基于绿洲尺度沙尘暴天气降尘的变化特征研究

以一次典型沙尘暴全过程的沉降沙尘为例,通过在策勒绿洲迎风向前缘、前缘向内2 km、中央及后缘不同位置设置取样点,研究了绿洲范围沙尘沉降的变化特征.结果表明:本次沙尘暴平均降尘量高达123.8 g/m2,沉降沙尘以细砂成分为主(约占77%),平均粒径偏粗,约为74μm.绿洲不同位置的沙尘沉降量以绿洲前缘最多(172.8 g/m2),向绿洲内部延伸,有逐渐减少的趋势,后缘位置最少,仅为75.8 g/m2;从绿洲前缘到内部,沙尘粒径逐渐变小,在前缘位置沙尘最粗,后缘的最细;而分选程度有逐渐变差的趋势,但变化不很显著,前缘到中央3个位置的分选较好,只有后缘点的分选较差;不同位置的粒度曲线基本都为稍呈负偏的常峰态分布,越深入绿洲内部,负偏程度越大.不同高度沉降沙尘亦有明显差异,随高度升高,沙尘平均粒径逐渐变小,沉降量显著减少,尤以低于2 m高度的递减率最为显著.     

不同农垦地下垫面对风蚀起沙风速的影响分析

以新疆塔里木盆地垦区为例,研究不同地表粗糙度下垫面对风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度和起沙风速的影响。根据Shao的方法计算不同下垫面起沙风速,结果表明:塔里木盆地垦区所选的小麦、棉花、红枣这3种地类2m高度临界摩擦速度(u*t)分别为棉花地0.40m/s,红枣地0.43m/s,小麦地1.85m/s;2m高度临界起沙风速(ut)分别为棉花地5.3m/s,红枣地5.7m/s,小麦地7.5m/s,小麦地较其他2种地类更具有抵抗风蚀的作用。     

Effects of Sodium Chloride Applications and Different Growth Media on Ionic Composition in Strawberry Plant

Abstract

The effects of salt (NaCl) applications of various concentrations (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/L) for 10 weeks (69 days) on the morphologic properties and ionic composition of the “Camarosa” strawberry variety grown in perlite and perlite : zeolite (1:1) media were investigated. Injuries of varying severity appeared in the plants depending on the increase of NaCl concentration. At the end of the salt applications, in the aerial part of the plants, the amounts of sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) had generally increased, while the amount of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) had decreased. In the roots of the plants, salt applications increased the amount of Na and Cl and decreased the amount of K and Mg; however, they did not change the amount of Ca and P. In addition, in the aerial parts of the plant, the amounts of Ca and Mg were higher in the perlite : zeolite (1:1) medium than in the perlite medium generally. It was observed that in the roots, the amount of K was higher in the perlite medium, whereas the amount of Mg was higher in the perlite : zeolite (1:1) medium. It was determined that 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/L NaCl levels caused osmotic effects in the “Camarosa” strawberry variety. Moreover, they possess the ability to bring about osmotic regulation.     

育苗基质不同施肥量对茄果类蔬菜幼苗生长的影响

运用正交试验设计 ,在以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩为原料的育苗基层中 ,加入不同浓度的氮、磷、钾肥料 ,对番茄、茄子和甜椒幼苗生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,不同肥料品种与施肥量对茄果类蔬菜幼苗生长的影响具有显著差异 ,特别是增施磷肥可使幼苗株高和干物重增加 ,其相关性达到显著或极显著水平 ,是培育优质壮苗的重要营养元素 ;同时 ,要注意氮、磷、钾肥料配合使用 ,以提高壮苗水平。供试育苗基质的最佳N、P2 O5、K2 O施肥量分别为 :番茄 0 .2kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .2kg/m3,茄子 0 .8kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .2kg/m3,甜椒 0 .4kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3。     

Utilization of Agricultural Waste Compost as an Alternative Potting Media Component with Coir Dust for Leafy Vegetable Ipomoea Acquatica

The aim of this research was to study the potential utilization of an alternative potting media developed from agricultural waste compost in combination with coir dust on the growth and development of leafy vegetable Ipomoea aquatica (L). Agricultural waste compost was prepared from poultry litter, sawdust, rice straw, gliricidia, and cow dung. Seven different potting media were prepared by mixing compost at the rates of 0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% with coir dust at the rate of 100%, 90%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0%, respectively. Developed potting media showed adequate physical and chemical properties for Ipomea aquatica cultivation. Crop yield showed significant differences among all treatments and treatment with 100% compost gave the best growth and yield parameters. The highest plant height, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight obtained from the 100% compost were increased by 2.70, 18.07, and 18.02 times in comparison to the 100% coir with chemical fertilizer control.     

不同植物带地埂土壤抗侵蚀效果研究

采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,对研究区坡耕地3种不同地埂植物带上的植物生长状况、土壤物理化学性状及土壤崩解速率进行了测定,研究了不同植物带地埂土壤的抗侵蚀效果。结果表明:黄花菜与红小豆混种能够促进地埂植物带上植物地上和地下部分生长,增强植物护埂、固埂作用;不同植物带地埂土壤容重随土层深度的增加而增大,土壤孔隙度、含水量和有机质含量随土层深度的增加而降低;黄花菜、红小豆及黄花菜与红小豆混种植物带地埂土壤孔隙度、含水量及有机质含量均高于对照裸埂,土壤容重低于裸埂,黄花菜地埂土壤孔隙度最好,黄花菜与红小豆混种地埂土壤保水保肥性最好;不同植物带地埂土壤崩解速率随土层深度的增加而增大,黄花菜与红小豆混种地埂土壤抗崩解、抗侵蚀性能最强,是适合东北低山丘陵区坡耕地水土流失防治的良好措施。     

不同添加物对分离昆明系小鼠胚胎干细胞的影响

以昆明系小鼠(Mus musculus Km)胚胎为材料,以丝裂霉素(10 μg/mL)处理的MEF为饲养层,研究了在胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)培养液中分别添加血清替代物(knockout serum replacement,KSR)、胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)和FBS PD98059(50 μgol/L)对昆明系小鼠胚胎贴壁、内细胞团(inner cell mass,ICM)集落形成及ESCs分离培养的影响.结果表明,在ESCs培养液中添加KSR,胚胎贴壁率显著低于添加FBS(P<0.05),ICM集落形成率和1代ESCs集落出现率差异不显著(P>0.05),2～5代ESCs集落出现率显著高于添加FBS(P<0.05),2株ESCs传到7代;在ESCs培养液中添加FBS PD98059,胚胎贴壁率、ICM集落形成率和1～5代ESCs集落出现率均显著低于添加KSR或FBS(P<0.05);用0.5 g/L胰酶 0.2 g/L EDTA离散消化ICM细胞和ESCs并结合机械分割,1～5代ESCs集落出现率显著高于用2.5 g/L胰酶 0.2 g/LEDTA(P<0.05).实验结果表明,在ESCs培养液中添加KSR,较添加FBS或FBS PD98059更适合用于分离培养昆明系mESCs,用0.5 g/L胰酶 0.2 g/L EDTA离散消化ICM细胞和ESCs并结合机械分割优于用2.5 g/L胰酶 0.2 g/L EDTA.     

不同施肥条件下生物腐植酸对磷的转化效果分析

在实验室利用4个土槽分别施入复合化肥（CF）、普通有机肥（OF）、生物有机肥（BF）和不施肥（CK）来改变土壤中磷的基础含量,另取4个土槽在相应处理中配施相同的生物腐植酸,以15°角放入自制的降雨淋溶装置下进行试验,观测径流液中的全磷含量,以分析研究生物腐植酸对土壤和不同施肥条件下磷的转化效果.结果显示,施用复混肥、普通有机肥和生物有机肥降雨3h后,径流液中磷（P）流出量分别为不施肥处理（CK）的2.90、1.32和9.73倍,而相同处理配施生物腐植酸后,复混肥、普通有机肥、生物有机肥处理的径流液中P含量有增有减,分别为CK的7.09、2.32和5.00倍.表明在施用复混肥、普通有机肥的土样中加入生物腐植酸能够有效释放肥料中的磷素,使之转化为更利于植物吸收的可溶性磷,其转化率分别为0.76％和0.37％;而在施用生物有机肥的土样加入生物腐植酸反而抑制磷的转化,其转化率为-0.85％.不仅如此,加施生物腐植酸还能改变磷的转化进程,使CK和OF处理的磷含量峰值由出现在第3小时变为出现在第2小时,使CF处理的磷含量峰值由出现在第2小时变为出现在第1小时,加速了磷释放.由此可得,生物腐植酸能有效释放肥料中的磷素、使之转化为更利于植物吸收的可溶性磷并加速其转化进程.研究结果可作为推广生物腐植酸的依据和有关作物磷吸收研究的基础.     

Modeling Effects of Changing Deposition and Forestry on Nitrogen Fluxes in a Northern River Basin

The application of a new, spatial nitrogen leaching/retention model N_EXRET to the Oulujoki river basin (22800 km²) in Finland is discussed. The model utilizes remote sensing-based land use and forest classification and evaluated export coefficients obtained from detailed small catchment studies. The present and future N depositions were estimated with the regional deposition model DAIQUIRI. Based on source apportionment, N deposition, forestry and agriculture each contribute 16–17% of the total export, with pronounced variation between the different sub-basins. The effect of changing forestry and deposition on N fluxes is assessed by using N deposition scenarios based on recent international emission reduction agreements.     

芦荻生物质炭基肥研制及其对水稻土氮损失的影响

为实现秸秆资源化利用和强化生物质炭基肥生产应用,以洞庭湖芦荻秸秆热解生物质炭为基质,采用包膜和混合造粒技术,以改性淀粉为黏合剂,辅以膨润土、腐殖酸等材料制备包膜炭基肥(CT)和混合炭基肥(MT)。以生物质炭占比10%(T1),15%(T2),20%(T3),25%(T4)和30%(T5),从微观形态结构、养分释放速率、粒径及抗压强度等基本性质进行择优筛选,将筛选后的炭基肥处理(CT2、CT3、CT4和MT1、MT2、MT3)与普通复合肥(NPK)、不施肥(CK)共8个处理进行室内水稻盆栽试验,对比不同研制方式及生物质炭添加量下水稻土氨挥发及氮素渗漏流失差异。结果表明:炭肥比越大,肥料结构愈紧密,累积氮素释放率愈低,但过量的生物质炭的添加会造成肥料粒径不均匀、抗压强度不达标。包膜生物质炭基肥以15%~25%的生物质炭添加量较适宜;混合生物质炭基肥以10%~20%的生物质炭添加量较适宜。与NPK处理相比,CT2、CT3、CT4处理氨累积挥发量分别降低12.95%,27.96%,23.82%,氨挥发损失率分别降低16.56%,35.67%,30.57%,以CT3效果最好;MT1、MT2、MT3处理氨累积挥发量分别降低33.72%,41.48%,16.06%,氨挥发损失率分别降低43.31%,53.18%,20.38%,以MT2效果最好。2种炭基肥均可减少盆面水铵氮平均浓度,与NPK处理相比,最高降幅分别达20.74%(CT4)和39.90%(MT2);混合造粒炭基肥中以MT2处理的全氮、硝氮浓度降幅最大,分别达5.50%,5.09%,而包膜炭基肥各处理间差异均不显著。与NPK处理相比,施包膜炭基肥处理的渗漏水中铵氮与全氮平均浓度分别显著降低8.93%~14.00%,8.84%~16.38%,而各处理间硝氮平均浓度均无显著性差异。施混合炭基肥可降低铵氮、硝氮和全氮平均浓度,分别达11.16%~12.42%,3.22%~22.29%,11.14%~15.86%。此外,炭肥比越高,生物质炭的氮减排效应越明显,但添加量过大其氮减排量并无显著性增加。总体而言,2种工艺制备生物质炭基肥均能有效降低氨挥发损失以及减缓氮素径流渗漏损失风险。其中,包膜炭基肥以20%~25%生物炭添加量效果最优,混合炭基肥以15%最优。     

田间条件下不同钝化材料对玉米吸收镉的影响研究

选取4种钝化材料（赤泥、海泡石、钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）开展田间试验,研究它们对玉米吸收镉与土壤有效态镉的影响。结果表明,除海泡石外,施用其他3种钝化材料均能促进玉米生长,增加玉米叶、茎与籽粒的重量。4种钝化材料都能降低玉米对镉的吸收,其中：高量赤泥（用量1.5%）能明显降低玉米茎、叶片及籽粒中镉的含量,较对照分别降低60.6%、33.6%与49.3%;高量钙镁磷肥（用量900kg·hm-2）明显降低玉米籽粒中镉含量,较对照降低57.4%。4种钝化剂明显降低土壤EDTA提取态镉、DGT提取态镉的含量。其中,高量海泡石处理的EDTA提取态镉含量最低,高量赤泥次之;高量赤泥处理的DGT提取态镉含量最低。本试验结果表明,1.5%用量的赤泥是最佳的功能钝化材料。     

不同铺装材料地面停车场的热效应

地面停车场作为城市重要的下垫面,其铺装选材影响着城市生态环境。通过对沥青、水泥、混凝土地砖、植草格4种地面停车场常用铺装材料的地表温度、气温、太阳直接辐射进行了连续12个月的观测,系统研究了4种铺装材料地表温度和气温的变化特征及影响因素,并进行了4种铺装材料地表温度与气象因子的相关性分析,旨在为地面停车场铺装选材提供热效应方面的参考依据。结果表明:(1) 4种铺装材料对地面停车场地表温度的影响由大到小的次序为:沥青> 混凝土地砖> 水泥> 植草格; (2)气温和太阳直接辐射与地面停车场地表温度呈显著正相关,其中气温起主导作用; (3)建立了各因子线性回归模型,可利用该模型计算地表实时温度,为气象服务提供更好的数据理论支持。     

不同氮素添加对不同土地利用方式黑土氮素转化特征的影响

以吉林省典型黑土区的玉米、果树、森林、水稻和菜地土壤为研究对象,采用室内培养法研究氮素在不同土地利用方式黑土中的形态转化特征。结果表明:施加氮肥使不同土地利用方式黑土的铵态氮和硝态氮含量均有不同程度的提高,其中铵态氮含量差异不显著,硝态氮含量差异显著。对于施加尿素的处理而言,S2(129.82 mg/kg)和C2(138.01 mg/kg)硝态氮含量显著高于G2(111.89 mg/kg)和D2(105.35 mg/kg),且Y2(126.92 mg/kg)显著高于D2。对于施加磷酸二铵的处理而言,各土壤硝态氮含量由大到小的顺序为C3(160.23 mg/kg)>Y3(150.00 mg/kg)>S3(140.12 mg/kg)>G3(133.45 mg/kg)>D3(126.70 mg/kg),且C3和Y3显著高于G3和D3。土壤净矿化速率和净硝化速率分别与土壤C/N,土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮呈显著负相关。整个培养期间,Y、G、C和D土壤平均NMR由大到小的顺序均为处理2>处理3>CK处理,S土壤平均NMR由大到小的顺序为处理3>处理2>CK处理。Y、G和D土壤平均NR由大到小的顺序均为处理2>处理3>CK处理,S和C土壤平均NR由大到小的顺序为处理3>处理2>CK处理。土壤理化性质对黑土氮素转化特征有重要影响。     

Research on the Components of Dust Fall in Hohhot in Comparison with Surface Soil Components in Different Lands of Inner Mongolia Plateau

The dust fall in a region is closely related to upwind sources. Dust fall from sandstorms has a strong influence on industry, agriculture, and daily life. Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is downwind of the Inner Mongolia Plateau and experiences frequent sandstorms during the spring monsoon season. This study investigated the relationship between dust fall in the Hohhot area and surface soils on the Inner Mongolia Plateau. Samples of dust fall from Hohhot and surface soils from the plateau were analyzed for major and trace elements. The SiO₂ content of dust fall from sandstorms differs from that of the plateau soils by only 2.77%, indicating that the main dust fall source for Hohhot is surface soils from the plateau. Dust samples from coal smoke, roads, and buildings were used for comparison. The As content in dust fall from sandstorms is greater than that found in the plateau soils and in dust from non-sandstorm days. This indicates that As is added to the sand during transport from the plateau by coal factories near Hohhot. The second most important dust source is traffic, as evidenced by Pb contents. Preventing erosion of sand upwind of Hohhot during the spring monsoon is key to improving and managing air quality in the Hohhot region. This can be accomplished through management of the farm grassland areas.     

蚯蚓对As污染土壤酶活性及其P养分的影响

从湖南石门县的As矿区附近采集不同程度As污染的农田土壤,分别设置添加秸秆、接种蚯蚓等处理,研究蚯蚓对As污染土壤酶活性及其P养分供给的影响。结果发现,高浓度As土壤的脱氢酶活性显著低于中、低浓度As土壤,而酸性磷酸酶活性及有效P含量则与之相反。蚯蚓+20g秸秆处理在50d时脱氢酶活性最高,而酸性磷酸酶活性则是秸秆处理在100d时最高,且接种蚯蚓和施用秸秆有利于土壤P素的释放。结果表明在施用秸秆条件下接种蚯蚓有利于改善As污染土壤的养分供给,从而改善根际营养。     

黄河三角洲不同土地利用方式对土壤的改良效应

通过对黄河三角洲地区棉田、果园、林地和荒地4种不同土地利用方式下土壤样品的采集与理化指标的分析,研究了该区域不同土地利用方式对轻度盐渍化土壤的改良功能。结果显示:果园土壤的容重、pH值和全盐含量等物理性状要优于其它3种用地方式;棉田土壤有机质与全N、全P和全K含量超过果园与林地土壤,而速效N和速效P含量以果园土壤最高,速效K含量以棉田最高,果园土壤最低;果园土壤C/N比值明显高于其它3种用地方式,以荒地土壤的C/N比值最低。综合分析认为:种植果树对土壤的物理性状改良效果较好,种植棉花对土壤的化学性状具有较好的改良效果。     

Application of Organic Wastes in a Soil Polluted with Different Rates of Cr-Pb: Effects on Soil Biological Properties

An experiment was performed to determine the effects of adding municipal solid waste (MSW) and poultry manure (PM) to a soil polluted with chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and Cr + Pb on the biological parameters of the soil. Soil was mixed with two solutions of Cr(NO₃)₃ and/or Pb(NO₃)₂ to give three concentrations (0, 100, and 250 mg Cr kg^?1 soil and 0, 100, and 250 mg Pb kg^?1 soil) and treated with MSW or PM. When the soil was contaminated with the metals without combining, the greatest adenosine triphosphate (ATP), urease, and phosphatase inhibition percentages occurred for 250 mg Pb kg^?1 soil. When the heavy metals were mixed, the inhibition of the biochemical parameters increased. The application of MSW and PM decreased the inhibition of the biochemical parameters and microbial population in the polluted soils. The inhibition percentage was greater for the soil amended with MSW than with PM, possibly due to the high humic acid concentration.     

Estimation of Dry Deposition by Using a Filter Pack Method at Chunchon, Korea

Atmospheric gases and particulates were collected using four-stage filter-pack in Chunchon from January through December in 1999. Particulate SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^?, and gaseous HNO₃, SO₂ and NH₃ were analyzed. Annual average concentration of SO₄ ^2?(S), NO₃ ^?(S), HNO₃ (g), SO₂(g) and NH₃(g) were 5.75µg/m³, 4.98µg/m³, 0.33ppb, 1.52ppb and 7.25ppb, respectively. Annual dry deposition fluxes were estimated using the measured concentration and dry deposition velocity published by other research group. Annual dry deposition of S was 287kg · (km)^?2·y^?1, which accounted for about 30% of total S deposition. For N deposition, dry deposition is predominant; about 70% of total N deposition was through dry process mostly as forms of NH₃ and HNO₃.