泰国褐塘鳢的生物学及人工繁殖试验

云斑尖塘鳢原产于东南亚地区,自20世纪80年代末引进我国,并实现人工繁育和养殖,已发展成为重要的名特优水产鱼类品种。随着养殖规模快速扩大,原有引进品种已经无法满足产业发展的需求,因此迫切需要加快云斑尖塘鳢种质资源研究,培育出能够适应人工配合饲料、生长速率快、抗寒、抗病能力强的适宜本土养殖新品种。本文综述了国内外半个世纪以来云斑尖塘鳢相关的研究进展;首先阐述了云斑尖塘鳢生殖和生长发育等生物学特征及研究进展,探讨了温度、盐度、溶解氧等环境条件对云斑尖塘鳢的影响;然后进一步总结和探讨了云斑尖塘鳢人工养殖领域的进展和面临的饲料、种质资源开发、病害防治等问题;同时也探讨了云斑尖塘鳢未来发展方向。     

云斑尖塘鳢

学名：云斑尖塘鳢Oxyeleotris marmoratus,俗称为笋壳鱼或泰国笋壳。     

云斑尖塘鳢♀×线纹尖塘鳢♂杂交育种的初步研究

利用从国外引进的云斑、线纹尖塘鳢的自繁后代,经过强化培育、性腺促熟后,2009年5-9月开展人工杂交试验。试验结果:孵化水温28~30℃时,云斑尖塘鳢♀×线纹尖塘鳢♂孵化时间68h,受精率为90.0%,孵化率为83.6%,培苗出苗率为60.51%,研究证明尖塘鳢属种间杂交可以成功。     

云斑尖塘鳢、线纹尖塘鳢及其杂交子一代间的遗传关系

应用RAPD技术研究云斑尖塘鳢、线纹尖塘鳢及其杂交子一代(F1)间的遗传关系。筛选得到25个随机引物均在亲本和杂交子一代间呈现多态,遗传相似性指数和遗传距离的计算结果显示,正交F1(云斑尖塘鳢♂×线纹尖塘鳢♀)与母本平均遗传相似系数(0.7090)高于与父本平均遗传相似系数(0.5948);反交F1(云斑尖塘鳢♀×线纹尖塘鳢♂)与母本平均遗传相似系数(0.6301)也高于与父本平均遗传相似系数(0.6089)。说明正反交子代在遗传关系上均偏向各自的母本,对扩增带和聚类图的分析均得到这一结果,表明F1所接受的双亲遗传物质并非完全对等的,所获得的遗传信息可能更多来自母本。     

云斑尖塘鳢与线纹尖塘鳢杂交种肌肉营养成分分析

为科学评价云斑尖塘鳢、线纹尖塘鳢及其杂交种肌肉的营养价值,采用国内外通用的营养测定方法对3种尖塘鳢的常规营养组分、氨基酸组分、脂肪酸组分以及矿物质元素进行测定与比较分析.试验结果显示,3种尖塘鳢水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量分别为75.80％～79.23％、18.33％～19.23％、0.62％～1.63％和1.20...     

河川沙塘鳢(♀)与云斑尖塘鳢(♂)杂交子代胚胎发育研究

以河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)为母本、云斑尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris marmorata)为父本进行科间人工远缘杂交,对杂交子代胚胎发育情况进行了观察和记录,描述了各个发育阶段的形态特征。结果显示:杂交子代的胚胎发育可分为受精、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、体节、鳃、孵化期8个阶段。根据每个阶段的形态建成以及发育特点,分为31个主要时期,卵裂阶段从2细胞期至32细胞期和桑葚期;囊胚阶段有囊胚早期、囊胚晚期;原肠阶段有原肠早期、原肠中期、原肠晚期;神经胚阶段有神经胚早期、神经胚晚期;体节分化阶段从2体节期到41体节期;鳃阶段又可分为消化系统形成期、肝脏形成期、鳃裂期以及脾脏和口裂形成期;最后的孵化期分为出膜前期、出膜期。在温度为(20±2)℃的孵化条件下,杂交子代的受精卵经501 h孵出仔鱼。     

云斑尖塘鳢养殖试验

云斑尖塘鳢（Oxyeleoeris marmoratus）俗称泰国笋壳鱼。我所于2005年7月31日引进云斑尖塘鳢苗种进行苗种集约化培育和越冬试验,现将情况总结如下。一、材料与方法 1．试验地点福建莆田淡水增养殖科研中试基地,试验池塘为闲置的鳗鱼池,上方搭盖白色塑料薄膜,池底放置若干数量的PV短管,排污口上设置防逃网,     

云斑尖塘鳢人工繁育技术的研究

云斑尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris marmoratus)俗称褐塘鳢、尖塘鳢或褐虾虎鱼,属鲈形目、虾虎鱼亚目、塘鳢科、尖塘鳢属,为虾虎鱼亚目中个体较大的种     

尖塘鳢的池塘全人工养殖

本文介绍了从国外引进的线纹尖塘鳢和云斑尖塘鳢养殖生物学特性及池塘全人工养殖技术,包括人工繁殖、仔幼鱼培育、幼成鱼中间培育、幼成鱼单品种饲养等技术。     

云斑尖塘鳢精子的超微结构

采用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了云斑尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris marmoratus)的精子结构。结果显示:扫描电镜下云斑尖塘鳢精子由头部和尾部(鞭毛)组成。头部近似圆形,直径1.98～2.12μm,尾部鞭毛长23.22～32.92μm。透射电镜下云斑尖塘鳢精子由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成。头部细胞核呈扁卵圆形,前端不具顶体,染色质致密,细胞核内偶见小空隙;核膜与质膜间有间隙,其间分布有细胞质、囊泡、溶酶体,在细胞核后端,还分布有5～7个呈环形单层排列的线粒体;植入窝较浅,中段不明显,包括中心粒复合体和袖套;精子尾部的鞭毛细长,轴丝为典型的"9+2"型结构;轴丝外侧具有较发达的侧鳍。     

Waste excretion of marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker) fed with different diets

Marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker), with its high demand and price, has a great potential as a profitable commercial aquaculture candidate in Malaysia and Southeast Asia region. Efforts are being made to produce this species in a better controlled culture environment like recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) due to poor growth performance and disease problems shown by conventional cage and outdoor pond culture systems. Quantification of waste excreted by fish is critical to RAS design. This study was conducted to characterize the waste excretion rates of marble goby fed with different diets (live food and minced fish). Ammonia-N (TAN), urea-N, nitrite-N (NO₂-N), nitrate-N (NO₃-N), total-N (TN), organic-N (ON), feces-N, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) and total suspended solid (TSS) produced from marble goby were determined over a 72-h excretion period. Under given experimental conditions, the results showed that feed type had significant influence on the waste excretion rates, with marble goby fed live tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exhibiting significantly (P < 0.05) the lowest amount of waste excretion comparable to that of fish fed live common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and minced scads (Decapterus russellii). This indicates that feeding marble goby with tilapia poses less adverse effects on water quality and is thus a suitable diet for this species. The waste excreted by the fish is composed of nitrogenous excretion (TAN, Urea-N, ON, Feces-N), and productions of dissolved biodegradable organic substances (BOD₅) and TSS (TSS_feces + TSS_water). About 58-71% of the nitrogen consumed in food was excreted and its rate depended mainly on the feed type. TAN was the chief end-product of protein metabolism; about 74-84% of the daily total nitrogenous excretion was TAN. Urea-N accounted for 13-21% of the daily total nitrogenous excretion indicating that urea-N is an important nitrogenous excretory end-product in marble goby. The waste excretion data presented in this study can be served as a pre-requisite for designing a RAS for this species. The overall BOD₅ and TSS production found in this study also point to the need for including bio-filtration unit and suspended solids removal mechanism in the RAS design.     

Prey ingestion and live food selectivity of marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata) using rice field prawn (Macrobrachium lanchesteri) as prey

Marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata), a carnivorous fish native to freshwater in Asia-Pacific region, is a high-valued species in many Asian countries. The present study consisting of three experiments was conducted to determine the appropriate density, size and ingestion time of marble goby fingerlings on rice field prawn (Macrobrachium lanchesteri) as prey. Results showed that the ingestion rate of marble goby fingerlings (0.26-1.43 g size) on prawns (9-12 mm in length) had an asymptotic pattern peaked at a predator to prey ratio of 1:20. Marble goby fingerlings did catch prawns during both daytime (07:00-17:00 h) and nighttime (17:00-07:00 h), but the ingestion peaked during nighttime period. The hourly ingestion rate during nighttime was significantly higher than that during daytime for the smaller-size marble goby fingerlings of 0.26-0.87 g, while there was no significant difference in the hourly ingestion between nighttime and daytime for the larger-size marble goby fingerlings of 1.43 g. The daily ingestion of marble goby fingerlings on prawns (mg consumed prawns/goby/day) increased significantly with increasing average weights (g) of marble goby fingerlings (Y = 27.6 + 47.8X, n = 30, r² = 0.86, p < 0.05). Results also showed that the preferred prawn size of marble goby fingerlings of average weights of 0.26-4.18 g was small (9-12 mm) with positive electivity index of 0.19-0.33, and the shift from small- to medium-size (12-14 mm) prawns was slow. The present study has demonstrated the feasibility of using rice field prawns as live foods to nurse marble goby fingerlings.     

Growth rates and survival of western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) at two temperatures (ambient and 23 °C) and two feeding frequencies

Wild caught post-pueruli, year one and year two post settlement juvenile western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus, were held at ambient temperatures (15.6 °C to 23.1 °C; mean 19.0 ± 0.07 °C) or at 23 °C, and fed the same ration of a formulated pellet diet either once per night, or 3 times per night, over 12 months, to determine whether elevated temperatures and multiple feeds per night would stimulate growth through increased metabolism and feed utilisation without significant negative impacts on survival. Survival of post-pueruli (mean 63%) did not differ between ambient and 23 °C. Survival of year 1 and 2 juveniles was higher at ambient temperatures (p < 0.01 ambient: year 1 juveniles, 68%; year 2 juveniles, 88%; 23 °C: 57% and 74%, respectively). Feeding frequency did not affect survival of post-pueruli and year 2 juveniles (mean 63%, 81% respectively), but survival was 9% higher for year 1 juveniles fed three times per night (58% versus 67%; p < 0.01). All lobsters grew faster at 23 °C than at ambient temperatures (p < 0.05), with the growth of post-pueruli almost doubled at 23 °C (weight gain at 23 °C versus ambient: post-pueruli, 18 438 % versus 9 915 %; year 1 juveniles 259% versus 165%; year 2 juveniles 23% versus 21%). Feed frequency did not influence the growth of year 1 and 2 juveniles. However, there was an interaction effect of temperature and feed frequency on post-pueruli where weight and carapace length were significantly higher at ambient temperatures when post-pueruli were fed three times a day, whereas at 23 °C weight and carapace length were significantly greater when fed once per day (p < 0.05). Feed intake (g pellet dry matter lobster^− 1 day^− 1) of pellet was higher at 23 °C for all lobsters (p < 0.05), but was the same between lobsters fed 3 times per night versus once per night. This study has shown that increasing temperatures to 23 °C significantly improved the growth of P. cygnus post-pueruli without any adverse effects on survival. The faster growth rates exhibited by year 1 and 2 juveniles at 23 °C may potentially offset their lower survival by significantly reducing culture period. There is no benefit of feeding P. cygnus multiple times at night in terms of growth and survival. The implications for P. cygnus culture are that temperatures should be maintained close to 23 °C during the entire growout period, with due care taken to minimise mortalities through adequate provision of food and shelter. Feeding P. cygnus once daily to excess just prior to dusk to co-incide with nocturnal feeding behaviour is recommended.     

中国鲤育种的主要方法、遗传解析及展望

水产种业是水产养殖业发展的基础,是渔业战略性、基础性核心产业,也是保障未来养殖业绿色、健康发展的核心竞争力。随着水产业全球化、市场化的发展,我国种业正面临着前所未有的机遇与挑战。特别是随着生物技术的快速发展,水产育种也由传统的选择育种和杂交育种,发展至细胞工程育种、分子标记辅助育种、全基因组选择育种、分子设计育种和基因组编辑等精准设计育种。水产动物重要经济性状的基础研究及其遗传改良技术的创建驱动着我国水产种业的蓬勃发展,截止2022年,通过全国水产原种和良种审定委员会审定并由农业农村部公告的水产新品种就有266个,其中鲤新品种数量最多,为31个,表明鲤育种工作卓有成效。本文重点回顾了我国鲤的种质和基因组资源现状,鲤的主要品种及其育种方法;简要介绍了鲤生长、抗病、体色、饲料转化率等经济性状关联的遗传研究进展,并由此提出了新时代背景下鲤种业的发展方向和措施建议,以期为我国鱼类育种提供借鉴。     

人工诱导花鳗鲡的精巢发育成熟及其精子的生物学特性

用肌肉注射HCG的处理方式（剂量为500U/㎏•体重,每周注射1次,注射时间为6周）诱导雄性花鳗鲡性腺发育成熟,成熟率达80.0%。对人工催熟花鳗鲡精子的生物学特性研究结果表明：花鳗鲡精子头部长径为3.81±0.69µm,短径为1.24±0.15µm;尾部长度为24.83±3.05µm;精液pH为7.3~7.5,精子密度为1.02×1010尾/ mL。精子的适宜盐度为15~20,其中盐度为15时,精子激活比率最高,快速运动时间以及精子的寿命最长。精子的pH适宜范围为6.0~8.0,pH值过高或过低都会影响精子的活力与寿命。另外,4 种金属离子(Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+和K+)对花鳗鲡精子活力与寿命的影响趋势基本一致,金属离子浓度过高或过低都会抑制精子的活力、缩短快速运动时间和寿命。而MgCl2、CaCl2、KCl、NaCl溶液浓度为0.4~0.6g/mL时,精子活力最好,最高激活比率为3级（41.0%~60.0%）。     

线纹尖塘鳢的形态生物学与核型

This paper reports the morphological character and karyotype of Oxyeleotris lineolatus. Oxyeleotris lineolatus is native in Australia and call ed sleepy cod. It belongs to Oxyeleotris, Eleotridae, Gobioidei, Perciformes in taxonomy. Recently, it was introduced to China and local people were not familiar with it. So we carried out this study. 30 individuals have been observed and some data were recorded. It has a large mouth that is in front and up. The mandible stands out and is longer than the up jaw. There are many rows of thin teeth in up and down jaws. The pelvie fins are located in chest and pectoral fins are large and fanlike. There are two dorsal fins. The tail fin is circular. Gill rakers are sparse and the number of gill rakers is 8-12+3-4. The gas bladder belongs to physoclistaus and its stomach is strong and I-like. The intestine is thick and short and no pyloric caecas. The length of the digestive path is 48.1％-80.3% of the length of body. Its liver has two lobes and the liver weight is 4.1%-7.2% of the body weight. The digestive organs characters are same as the trait of flesheater fish. Its scale belongs to ctenoid scale and its body surface shows several long lines. There is not lateral line in the body. The number of vertebra is 26-27 and it has 10-11 pairs rib. The number of diploid chromosome is 2n=46 and the karyotype formula is 2sm+8st+36t,NF=48. The relative length of chromosome is from 1.37% to 3.48% and it is continuity. No strange size chromosomes relation to sex was observed. The karyotype of Oxyeleotris lineolatus is similar to that of Oxyeletris marmoratus Bleeker from South East Asia and both of them belong to Oxyeleotri. It testifies the correctness of traditional classification on cytology.     

大黄鱼种质资源保护与利用现状及建议

优异种质资源的发掘利用对保障我国优质水产蛋白供给具有关键作用.大黄鱼是我国海水鱼类养殖产量最高的品种,种质资源是大黄鱼养殖产业健康和可持续发展不可或缺的物质基础,系统开展大黄鱼种质资源收集保存、鉴定评价和保护利用具有十分重要的战略意义.本文回顾了大黄鱼种质资源保护和开发利用的历史与现状,从科研、育种技术体系、产业和人才...     

人工诱导花鳗鲡卵巢发育成熟及相关激素和组织的作用

采用多次肌肉注射黄体生成素释放激素(luteinizing hormone releasing hormone,LHRH-A2)和鲤脑垂体匀浆(carp pituitary extract,CPE)的方法诱导花鳗鲡卵巢发育成熟。在任意挑选的15尾实验组鱼中,5尾卵巢发育完全成熟,平均性腺系数(gonadosomatic index,GSI)为(20.9±5.04)%(最大达到27.3%);5尾卵巢发育至成熟期,平均GSI为(7.2±2.86)%;5尾卵巢发育至卵黄生成期,平均GSI为(2.32±1.5)%;而对照组的性腺停留在未发育的Ⅱ期[GSI为(1.18±0.39)%],这表明注射的激素能诱导雌性花鳗鲡性腺发育直到完全成熟。检测卵巢发育过程中脑垂体GtH的mRNA水平,血清中类固醇激素水平以及肝脏和消化道组织学变化。结果表明,脑垂体中GtHα、LHβ和FSHβ的mRNA水平随着卵巢的发育而逐渐增加,在卵巢发育成熟后下降,其中GtHα和LHβ的含量在卵巢发育成熟时虽比发育时期略有下降,但仍然呈现高表达量,而FSHβ在卵巢发育成熟时的表达量极低,几乎检测不到。血清雌二醇的含量在卵巢开始发育和卵黄生成期时的含量...     

海水养殖对近岸生态环境的影响

文章研究了从硝化菌群中分离的菌株NB5在不同培养条件下的生长情况及其对氨氮 (NH₄ ⁺-N) 和亚硝氮 (NO₂ ⁻-N) 的去除效果,并对菌株NB5进行了鉴定。结果发现,菌株NB5在盐度25~45、pH 6.0~9.0、15~35 ℃和通气量1~2 L·min⁻¹的条件下生长良好 (P>0.05)。在盐度45、35和25条件下对NH₄ ⁺-N的最大去除率分别为96.24%、88.93%和75.08%;pH 7.5和9.0条件下分别为99.53%和99.37%;温度30、25、15和35 ℃条件下分别为99.53%、97.22%、97.29%和71.26%;通气量为2和1 L·min⁻¹时分别为99.87%和99.82%。在上述培养条件下菌株NB5对NH₄ ⁺-N的最大去除率均显著高于对照组和其他条件组 (P<0.05)。菌株NB5在不同培养条件下对NO₂ ⁻-N浓度变化无显著作用 (P>0.05)。经16S rDNA序列分析,菌株NB5鉴定为海水硝酸盐还原菌 (Nitratireductor aquimarinus)。研究表明,菌株NB5具有较好的环境适应性和氨氮去除效果,尤其适合中高盐度 (25~45) 养殖池塘环境。

     

Effects of protein restriction with subsequent realimentation on growth performance of juvenile Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis)

The effects of protein restriction in the diet with subsequent realimentation on growth responses of juvenile Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis (initial mean wet weight 1.347 g), were investigated. The control group (Group C) was fed an adequate diet containing 44.6% crude protein and 18.5 kJ gross energy/g dry matter throughout the experiment. For treatment Groups T₁₅ and T₃₀, in the restriction phase (weeks 1–2) dietary crude protein contents were reduced to 15.0% and 29.3%, respectively, with constant energy supply, while in the realimentation phase (weeks 3–6) they were supplied with the same diet as the control group. Protein restriction led to significant decrease in specific growth rates and body weight of shrimp. However, when the shrimp were transferred from protein restriction to realimentation, they had significantly increased specific growth rates in terms of dry matter, protein and energy (SGR_d, SGR_p and SGR_e) compared with the control shrimp. At the end of the experiment, the shrimp in Group T₃₀ achieved complete growth compensation, while those in Group T₁₅ were still significantly smaller than the controls. As dietary protein levels reduced, feed conversion efficiencies and apparent protein digestibility decreased, but feed intake and protein efficiency ratio increased. The shrimp responded to a change from protein restriction to realimentation by displaying improved feed conversion efficiencies (FCE_d, FCE_p and FCE_e) compared with the controls, although those in Group T₁₅ delayed in showing the enhanced FCE values. In the initial 2-week realimentation, the shrimp in Group T₁₅ showed significantly higher feed intake, and lower apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein than those of the controls. There was no significant difference in protein efficiency ratio among all groups in the realimentation phase. The above results suggest that compensatory growth in Group T₃₀ is mainly dependent on improved feed conversion efficiencies, while that in Group T₁₅ is attributable to both improved feed conversion efficiencies and increasing feed intake. After 2-week restriction, the shrimp showed lower body crude protein, lipid and energy content, and higher moisture and ash content than the controls. However, during the course of realimentation, the differences between the previously protein restricted shrimp and the controls diminished. This indicates that compensatory growth after a period of protein restriction in juvenile Chinese shrimp was accompanied by a complete recovery in body composition and energy content.