the long‐term manure application but only by 0.14 mg L^–1 after the single slurry application when compared to no addition of slurry. Therefore, the build‐up to a high soil P status due to the long‐term application of mink manure was more important than a single application of pig slurry at a rate corresponding to 22 kg P ha^–1 with respect to soil leachate DRP losses in this lysimeter study. The study stresses the importance of precision farming, in which the amount of slurry‐P applied is based on testing the already existing soil P content.     

Nutrient leaching from the plow layer by water percolation and accumulation in the subsoil in an irrigated paddy field

To estimate the impact of water percolation on the nutrient status in paddy fields, the seasonal variations of the concentrations of cations, anions, inorganic carbon (IC), and of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in percolating water that was collected from just below the plow layer (PW-13) and from drainage pipes at the 40 em depth (PW-40), as well as in irrigation water were measured in an irrigated paddy field. Total amounts of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn leached from PW-13 during the period of rice cultivation were estimated to range from about 390 to 770, 65 to 130, 33 to 66, 340 to 680, and 44 to 87 kg ha^-1, respectively. Amounts of losses that were estimated from the differences between the input by irrigation water and the output by percolation water from the plow layer corresponded to 11 to 26, 22 to 47,5.9 to 12, and 13 to 26% of exchangeable Ca and Mg, amorphous Fe, and easily reducible Mn in the plow layer, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn in PW13 were higher than those in PW-40. The amounts of these nutrients that were retained in the subsoil between the 13 em and 40 em soil depth corresponded to 83, 86, 61, 99, and 89% of the amounts that percolated from the plow layer, respectively. Total amounts of IC and DOC that percolated from the plow layer ranged from 750 to 1,500 and 85 to 170 kg-C ha^-1, which corresponded to 5.0 to 10.0% and 0.6 to 1.1% of the total carbon content in the plow layer, respectively. Eighty eight % of IC in the percolating water from the plow layer was also retained in the subsoil.     

Preferential phosphorus leaching from an irrigated grassland soil

Intact lysimeters (50 cm diameter, 70 cm deep) of silt loam soil under permanent grassland were used to investigate preferential transport of phosphorus (P) by leaching immediately after application of dairy effluent. Four treatments that received mineral P fertilizer alone (superphosphate at 45 kg P ha^?1 year^?1) or in combination with effluent (at ～ 40–80 kg P ha^?1 year^?1) over 2 years were monitored. Losses of total P from the combined P fertilizer and effluent treatments were 1.6–2.3 kg ha^?1 (60% of overall loss) during eight drainage events following effluent application. The rest of the P lost (40% of overall loss) occurred during 43 drainage events following a significant rainfall or irrigation compared with 0.30 kg ha^?1 from mineral P fertilizer alone. Reactive forms of P (mainly dissolved reactive P: 38–76%) were the dominant fractions in effluent compared with unreactive P forms (mainly particulate unreactive P: 15–56%). In contrast, in leachate following effluent application, particulate unreactive P was the major fraction (71–79%) compared with dissolved reactive P (1–7%). The results were corroborated by ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, which showed that inorganic orthophosphate was the predominant P fraction present in the effluent (86%), while orthophosphate monoesters and diesters together comprised up to 88% of P in leachate. This shows that unreactive P forms were selectively transported through soil because of their greater mobility as monoesters (labile monoester P and inositol hexakisphosphate) and diesters. The short‐term strategies for reducing loss of P after application of dairy effluent application should involve increasing the residence time of applied effluent in the soil profile. This can be achieved by applying effluent frequently in small amounts.     

Microbial community development in the rhizosphere of apple trees at a replant disease site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a complex syndrome that affects young trees in replanted orchard sites causing necrotic lesions on feeder roots, stunted tree growth and reduced cumulative yields. Use of ARD-tolerant rootstocks is an emerging control strategy. We studied the bacterial, fungal, and oomycetes populations in the rhizosphere of five rootstock cultivars (M.7, M.26, G.16, G.30 and CG.6210) planted into the old tree row or grass lanes of a previous orchard in Ithaca, NY, to better understand the role of rhizosphere microbial communities in the prevalence and control of ARD. The possible involvement of antagonistic Pseudomonas species, Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp. and rhizosphere cyanide concentrations in ARD were also examined. The rootstocks M.7, M.26 and G.16 were susceptible to ARD, while G.30 and CG.6210 were more tolerant. Tree growth on the rootstocks M.7, M.26 and G.16 was reduced by 10% when planted in the old tree rows, but this did not significantly reduce yields in the first fruiting year. The susceptible rootstocks, M.7 and M.26, supported higher densities of culturable rhizosphere fungi and bacteria than G.16, G.30 and CG.6210. Over 2 years, microbial densities were highest in July, lower in May and lowest in September. The composition of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere was highly variable and changed over seasons and years, as assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses. Initial differences in fungal rhizosphere communities between the two planting positions converged 2 years after the trees were replanted. In contrast, the bacterial rhizosphere community composition still differed significantly between the two planting positions 3 years after the orchard was replanted. The bacterial and fungal rhizosphere community compositions of susceptible rootstocks, M.7 and M.26, differed from those of the tolerant rootstocks, G.30 and CG.6210; G.16, differed from all the other rootstocks. The observed effects of rootstocks, planting positions and time on microbial community composition were small relative to the high variability observed overall. Pythium spp. and Phytophthora spp. infestations were high and similar for all rootstocks and planting positions. Neither potentially antagonistic Pseudomonas nor rhizosphere cyanide concentrations appeared to be involved in the ARD-complex at the studied site. Avoiding replanting into the old tree rows coupled with use of tolerant rootstocks appear to be the best strategies for reducing ARD in replanted orchards. Changes in rhizosphere microbial communities are among the many factors that contribute to improved tree growth when these management strategies are used.     

Nutrient and water uptake by roots of forest trees

Although per growing season nutrient uptake of adequately growing forest trees is less than the nutrient uptake of annual crop species, nutrient uptake per unit root length in trees is considerable. Because of high heterogeneity of soil conditions and root growth in forest soils, modelling of uptake processes is even more difficult for forest than for crop stands. Detailed studies show that white lips of growing tree roots have a high nutrient uptake capacity. However, most root tips are usually colonised by mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi can participate substantially in tree nutrient uptake, in particular in the utilisation of organically-bound phosphorus and nitrogen in soils. Mycorrhizal hyphae, root tips, and older root zones can all absorb water, but their actual contribution is difficult to assess. In this review, experimental results from our laboratory and literature data are used to describe the potential activity of tree roots and mycorrhizas in nutrient and water uptake. Methodology for in situ measurements must be developed to quantify at different forest sites the actual contribution of mycorrhizas and different root parts.     

Nutrient accumulation and nitrate leaching under broiler litter amended corn fields

Abstract

Alabama's broiler chicken (Gallus gallus) industry produces large amounts of waste, which are disposed of by application to crop and pasture land. Land application of litter (manure and bedding) from broiler production can lead to contamination from losses of nutrients accumulated in soil. A study was conducted on 2 and 4% slopes from 1991 to 1993 at Belle Mina, Alabama, to determine the effects of broiler litter (BL) on soil elemental concentrations and nitrate leaching under a corn (Zea mays L.) ‐ winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cropping system amended with either: l) 9 mg#lbha^‐1 of BL, 2) 18 mg#lbha^‐1 of BL, or 3) commercial fertilizer (F) at a recommended rate. Soil was sampled to 100 cm prior to corn planting and subsequent to com harvest. Soil leachate samples were collected biweekly with wick lysimeters installed at a depth of 100 cm. Litter applications increased concentrations of soil organic carbon (C), extractable phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Post harvest soil sampling indicated leaching of soil nitrate that was generally highest under BL18. Soil electrical conductivity measurements were highest under BL18, but values were not in the range considered detrimental to crops. Nitrate‐N (NO₃‐N) concentrations measured in soil percolate at 1‐m depth on the 2% slope were higher under F than litter treatments. Both the F and BL18 treatments produced some NO₃‐N concentrations above the primary drinking water standard, but averaged only 8.3 and 4.8 mg#lbL^‐1, respectively. The BL9 treatment consistently remained under 10 mg NO₃‐N#lbL^‐1 with a mean concentration of 1.3 mg#lbL^‐1. Overall, litter applied a 9 mg#lbha^‐1 produced agronomic results comparable to F and appeared to be the optimal rate of application under the conditions of this study.     

Bracken effects on inorganic nitrogen leaching from an upland podzol

Leaching of inorganic N species to stream waters from upland areas of the UK is increasing, reflecting the increases in atmospheric deposition of nitrogen species due to increased levels of vehicular emissions. Bracken cover in UK uplands is also increasing overall ( Taylor, 1986 ), and the architectural nature of bracken has been shown to both increase deposition of atmospheric constituents to soils and change their chemical and physical nature. We have tested the nutrient status of upland podzols from the Lake District, Cumbria, UK, from under both moorland grass and bracken. The results show reduced levels of base cations and nitrate throughout the profile and decreases in the organic matter content of surface horizons as a consequence of bracken encroachment. We also report increased ammonium concentrations in lower soil horizons under bracken, possibly leading to increased leaching to stream waters. These results suggest either increased leaching of soil nutrients due to bracken encroachment or increased storage of nutrients within the bracken rhizome system. Results also suggest changes in either microbial activity or the microbial community of podzols, possibly due to the allelopathic nature of bracken. This may have caused changes in the soil nutrient dynamics, possibly accounting for some of the changes seen. We hypothesize that increased bracken cover within the British uplands has the potential to increase leaching of inorganic nitrogen to upland streams.     

Nutrient accumulation in aboveground biomass of planted tropical trees: a meta-analysis

Efficient nutrient use is essential for biomass production by tropical trees growing in infertile soils. Accumulation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the aboveground biomass of four groups of tree stands [Acacia, Eucalyptus, N₂-fixing trees excluding Acacia, and other non-N₂-fixing broadleaved (ONNFB) trees] were investigated using meta-analyses of a range of biomass data to test the hypothesis that fast-growing Acacia and Eucalyptus trees accumulate fewer nutrients. Data for 83 tropical tree stands were selected from the literature. Standardized major axis regressions were applied between the log₁₀-transformed biomass and N or P accumulation. Nutrient use efficiency was compared with aboveground biomass and topsoil conditions. The slope of the regression between aboveground biomass and N accumulation for Eucalyptus was significantly smaller than the slopes for the N₂-fixing trees (excluding Acacia) and the ONNFB trees. N use efficiency of Eucalyptus increased with biomass more than that of N₂-fixing trees (excluding Acacia) and the ONNFB trees, because their stems and twigs tended to accumulate less N than in the other groups as biomass increased. The regressions between aboveground biomass and P accumulation had a common slope, and the intercepts of Acacia and Eucalyptus were significantly lower than that of ONNFB trees. P use efficiency of Acacia was consistently higher than that of the ONNFB trees. P use efficiency is more affected by other factors like soil conditions than is N use efficiency, and the differences in the tree groups significantly affect the use efficiency of both nutrients. These results explained some aspects of the general suitability of Acacia and Eucalyptus species for tropical plantations on infertile soils.     

Nitrogen leaching from grassland ecosystems managed with organic fertilizers at different stocking rates

This study shows the effect of organic fertilizers at different stocking rates, on nitrogen (N) leaching, measured using zero-tension lysimeters under undisturbed grassland soil. The experiment included two organic fertilizer types – cow dung with dung water (D) and slurry (S), both at a range of stocking rates: 0.9 LU (livestock unit) ha^?1, 1.4 LU ha^?1, 2.0 LU ha^?1 (corresponding to 54, 84 and 120 kg N ha^?1, respectively) and a control (C) treatment. In percolated water, the contents of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺–N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^?–N) were studied. The average concentration of NH₄⁺–N ranged from 0.91 to 1.44 mg l^?1 on fertilized plots compared to 0.55 mg l^?1 on the control plot. The average concentration of NO₃^?–N ranged from 5.2 to 9.5 mg l^?1 on fertilized plots compared to 3.2 mg l^?1 on the control plot. The results of this study showed that the use of organic fertilizers at chosen stocking rates influenced N leaching, but the concentration of N did not exceed the limits for drinking water permitted by Czech legislation. Stocking rates at 2.0 LU ha^?1 and below do not result in elevated N concentrations in percolated water that pose environmental threat.     

Nitrate leaching from short-rotation coppice

In the UK, short‐rotation coppice (SRC) is expected to become a significant source of ‘bio‐energy’ over the next few years. Thus, it is important to establish how nitrate leaching losses compare with conventional arable cropping, especially if SRC is grown in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones. Nitrate leaching was measured using porous ceramic cups in each of the three phases in the lifespan of SRC, establishment, harvest and removal and was compared with conventional arable cropping. Nitrogen concentrations were increased in drainage water as soon as the crop cover was destroyed to plant the SRC (peak 70 mg L^?1 nitrate‐N) and increased further (peak 134 mg L^?1 nitrate‐N) on cultivation. Once the coppice crop was established, concentrations returned to a smaller level (average 18 mg L^?1 nitrate‐N). Concentrations were not affected by the harvesting operation, and annual applications of nitrogen (40, 60 and 100 kg ha^?1 N in the first, second and third years, respectively) had little effect. By contrast, concentrations in the arable rotation showed a regular pattern of increase in the autumn, and the average peak value over the 4 years was 54 mg L^?1 nitrate‐N. When the SRC was ‘grubbed up’ and roots removed, the soil disturbance resulted in a flush of mineralization which, combined with a lack of crop cover, led to increased nitrate‐N in leachate (peak 67 mg L^?1 nitrate‐N). In a normal life‐span of SRC (15–30 years), the relatively large nitrate losses on establishment and at final grubbing up would be offset by small losses during the productive harvest phase, especially when compared with results under the arable rotation.     

Nitrate leaching from reseeded pasture

Abstract. Nitrate leaching and soil mineral N status under grassland were measured on three contrasting soils, spanning winters 1995/96, 1996/97 and 1997/98, in Western England. The soils investigated were a freely draining silty clay loam (Rosemaund), a well drained loam (IGER 1) and a poorly drained clay loam (IGER 2). The effects of reseeding (ploughing and resowing grass) at IGER 1 and IGER 2 in autumn 1995 or 1996 were compared with undisturbed pasture. Reseeding at Rosemaund, in autumns 1995 or 1996, or spring 1996 was compared with undisturbed pasture of 3 sward ages (2, 5, >50 years).
Nitrate-N leaching losses during the winter immediately following autumn reseeding ranged between 60 and 350 kg N ha^–1 in 1995/96, depending on soil type, sward management history and rainfall. Losses were much less in the following winter when treatments were repeated (10–107 kg N ha^–1).
Reseeding in spring had little effect on soil mineral N content or leaching losses in the following autumn, compared with undisturbed pasture. Similarly, leaching losses from autumn reseeds in the second winter after cultivation were the same as undisturbed pasture (1-19 kg N ha^–1). The effect of ploughing grassland for reseeding was relatively short-term, in contrast to the effect of repeated annual cultivation associated with arable rotations.     

Nutrient release from decomposing leaf litter of temperate deciduous forest trees along a gradient of increasing tree species diversity

In the litter of six deciduous tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Tilia spp., Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, Acer pseudoplatanus and Acer platanoides) and in stand-specific litter mixtures, we compared mass loss and nutrient release across diversity levels along a gradient of decreasing proportion of Fagus in stands with similar environmental and physical soil conditions. The litterbag studies ran over 22 months. The decomposition rate constants (k) of the temperate forest species ranged from k = 0.5 for Fagus to k = 1.5-2 for all other tree species. In Fagus, k was closely negatively correlated with the thickness of the litter layer and positively correlated with soil pH and isopod abundance. k was significantly higher in the mixed species stands (except for Carpinus and Fraxinus) and was positively correlated with earthworm abundance. Over the whole incubation time, nutrient amount and release rates of N, P, K, Ca and Mg as well as C-related ratios showed significant differences between tree species but no consistent differences among the diversity levels. Initial C-related nutrient ratios of the leaf litter and abundance of mesofauna and macrofauna were correlated with the length of time lag before nutrient release. We conclude that the mere number of tree species is not the main driver of nutrient release and decomposition processes, but that key groups of the decomposer fauna as well as the characteristic traits of the individual tree species are decisive.     

不同pH值淋溶液对猪粪中不同指标溶出的影响

该文研究猪粪在酸雨条件下释放污染物的规律,分析释放物的环境危害性。试验配置pH值为3．60、4．80和5．60的淋溶液,模拟广东省内的酸雨降水环境,对新鲜猪粪进行24d的淋浴,然后对各组淋出液和猪粪残留化学成分进行分析,得出不同pH值淋溶下污染物重金属铜、锌、砷和氨氮、总磷、COD_(cr)等时间一浓度曲线。结果表明,新鲜猪粪在酸性淋溶下,其渗滤液的pH值有所降低,在24d淋溶过程中渗滤液重金属(Zn、Cu、As)的浓度总体上呈下降趋势,以pH4．8时滤出重金属的速度较pH 3．6、5．6快;COD、氨氮早期溶出较快,以后逐步减缓。新鲜猪粪经酸性淋溶后,渗滤液中铜、砷以及COD、总磷、氨氮含量均显著增加。因此对即使临时堆放亦需采取措施,以防止因雨水等导致的渗滤液污染。     

Nutrient Mineralization from Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-Enriched Poultry Manure Compost in an Ultisol

The combination of inorganic fertilizers and compost is a technique aimed at improving crop growth and maintaining soil health. Understanding the rate of nutrient release from enriched compost is important for effective nutrient management. A laboratory incubation study was conducted for 112 days to study the nutrient mineralization pattern of poultry manure compost enriched with inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer nutrients in an Ultisol. Compost applied at the rate of either 5 or 10 g kg^?1 was blended with N (50 kg N ha^?1) and P (30 kg P ha^?1). Carbon dioxide evolution and N and P mineralization were measured fortnightly. The bacterial and fungal populations were determined at the mid and end of the experiment. The combination of compost and inorganic N and P increased carbon (C) and P mineralization by 4?8% and 56?289%, respectively, over the application of either compost or inorganic N and P. However, P addition influenced the amount of C mineralized. Inorganic N and P, on the other hand, were better at increasing N mineralization than compost blended with inorganic N and P over a short time. The addition of compost stimulated bacterial and actinomycete populations, while fungal populations were unaffected. Actinomycetes and bacteria had similar and higher relationship trend with C (R² = 0.24) and P (R² = 0.47) mineralization and were key determinants in nutrient mineralization from compost in this Ultisol. Integrating compost with inorganic fertilizers improves nutrient availability through the growth and activities of beneficial microorganisms.     

化工厂遗留地铬污染土壤化学淋洗修复研究

选取了济南市某铬渣堆放场地表土壤为实验目标,采用振荡淋洗法研究了水、EDTA、柠檬酸、盐酸、Ca Cl2、Na OH和磷酸等淋洗剂对铬污染场地铬污染物的淋洗效果,并从中筛选出最佳淋洗剂,探讨了淋洗剂浓度、土液质量比、振荡淋洗时间、淋洗液p H等对淋洗条件的影响。结果显示,选取的土壤样品均超过国家土壤标准,钛白生产车间土样污染程度最轻,北部厂区污染最重,最高铬污染物含量达到7 149 mg kg-1;土壤活性指数I显示,万吨铬盐生产车间土壤的活性指数最高达到0.291 8,铬盐生产车间活性指数最低;水、盐酸、柠檬酸、Ca Cl2、Na OH、磷酸等对总铬的去除率比较低,EDTA的淋洗效果最佳;EDTA的最佳淋洗浓度为0.1 mol L-1;最适土液质量比为1∶10;最适振荡淋洗时间为1 h;最适淋洗液p H为5;所有淋洗试验最高去除率为p H 10时,北部厂区样品在0.1 mol L-1EDTA淋洗液,土液质量比为1∶10,振荡淋洗时间1 h取得,总铬的去除率可达到22%,Cr6+去除率可达到98.5%。     

Impact of water percolation on nutrient leaching from an irrigated paddy field in Japan

Abstract. We examined the effect on soil nutrient status and sustainability of water percolation through an irrigated paddy field in Japan, to the depth of drainage (40 cm). The difference between amounts of nutrients leached by percolation and those supplied by irrigation indicated that 25–130 kg ha⁻¹ Ca, 8–24 kg ha⁻¹ Mg, from −1 to 9 kg ha⁻¹ K, and 8–17 kg ha⁻¹ Fe, respectively, were lost each year from the 0–40 cm soil layer during rice cultivation, when the supply from fertilization and rainfall and the loss in grain harvest were not accounted for. When the supply of K from rainfall and the loss in grain harvest were taken into account, a total K loss of about 10 kg ha⁻¹ was estimated. The electrical neutrality of inorganic ions in the percolating water was always maintained. From these results we estimate that the amounts of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the soil to a depth of 40 cm would decrease by 50% within 50–260 and 30–100 years, respectively, if similar management were continued without fertilization. The total amount of carbon dioxide (ΣCO₂) leached in percolating water during the period of rice cultivation was 120–325 kg C ha⁻¹, which corresponded to 0.47–0.94% of the soil organic carbon to 40 cm depth.