小麦体细胞杂种渐渗系F6代高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成与位点变异研究

为了发掘新的小麦高分子量谷蛋白用于面粉优质育种工作,本文测定了小麦/长穗偃麦草体细胞杂种共322个株系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）组成,并根据Payne等人1987年制定的小麦品质评分标准进行了品质评分。结果表明,体细胞杂种株系在Glu–A1,Glu–B1和Glu–D1位点上的遗传变异率分别为0.52,0.58和0.46,一共出现了27种不同的亚基组成形式,其中H1AxNull,H1Bx7+H1By9,H1Dx2+H1Dy12（同亲本小麦济南177）出现的频率最高,而H1Ax2*,H1Bx7+H1By8+H1By9,H1Dx2+H1Dx5+H1Dy12出现的频率最低;H1Dx5+H1Dy12出现的频率约为33.5%;在与优质可能相关的亚基组合当中,H1Bx13+H1By16出现的频率约为31.1%。由于1Dx5+1Dy12尚未有品质评分,因此,部分株系无法给出分数。该实验结果表明通过体细胞杂交可以产生大量的高分子量谷蛋白亚基/组合变异,这将有助于今后小麦面粉品质育种工作。     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基基因分子育种研究进展

为给小麦品质改良工作者提供通过分子生物技术优化HMW-GS组成方面的全面信息,综述了HMW-GS的基因克隆、分子标记以及基因工程改良三个方面近年来的国内外研究进展.迄今为止, 被克隆和测序的HMW-GS基因已有20多个,即1Ax1、1Ax2*、1Ax2*B、1Ay1、1Bx7、1Bx9、1Bx17、1Dx2、1Dx5、1Bx20、1By8、1By9、1Dy10、1Dy12、1AxNull、1Bx14、 1Bx23、1Dx2.2、1Dx2.1、1Dy10.1、1Dy12t等,还不断有新的基因被发现和克隆.克隆方法可概括为两种:一种是以HMW-GS克隆作为探针筛选cDNA或基因组DNA文库, 从而获得所需的靶基因序列, 然后再选择合适的载体进行克隆测序;另一种则是采用PCR技术.HMW-GS基因的分子标记方法主要有RFLP法、PCR法和SNP(单核苷酸多态性)法.目前已有研究者通过基因工程方法将部分外源HMW-GS基因导入小麦,有效地改善了受体品种的加工品质.     

离子束诱导小偃81突变系麦谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白遗传变异分析

摘要：本实验以N+（30Kev）注入诱导获得的小偃81突变系M4代种子为材料,采用SDS-PAGE和A-PAGE技术对其高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白进行系统分析,检测到3个高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基缺失系：1Ax1缺失系,1Bx14+1By15缺失系,1Dx2+1Dy12缺失系,出现频率由大到小依次为1Ax1＞1Bx14+1By15＞1Dx2+1Dy12。醇溶蛋白方面共检测到5种变异类型,1Ax1缺失系有3种突变类型,1Bx14+1By15缺失系和1Dx2+1Dy12缺失系各有1种突变类型,ω区变异类型最多,其次是α区和γ区,β区没有发现变异类型,在5种变异类型中有一条相同的变异谱带。结果表明：N+（30Kev）离子束注入能有效地诱导小麦种子高分子量谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白的变异,并能够在后代中稳定遗传。     

Glu-D1d与Wx-B1b基因聚合在强筋小麦育种中的利用

Glu-D1d与Wx-B1b基因遗传效应是面包面条兼用型强筋小麦的主要遗传基础,二者聚合可实现蛋白质(面筋)质量和淀粉特性的同步改良,并拓宽和提升强筋小麦的加工用途和商品价值。本文总结了Glu-D1d与Wx-B1b基因及其聚合对强筋小麦品质的影响,并对两个基因聚合育种策略和注意事项进行探讨,以期为面包面条兼用型强筋小麦育种提供理论依据和实践经验。     

HMW-GS分子标记多重PCR体系的建立及新疆春小麦的检测

为给新疆优质春小麦品种选育提供参考依据,利用小麦优质高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)基因的特异性标记,基于17份已知HMW-GS组成的品种(系),构建了3套多重PCR,体系Ⅰ可用于同时检测AxNull和Dx5基因,体系Ⅱ可同时检测Ax2*和By8基因,体系Ⅲ可同时检测Bx14和Dx5基因;用3套多重PCR体系分别检测17份小麦品种,其结果与SDS-PAGE检测结果完全一致,表明建立的3套多重PCR体系稳定可靠,可用于小麦品种优质HMW-GS基因聚合育种.利用此体系对85份新疆春小麦品种进行分析表明,AxNull和Ax1的频率均为24.7%,Ax2*为50.6%,By8为48.2%,Bx14(+By15)为0%,Dx5(+Dy10)为34.1%.     

黄淮冬麦区强筋小麦品种的产量及品质分析

为了解当前黄淮冬麦区强筋小麦品种的产量和品质表现,选用9个近年来黄淮麦区育成、在河南省大面积推广种植的强筋小麦品种,种植于河南的郑州和泛区,按AACC或国标的方法对其蛋白质和淀粉品质进行分析。结果表明,供试强筋小麦品种的产量显著低于高产对照品种周麦18;有5个品种的有效穗数显著高于周麦18,有3个品种与周麦18差异不显著;分别有1个品种的穗粒数、千粒重与周麦18差异不显著,其余品种均显著低于周麦18。说明黄淮冬麦区强筋小麦品种的穗粒数和千粒重有待提高。分析各品种的品质指标,对于湿面筋含量,有5个品种在两个试点均达国标,有2个品种在一个试点达国标;弱化度、面包体积、面包评分等反映面筋质量的品质指标均表现为郑州点优于泛区点;弱化度、面包体积在2个试点的差异达极显著水平;面包评分在2个试点的差异达显著水平。含5+10亚基的品种中,非1BL/1RS易位品种的烘焙品质显著优于1BL/1RS易位品种。郑麦366、师栾02-1、新麦26的麦谷蛋白亚基构成和面包烘焙品质均较优。郑麦366、矮抗58的峰值黏度较高,淀粉糊化特性较好,适合制作优质面条。     

郑麦7698加工品质及配粉特性研究

为明确郑麦7698的加工品质及配粉特性,以加西2号和美麦DNS为对照,对郑麦7698、新麦26和周麦22的粉质特性及加工品质进行了分析,并检测了郑麦7698与新麦26、周麦22以不同比例配粉所得混合粉的面包烘焙品质和面条蒸煮品质.结果表明,郑麦7698和新麦26的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及粉质参数均达到国家优质强筋小麦的标准,周麦22为中筋小麦品种.郑麦7698、加西2号、美麦DNS和新麦26等4个小麦品种的面包烘焙品质优良,面包评分分别为85.3、85.7、88.5和95.3.当郑麦7698与新麦26配粉比例分别为30∶70和50∶50时,其面包评分分别为95.0和93.8,显著高于郑麦7698单粉,说明对郑麦7698面粉配以适量的新麦26可显著提高郑麦7698的面包烘焙品质.郑麦7698的面条加工品质最优,其面条评分为92.4.郑麦7698与周麦22配粉比例分别为70∶30、50∶50和30∶70时,面条评分分别为89.3、83.6和79.4,说明对周麦22配以适量的郑麦7698可显著改善用麦22的面条加工品质.郑麦7698为面包面条兼用型品种,通过配粉可生产出高质量的面包粉和面条粉.     

甘肃小麦品种（系）面筋强度和糯蛋白基因分布规律研究

高分子量麦谷蛋白、 1B/1R易位系和糯蛋白基因是影响小麦面包、面条和馒头加工品质的重要因素。为明确甘肃省小麦品种（系）品质状况,用 Dx 5、 By8、 By9、Bx7^OE、 1B/1R、Wx等基因的特异性分子标记鉴定其对应基因在甘肃4个麦区298份小麦材料中的存在状况。结果表明,甘肃省小麦品种（系）中被检测基因分布频率在不同生态区域存在一定差异,从西部到东南部, Dx 5、 By8、Bx7^OE、 Wx-B 1b基因的检出频率逐渐降低,而 By9基因和1B/1R易位系检出频率逐渐升高;春小麦中 Dx 5（46.4%）、 By8（26.1%）、Bx7^OE（1.4%）、 Wx-B 1b（14.4%）基因的检出频率明显高于冬小麦中 Dx 5（26.3%）、 By8（25.0%）、Bx7^OE（0）、 Wx-B 1b（7.5%）基因的检出频率;但春小麦 By9（34.8%）基因、 1B/1R易位系（27.5%）检出频率低于冬小麦 By9（41.3%）、 1B/1R（38.8%）的被检出频率。面筋强度和糯蛋白基因的分布频率表明甘肃省小麦品种（系）用于加工面包、面条和馒头的品质状况较差,且从西部到东南部品质逐渐变劣,春小麦品质优于冬小麦。甘肃省大部分小麦品种（系）仅适宜于加工普通馒头和面条。     

新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系

为了给优质面包、馒头、面条专用品种选育提供品质辅助选择指标,以30份新疆冬小麦品种(包括自育品种和引进品种)为材料,分析了新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系.回归分析结果表明,小麦籽粒性状、面粉品质、面团特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽对新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头和面条加工品质均有显著影响;面粉灰分、湿面筋、稀懈值、亮度和红度是影响面包、馒头和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;形成时间、稳定时间、延展度是影响面包和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;而籽粒性状仅对新疆冬小麦品种馒头加工品质有显著影响.相关分析结果表明,千粒重、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、红度和黄度与面包总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.460、0.516、0.537、0.719、0.707、0.534和-0.403;籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白含量和湿面筋含量与馒头总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.397、-0.458和-0.552,面团延展度、稀懈值与面条总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.438和0.432.从以上结果可以看出,面包与面团流变学特性,馒头与蛋白质和面筋数量,面条与面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性的关系更为密切,这些品质性状可以作为新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头、面条加工品质改良时的辅助选择指标.     

郑麦1860品质特性及面条加工适用性分析

为明确郑麦1860的品质及加工适用性,对2020-2021年河南省29个地点收获的郑麦1860的籽粒性状、磨粉品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉糊化特性和面条加工品质指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明,郑麦1860为优质中强筋面条小麦品种,特点是籽粒大、容重高、出粉率高,面条弹性好、色泽白亮、褐变较轻。在不同地点间郑麦1860的多数品质性状变异程度小,品质表现较稳定;相比较而言,其粉质参数、拉伸参数变异程度较大,淀粉糊化特性和面筋特性变异程度次之,籽粒品质性状、磨粉品质和面条加工参数变异程度较小。籽粒硬度、粒径、容重与出粉率呈显著正相关;容重、籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉灰分含量与面条总评分呈显著负相关;面粉色泽L^*值、吸水率、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、终值黏度、回生值与面条总评分呈显著正相关。综上所述,籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉色泽和淀粉糊化特性是影响郑麦1860面条品质的主要因素。郑麦1860制作的面条感官评分高、品质稳定,在豫北、豫东和豫南等区域种植均适合制作优质面条。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.