发展保护性耕作技术 有效防治耕地土壤侵蚀

 我国是世界上人均耕地最少的国家之一,人均耕地仅为0.093 3 hm2,不到世界平均水平的40%。同时,我国也是世界上耕地土壤侵蚀最严重的国家之一,全国耕地土壤侵蚀面积为4 033万hm2,占耕地总面积的33.15%。仅坡耕地每年产生的土壤流失量约达15亿t,占全国土壤侵蚀总量的33%。耕地土壤侵蚀已对我国的粮食安全、生态安全和经济社会可持续发展构成了严重威胁。论述了水土保持领域发展保护性耕作技术的重要意义、产生与发展、主要技术内容与技术模式及保护性耕作技术的生态、经济和社会效益。发展保护性耕作技术,是水土保持的新理念,对于有效防治耕地土壤侵蚀和非点源污染具有重要意义。     

Forest conversion and provision of ecosystem services in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The importance of quantifying existing ecosystem services, assessing the impacts of various land use decisions and ultimately evaluating the overall costs and benefits of different land use patterns having internalized ecosystem services, is now widely recognized and such work is at the forefront of current landscape management planning. We aim to quantify ecosystem services derived from different land uses within the Atibainha Reservoir catchment in Brazil, determine the spatial distribution of ecosystem services and quantify the impacts of land use changes on the provision of ecosystem services. Four ecosystem services were considered: carbon sequestration, mitigation of sediment delivery into the reservoir, purification of water and maintenance of soil fertility. Results indicate strong increase in the provision of ecosystem services among the main land uses in the following order: urban area/bare soil; pastures; plantation of eucalyptus and native forests. The most important services provided by native forests, when compared with bare soil, were carbon sequestration and prevention of sedimentation, with an additional 864 569 tons of carbon stored in forest biomass in 30 years, and prevention of 244 511 tons of sediment delivery into the reservoir per year, respectively, from 7624 ha of lands around the reservoir. Spatial variation in the provision of ecosystem services were mapped to develop a tool to support decision making at the landscape scale. Results and maps from the decision support tool can support policies that ensure effective land‐use planning and can serve as the basis for the development of payment for ecosystem service schemes in the region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三川河流域减沙效益初步分析

三川河流域是黄河中游地区一条多沙粗沙河流。流域面积4161km~21955年开始治理,1983年列为全国重点治理区,1986年治理面积占水土流失面积的34.5％。据水文站观测,近10年输入黄河的泥沙较前20年减少58.8%。采用水保法分析,1975年治理度为12.7%,减沙10.8%;1982年治理度为16.9%,减少19.0%:19.86年减沙31.6％。30多年来,流域水土保持措施共拦沙10389万t,占同期实测输沙量的14.7％。文章指出,近20年来人类生产活动,每年约增加河流泥沙的6～8％,抵消了部分水土保持效益,应引起社会重视。     

黄河流域水土保持蓄水保土效益计算

新中国建立以来,黄河流域的水土保持工作取得了显著成效。采用水保法计算、水文法校对,1950～1987年,黄河流域各项水保措施累计蓄水量为259.7亿m~3。1970～1987年年平均蓄水量12.9亿m~3,是1950～1969年年平均蓄水量1.36亿m~3的9倍多。38年累计拦泥保土量为70.22亿t,其中后18年年平均拦泥3.12亿t,约占黄河陕县站多年平均输沙量16亿t的20％。在所拦的泥沙中,有75％的集中分布在陕晋蒙接壤地区,46％的集中分布在陕北。按措施分析,则梯田(包括条田、埝地)占14.5％,坝地占76.8％,林草占9.9％。文章还对坝地减轻侵蚀的作用进行了讨论,分析了水土保持在减少入黄泥沙中的作用,并指出了开荒、开矿、修路等造成新的水土流失对水土保持效益的影响。     

Mechanical soil conservation with contour ridges: Cure for,or cause of,rill erosion?

Based on the results of an erosion damage assessment in Southern Zimbabwe, where mechanical conservation work has been carried out since the 1940s, this paper describes the impact of mechanical conservation systems on processes leading to rill erosion. In a study of a catchment area, it was found that influxes of water from roads and waterways as well as contour ridges that were originally designed to control rill erosion had a major role in the formation of rills. Existing rills and depressions which cause water concentration, siltation of contour drains and overflowing of contour ridges were the main factors leading to excessive rill erosion. The study showed that particularly during a highly erosive year like 1992/93, the damage due to rill erosion can be excessive, causing an abrupt degradation. It is concluded that the present conservation system is insufficient to control rill erosion effectively and is often the cause of this erosion. Effective control of rill erosion is a pre-condition for optimal implementation of land management systems such as conservation tillage. Therefore, an integrated approach to land husbandry must be developed jointly with farmers and promoted in order to improve crop production and sustainable management of natural resources. This should consider improved mechanical conservation as well as agronomic and biological soil and water conservation techniques.     

黄骅市土壤保持价值年内动态特征

掌握不同生态系统类型土壤侵蚀和土壤保持量的年内动态变化,对于区域水土保持重点及时序安排具有积极的指导作用。本研究在GIS支持下,运用通用土壤流失方程(USLE)对河北省黄骅市不同生态系统年内土壤侵蚀与保持量进行计算,并利用市场价值法、机会成本法对各生态系统类型年内各月的土壤保持价值进行测算,研究黄骅市土壤保持价值年内动态特征。研究表明,黄骅市全年各月土壤保持价值分配不均,年内动态特征与土壤保持量的季节动态变化规律一致,8月达到最大峰值,1—3月、10月、12月价值均为零,5—8月呈增加趋势,5—9月土壤保持价值占全年土壤保持价值的82.47%。从各生态系统类型来看,草地8月的单位面积土壤保持价值最大,为128.87元·hm?2;水域9月的单位价值最小,为11.23元·hm?2。从土壤保持价值构成来看,年内各土壤保持功能单位面积贡献价值大小排序为:减少土壤养肥流失价值减少淤泥淤积价值减少废弃土地价值。研究区各生态系统类型的土壤保持价值具有明显随季节变化的规律,在雨季受暴雨等短期大量降水的影响,土壤潜在的侵蚀量增大,而生态系统的土壤保持功能和价值在此过程得以发挥作用。     

云蒙湖流域不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀特征分析

在RS与GIS支持下,获取云蒙湖流域土地利用空间数据,选用RUSLE模型估算土壤侵蚀量,对云蒙湖流域不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀特征进行分析。结果表明:1986—2010年间,土壤年总侵蚀量由647万t降至630万t,水土保持生态恢复工程取得了一定的成效;云蒙湖流域耕地土壤侵蚀最为严重,1986年和2010年土壤侵蚀模数高达5 325t/(km2·a)和5 504t/(km2·a),分别占土壤侵蚀总量的85.8%和84.7%;草地是重点治理的另一对象,强度以上等级侵蚀都分别占总侵蚀面积的40%和44%;随着耕地和草地类型的转入,居民用地侵蚀面积由1986年的1 010hm2增至2010年的2 608hm2,土壤侵蚀总量由5.4万t增至14.2万t,是变化较为明显的土地利用类型。     

Economic trade-offs to limit nonpoint sources of agricultural pollution

A national model has been built which allows analysis of physical and economic trade-offs as soil loss per acre is limited to specified levels in each major land group of the nation. Crop variables with their associated conservation practices are developed for each of 1891 land groups in 223 agricultural producing regions and 51 water supply regions. The regions and soil groups are made interdependent through regional commodity demands and a transportation submodel. Hence, changes in cropping systems and erosion control practices in one region are simultaneously expressed in effects on other regions. Soil loss limits are set at 10, 5, and 3 t per acre. The 10 t limit does not have a large impact on interregional production patterns and farm comodity prices. However, the 5 and 3 t limits, either singularly or in combination with different export levels, cause rather marked increases in commodity prices. Also at limits of 5 and 3 t, considerable shifts take place among regions in the crops grown and the erosion control methods used. Regions with erosive soils sacrificed in reduced income; regions with level soils can crop more intensely and gain greater income. Conservation practices such as reduced tillage increase the amount of pesticides needed in some regions and pose special environmental problems. The South Atlantic region is affected most by soil loss limits to control nonpoint pollution. The Great Plains regions with more level land and limited rainfall are affected least.     

基于GIS和USLE的汶川地震后理县土壤侵蚀特征及分析

为了较准确地评估汶川地震后理县的土壤侵蚀状况,该研究结合GIS、RS、USLE(universal soil loss equation)定量地分析了汶川地震灾区理县的潜在土壤侵蚀和实际土壤侵蚀状况,并对地震前后土壤侵蚀量做了简要的对比分析,并且从坡度、坡向、土地利用类型、高程4个方面系统地研究了不同侵蚀强度区的面积和土壤侵蚀量的变化。研究结果表明:震后理县全年土壤侵蚀量达844.46万t/a,平均侵蚀量为1957.79t/(km2·a),属于轻度侵蚀,相比地震前轻度侵蚀、强度侵蚀、极强度侵蚀区域面积都有很大增长,有林地、坡度≥30°～50°、海拔≥2000～3000m、坡向为南坡、西坡的地带土壤侵蚀比较严重。该研究为理县震后土壤侵蚀的预防和治理工作提供了很好的依据。     

旅游活动对水土流失的影响

水土流失是一个全球性环境问题,引发和影响水土流失的因素是多方面的.人类活动更加剧了水土流失的严重程度.随着旅游业的发展,旅游活动对水土流失的影响日趋严重.首先分析了各种旅游活动及相关服务设施对水土流失的不利影响,探讨了旅游活动强度及其对水土流失影响程度的相互关系,建立了旅游活动对水土流失的影响模型,并据此提出了旅游风景区水土流失防治与管理对策.     

Cost–benefit analysis of the Zonal Program of Castro Verde (Portugal): Highlighting the trade-off between biodiversity and soil conservation

We address the effects of erosion on the environmental services provided by the soil and explore possibilities for integrating soil erosion impacts in cost–benefit analyses of agri-environmental policies. As a case study, we considered the continued soil erosion caused by the traditional cereal farming system which is financially supported by the Zonal Program of Castro Verde. This case study illustrated the conflict between the preservation of biodiversity habitat requirements and the maintenance of soil productivity. We conclude that soil erosion is currently a major threat to the long-term sustainability of the Cereal Steppe of Castro Verde and largely reduced the cost-efficiency of public expenditure in local biodiversity conservation. Although replacement cost has proven to be a suitable method to determine the cost of soil productivity loss from erosion, we argue that there is a need to frame the erosion cost estimate obtained within more integrative approaches of assessing erosion costs.     

陕西省水土保持生态环境建设调研报告

全省水土流失面积 13 75万km2 ,年平均输沙量 9 2亿t ,占全国水土流失总量的 1/5 ,截至 2 0 0 0年底 ,全省已治理水土流失面积 8 5万km2 。 1999年遥感普查 ,土壤侵蚀面积仍有 12 89万km2 。退耕还林还草要把草灌作为陕北植被重建的主体 ,纳入小流域综合治理。建议水土保持在观念、管理和技术等方面都要创新 ;国家加强对水土保持的统一管理 ,依法由水土保持部门主管。     

官厅水库上游近20年土壤侵蚀强度时空变化分析

官厅水库上游地区从1982年就被列入国家级水土保持重点治理区，国家不仅在水土流失治理方面进行大力投入，而且进行了多次土壤侵蚀遥感调查。各次土壤侵蚀遥感调查的成果在时间上形成序列，客观上为进行区域土壤侵蚀状况和生态环境变化的趋势动态分析提供了可能。在历年土壤侵蚀调查结果的基础上，进行了官厅水库上游永定河流域近20年来土壤侵蚀强度的时空变化分析，确定区域内水土流失强度在空间和等级的变化情况。     

Farmers' perceptions of soil erosion and its consequences in India's semiarid tropics

This paper investigates farmers' perceptions of soil erosion and how it affects crop yields, land values, and private conservation investments in India's semiarid tropics. It is based on three types of data: (1) a survey of farmers in three study villages; (2) a plot survey by a professional soil surveyor in the same villages; and (3) experimental and simulated data from nearby research stations with similar conditions. Farmers' perceptions of erosion are compared to the surveyor's using kappa, a statistical measure of interrater agreement. Perceived erosion–yield relationships are estimated econometrically and compared to experimental and simulated data. Effects on land values and conservation investments are estimated econometrically. Findings suggest that farmers are keenly aware of rill erosion but less aware of sheet erosion; kappa values ranging from 0 to 0·28 suggest low agreement with the soil surveyor. They anticipate annual yield losses of 5·8–11 per cent due to rill erosion; these figures are reasonably consistent with those from nearby research stations. They anticipate yield increases of 3·8–14·5 per cent due to installation of soil conservation bunds, largely because they can harvest soil from up the slope and capture organic matter. Perceived erosion has some effect on land values and soil conservation investments, but other factors such as irrigation and soil type have a much greater effect. These findings suggest that promoting soil conservation requires capitalizing on farmers' interest in short‐term gains, such as from water and nutrient management. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中山市平原河网区水土流失易发区划分研究

[目的]开展中山市境内平原河网区水土流失易发区的划分工作,为更好地贯彻落实《水土保持法》,保护宝贵的水土资源,为政府依法行政、实施生产建设项目水土保持管理提供科学依据。[方法]通过分析区域内土壤抗蚀性弱,母岩易风化,降水多,强度大且年内分布不均,水热条件充裕等自然特点,以及人类社会经济活动较强等社会经济特点,基于GIS,RS技术开展研究。[结果]通过划分水土保持分区,明确了需界定水土流失易发区的平原河网区范围,也探明了研究区地形地貌、降雨、土壤、植被及河网区水土流失易发敏感因子,合理选取定量和定性指标,构建了水土流失易发区划分指标体系,划分出中山市平原河网区水土流失易发区。[结论]中山市平原河网区水土流失易发区主要有小榄镇、黄圃镇等9个镇区,土地面积约666.92km2,占该市土地总面积的37.39%。易发区划分成果完善了中山市水土保持规划体系,同时也可为编制地市级水土保持规划或制定规章制度提供依据。     

Rates of soil erosion on arable fields in Britain: quantitative data from caesium-137 measurements

Abstract. Despite a growing awareness that erosion on arable land in Britain is a potential hazard to long-term productivity, there is still only limited information on the rates involved, particularly long-term values. Use of the caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique to study soil erosion within arable fields on various soil types at 13 locations in southern Britain has yielded retrospective measurements of the long-term ( c. 30 years) rates of soil loss and the patterns of soil redistribution within the study fields. The range of long-term rates of net soil loss extends from 0.61 per hectare per year on clay soils in Bedfordshire to 10.5 t per hectare per year on brown sands in Nottinghamshire. The measured rates are compared with other published data for similar soil types and land use, and the implications for long-term productivity and potential environmental impacts are considered.     

基于RUSLE模型的青藏高原土壤保持功能定量评价

土壤保持功能是青藏高原生态系统的主要调节功能之一,准确评估青藏高原土壤保持功能的时空变化规律,是确保该地区顺利开展水土保持和生态环境治理工作的前提。本研究通过收集气象、土壤、土地利用、DEM和NDVI等数据,利用RUSLE模型对1982—2020年青藏高原土壤保持功能的时空特征进行动态评估。结果表明:1982—2020年青藏高原的土壤保持量呈波动增加趋势,土壤保持能力由南向北逐渐减弱,高值区主要集中在青藏高原东南部的川西和藏东的高山深谷;在过去的近40 a中,青藏高原土壤侵蚀强度发生明显转换,其主要特征是由高一级的中度侵蚀强度向低一级的轻度或微度侵蚀强度转换,说明青藏高原近40 a内土壤保持状况不断改善;不同地形条件下青藏高原土壤保持能力也有明显差异,主要表现为起伏度小的高海拔地区土壤保持能力普遍较弱;就不同的土地利用类型而言,林地区域的土壤保持能力最强,而未利用地土壤保持能力最弱。近40 a来,青藏高原土壤保持能力不断增强,但仍存在部分区域的土壤保持能力较弱。未来在重视和保护土壤保持能力较强的林地区域的同时,应加强起伏度小的高海拔地区水土治理工作,制定分级分区的土壤侵蚀防治措施,进一...     

Impact of Land Use Change and Dam Construction on Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield in the Black Soil Region,Northeastern China

Since the 1960s, the implemented soil conservation measures on steep slopes and the densely planted shelterbelts as well as the constructed reservoirs and ponds in Baiquan County, northeastern China have dramatically altered the landscape and would greatly influence soil erosion and sediment yield (SY ). However, how these land use changes and the constructed dams affected soil erosion and SY still remained unclear. A physically distributed soil erosion model WaTEM/SEDEM that has been calibrated and validated using 25 reservoir SY s in the study area was applied using nine land use scenarios (land uses in 1954, 1975 and 2010, each with 8, 32 and without dams) to assess their impacts on sediment delivery at the Shuangyang catchment (915 km²). The results show that land use changes as well as the increased dam numbers progressively decreased catchment sediment delivery and the impact of dams on sediment delivery was more efficient under the intensified land use condition (1954 land use without reservoirs). With respect to 1954 land use without dams, current land use condition (2010 land use with 32 dams) was simulated to decrease SY by 61·8%. Soil conservation measures (terrace and contour tillage as well as shelterbelts) on the slopes greatly influenced SY and over 80% of the reduced SY were caused by land use changes. This study indicates that soil conservation measures are sustainable sediment control measures for the black soil region because the accumulation of sediment in dams causes shortening of the useful life in reservoirs and ponds and implies increasing financial costs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东北黑土区小流域综合治理措施及效益评价——以振祥小流域为例

 在东北黑土区振祥小流域全面调查的基础上,采用坡面防护、沟道治理等工程措施,配置相应的林草措施,并辅之以适当的耕作措施,对振祥小流域进行了水土保持综合治理开发,并对治理后产生的效益进行初步评价。经过5a的实践,综合治理取得了良好的生态、经济和社会效益。2008年各项措施全部生效,每年拦蓄径流30.65万m3,保土总量1.71万t,水土流失区土壤侵蚀模数由治理前的2350 t/(km2.a)下降到416t/(km2.a),年增加经济收益29.39万元,林草覆盖率由治理前的9.0%增加到12.3%。证明该综合治理措施适用于黑土区,为黑土区小流域综合治理的全面开展提供参考。     

Monitoring of soil erosion and assessment for contribution of sediments to rivers in a typical watershed of the Upper Yangtze River Basin

An assessment of the effectiveness of soil conservation practices is very important for watershed management, but the measurement over a small area does not necessarily represent the truth over a large area. Monitoring of soil erosion and analysis of sediment delivery were carried out in the Lizixi watershed (which is typical of the Upper Yangtze Basin, China), using remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS). Land‐use and land‐cover maps were prepared by an interpretation of 1986 and 1999 images from SPOT and Landsat TM. Slope‐gradient maps were created from digital elevation model (DEM), while merged images of SPOT and Landsat TM were used to obtain land‐use information. The area of soil erosion was classified by an integration of slope gradients, land‐use types and vegetation cover rates, and soil erosion rates and their changes were calculated in a grid‐based analysis using an Erdas GIS. The change in sediment delivery ratio was estimated based on the changes in soil erosion rates from both monitoring and the truth survey. There was a reduction in soil erosion rate of 4·22 per cent during a 13‐year period after soil conservation practices were adopted in the Lizixi watershed. The amount of sediments transported into rivers has decreased by 51·08 per cent during the same period due to an integrated application of biological and engineering measures. The comparison of soil erosion severity between pre‐conservation and post‐conservation revealed that soil loss has been obviously diminished and the measures were quite effective. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.