日本鳗鲡人工繁殖的研究进展

为了解日本鳗鲡玻璃鳗的早期营养需求,分别对中国近海6个不同地点玻璃鳗体组织一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行了分析。结果显示,野生玻璃鳗体组织中水分含量为78.62%±2.03%,干重基础下粗蛋白质含量为69.08%±0.64%、粗脂肪含量为11.96%±1.33%、粗灰分含量为11.45%±1.30%。在台州、舟山、南通和东台4个采样点的样品中,水分含量无显著差异,而粗蛋白含量以舟山点最高、粗脂肪含量最低,并且舟山点样品肠道内发现可见内容物。玻璃鳗样品中氨基酸含量以谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸最高,半胱氨酸最低;除舟山点外,各采样点氨基酸含量无明显差异。不同洄游地点玻璃鳗组织中脂肪酸含量均以C16:0、C18:1n9、C20:5n3(EPA)、C22:5n3、C22:6n3(DHA)为主要成分,其中EPA和DHA共占脂肪酸总量的31.59%±1.00%,不同洄游地点样品必需脂肪酸含量差异明显。研究表明,必需氨基酸、必需脂肪酸对于玻璃鳗的正常生长存活具有重要意义。此外,对比不同地点营养物质组成及稚鱼饵料理论需求量分析,推测舟山点海洋环境中包含更适合玻璃鳗稚鱼摄食的食物,需进一步研究分析,为日本鳗鲡开口饵料的研究提供理论支持。     

大黄鱼仔、稚、幼鱼发育阶段的脂肪酸组成及其变化

研究了大黄鱼早期主要发育阶段（前仔鱼期、后仔鱼期、稚鱼、幼鱼）体内脂肪酸的组成及含量的变化规律,并重点比较了发病稚鱼与正常稚鱼的脂肪酸组成。用GC／MS法共检测到24种脂肪酸,且种类随发育而递增,其中饱和脂肪酸（SFA）12种,单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）6种,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）6种。分析结果表明：大黄鱼鱼苗内源性营养阶段以饱和脂肪酸C14：0、C16：0及单不饱和脂肪酸C16：1、C18：1作为能量代谢的主要来源;必需脂肪酸C20：4（n-6）（AA）在鱼苗开口前就已存在,而DHA和EPA摄食后才被检测到,其含量受饵料种类的影响,DHA含量变化范围为7．26％～25．36％,EPA为3．41％～8．40％。与同期正常鱼苗相比,病鱼苗的主要脂肪酸DHA、EPA含量显著降低,DHA不足前者的1／3,而AA、C18：1、C18：2、C18：3含量和EPA／DHA的比值显著增加,分别是前者的1．5—3倍。导致稚鱼阶段“胀鳔病”发生的内在原因可能是DHA和EPA的缺乏以及AA偏高。研究结果为预防“胀鳔”鱼苗的发生提供了理论依据。     

紫海胆黄基本营养成分的分析与评价

为了测定紫海胆黄中的营养成分,并对其营养价值进行系统分析及合理评价,采用国家标准的生化测定方法以及美国化学分析方法(AOAC)检测海胆黄中的水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿物质。结果显示:海胆黄粉中水分含量(5.29±0.02)%,粗灰分(8.69±0.03)%,粗蛋白质(60.36±0.04)%,粗脂肪(25.32±0.09)%,总糖含量(0.044±0.002)mg/100 g;共检出18种氨基酸,总含量(46.50±0.89)%;谷氨酸含量最高,为(5.57±0.11)%;必须氨基酸占总氨基酸的(37.75±0.01)%;主要的限制氨基酸是色氨酸和亮氨酸;药效氨基酸占氨基酸总量的46.86%;蛋白质氨基酸评分(AAS)0.8,化学评分(CS)0.5;必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为77.86;共检出30种脂肪酸,EPA(二十碳五烯酸)+DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)含量(2.43±005)%;海胆黄富含钾、磷、钠、镁、铁、锌等矿物质元素;常量元素中,磷元素含量最高,为(1 432.27±8.91)mg/100 g;微量元素中,锌元素含量最高,为(13.13±0.09)mg/100 g。研究表明,海胆黄中蛋白质含量丰富,氨基酸种类多、比例合理,脂质含量高且富含EPA、DHA等多不饱和脂肪酸,矿物质含量丰富。     

波纹唇鱼肌肉中营养成分分析

通过对波纹唇鱼肌肉氨基酸、脂肪酸等营养成分的测定和分析,评估和讨论其肉质的风味特征。结果表明,波纹唇鱼Cheilinus undulates的含肉率为71.5%,肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、水分的含量分别为18.98%、1.56%、1.23%、76.33%;测定的18种氨基酸总量为878.1mg/g(干重),4种鲜味氨基酸含量为355.3mg/g(干重),是其美味的主要因素。DHA和EPA的含量分别为2.00和9.51mg/g,DHA和EPA含量占脂肪酸总量的12.76%。     

美洲鲥内源性营养阶段脂肪酸组成及利用

为掌握美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)发育早期内源性营养阶段的脂肪酸变化及利用规律,采用生化分析手段,检测和分析美洲鲥的胚胎(原肠期)、0日龄和4日龄仔鱼(摄食前)的粗脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成。结果显示,随着个体发育,美洲鲥内源性营养阶段的水分含量显著降低、鲜质量的粗脂肪含量显著上升、干物质的粗脂肪含量微弱升高,而单个个体的粗脂肪含量显著下降,数值从胚胎的60.04μg下降到4日龄仔鱼的41.91μg。胚胎孵化破膜期间,C18∶1n9c和C22∶6n3(DHA)大幅减少。仔鱼出膜后到开口摄食前,对脂肪酸的利用优先顺序为n6PUFA>MUFA>SFA>n3PUFA, C18∶2n6c、C18∶3n6、C16∶0和C18∶1n9c被先期利用,而对n3PUFA的利用极低(特别是EPA+DHA)。研究表明,美洲鲥胚胎孵化出膜期间,EPA被先期暂存,而DHA被大量利用;仔鱼出膜后,n3PUFA被优先保存,特别是EPA+DHA。因此,建议美洲鲥亲本产前培育和产卵期间,增加投喂富含n3PUFA(特别是DHA)的饲料,以增加其受精卵营养储备,提高美洲鲥开口前仔鱼的成活率。     

南海8种低值小杂鱼脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成分析

采用氯仿-甲醇法提取南海盛产的8种低值小杂鱼肌肉、鱼头、内脏中的粗脂肪,利用气相色谱分析其脂肪酸的组成。结果表明,低值小杂鱼头部粗脂肪含量为2.7%～9.7%,内脏粗脂肪含量为2.9%～6.2%,肌肉部分粗脂肪含量为2.0%～8.5%;不同低值小杂鱼的脂肪酸组成基本相同,但其含量有所差异,饱和脂肪酸含量最高,都在40%以上,内脏粗脂肪中的饱和脂肪酸含量较头部和肌肉中的含量高;多不饱和脂肪酸含量差异较大,粗脂肪含量较高的鱼中多不饱和脂肪酸的含量较低;不同鱼种不同部位的粗脂肪中EPA、DHA含量有所差异。蓝圆鲹的头部粗脂肪中DHA和EPA最高,含量达到28.4%,而双带海鲱鲤内脏粗脂肪中的EPA和DHA含量仅为7.26%。     

棕点石斑鱼的肌肉营养成分分析

试验结果表明,棕点石斑鱼的含肉率为77.3%,肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和水分的含量分别为18.8%、2.2%、1.16%和77.1%;18种氨基酸总量为18.22%(占鲜样),其中人体必需的8种氨基酸含量为6.88%,占氨基酸总量的37.36%,4种鲜味氨基酸含量为7.11%.其氨基酸构成比例符合FAO/WHO标准.必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为514.DHA和EPA含量丰富,占脂肪酸总量的28.2%.     

点带石斑鱼的肌肉营养成分分析

点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)的含肉率为74.1%,肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和水分的含量分别为19.14%、1.41%、0.99%和76.63%;18种氨基酸总量为21.85%(占鲜样),其中人体必需的8种氨基酸含量为8.87%,占氨基酸总量的40.59%,4种鲜味氨基酸含量为8.53%.其氨基酸构成比例符合FAO/WHO标准.必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为103.DHA和EPA含量丰富,占脂肪酸总量的21.88%.     

不同脂肪酸含量及比例对黄颡鱼幼体组成影响的研究

在粗蛋白42%和粗脂肪8%的半精制饵料中,添加不同剂量的鱼油、玉米油、花生油和芝麻油,使20C:5n-3(EPA)+22C:6n-3(DHA)的含量(占总脂肪的%)和n-3/n-6比例分别为14.942,0.728;15.551,0.851;19.365,1.238;19.976,1.345和20.457,1.406。饲喂黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco,Richardson)幼鱼50 d,研究了不同脂肪酸含量及比例对黄颡鱼幼鱼体组成的影响。结果表明,随着饵料中EPA+DHA的含量和n-3/n-6比例的逐渐增加,鱼体肌肉中水分含量逐渐增加,粗蛋白含量逐渐降低,肌肉中的n-3脂肪酸含量和n-3/n-6比例逐渐增加,肌肉的n-6和n-9脂肪酸含量逐渐降低。     

不同生境下黄斑篮子鱼肌肉营养成分比较分析

为给黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)配合饲料研制提供基础数据,采用生化分析方法分别对工厂化养殖、高位池养殖和野生黄斑篮子鱼肌肉的一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行测定,探讨了生境对黄斑篮子鱼肌肉营养和品质的影响。结果显示,相较于野生鱼,2种养殖鱼肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量较高而水分、灰分较低,其中工厂化养殖鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于其他两组(P<0.05)。3种实验鱼均测得17种常见氨基酸,其中以谷氨酸含量最高,必需氨基酸(Essential amino acids, EAA)中以赖氨酸最高;必需氨基酸指数(Essential amino acid index, EAAI)以高位池养殖鱼最高而野生鱼最低。2种养殖鱼测得26种脂肪酸而野生鱼仅测得24种;比较多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA)组成,养殖鱼以n-6系列的C18:2n6c (亚油酸)为主,而野生鱼以n-3系列的C22:6n3 (DHA)、C20:5n3 (EPA)为主,n-3/n-6比值、EPA+DHA含量野生鱼均显著大于2种养殖鱼(P<0.05)。研究表明,养殖...     

Optimizing the essential fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, in the diet of the prawn, Penaeus monodon

The dietary requirements of Penaeus monodon for eicosapentaenoic (20:5n‐3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n‐3; DHA) acids were examined. These requirements were examined when dietary levels of linoleic (18:2n‐6; LOA) and linolenic acids (18:3n‐3; LNA) were also provided at previously established optimal levels of 14 and 21% respectively of the total lipid fatty acids. A 5 × 5 factorial design was used with incremental amounts (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% of total fatty acids) of EPA and/or DHA. An additional diet containing cod‐liver oil was provided as a reference diet. The total lipid content of all of the 25 treatments and reference diets was maintained at the same level of 75 g kg^?1. Growth of prawns fed with the reference diet after 50 days was 244 ± 21%. The greatest response to singular additions of EPA or DHA was with a 12% inclusion of either fatty acid, resulting in 287 ± 21 and 293 ± 18% weight gain, respectively. Growth was generally better when combinations of EPA and DHA were used, the optimal combination being EPA 4% and DHA 4%, resulting in 335 ± 25% weight gain. Addition of high levels of either of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the diet had a negative effect on growth. Digestibilities of the total neutral lipid and specific fatty acids were examined during the growth trials. The digestibility of total neutral lipid was usually higher when either or both HUFA were present, however there were few significant differences between treatments that contained either or both HUFA. Following the growth trials, digestive glands (DG) of prawns fed with the various diets were analysed to determine the total lipid content and fatty acid composition. Total lipid in the digestive gland increased with the inclusion of DHA, but was not significantly affected by the addition of EPA. The fatty acid composition of the digestive gland lipid generally reflected that of the diet. However, the maximum retention of EPA (11.1% of total DG fatty acids) and DHA (10.7% of total DG fatty acids), was not directly proportional to the amount of either fatty acid present in the diet. These results demonstrate that both EPA and DHA have considerable growth promoting capacity. This growth promoting capacity is enhanced when an optimal balance of both fatty acids are incorporated into the diet.     

深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较分析

对深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸质量分数进行了比较分析。结果显示:1)网箱养殖对虾肌肉粗蛋白质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分质量分数无显著差异(P0.05);2)肌肉中检测到18种常见氨基酸,网箱养殖对虾肌肉氨基酸总量(TAA)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、精氨酸(Arg)和脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而必需氨基酸(EAA)、半必需氨基酸(HEAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)和虾味氨基酸(PFAA)两者无显著差异(P0.05);3)肌肉中检测到30种常见脂肪酸,两者的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(EPA和DHA)质量分数差异显著(P0.05),以网箱养殖对虾较高;两者的棕榈酸(C16∶0)质量分数最高,且网箱养殖对虾EPA+DHA质量分数是池塘养殖的1.90倍。结果表明,网箱养殖对虾营养成分要优于池塘养殖,具有较高的营养价值。     

Nutritional comparison in muscle of wild,pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) adults

Muscle proximate composition, amino acid profiles, fatty acid compositions and selected minerals of wild, pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder adults were compared in this study to elucidate their nutritive values and dietary nutrition requirements. Wild and pond cultured Japanese flounder flesh had higher crude proteins, but crude lipid contents of factory cultured fish were 3.8~4.0 fold greater. Major amino acids in Japanese flounder were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. Wild fish had higher levels of total amino acids, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids and half‐essential amino acids and the contents in pond cultured samples were similar. Arachidonic acids (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), DHA + EPA and n–3 PUFA in wild Japanese flounder were significantly higher than that in factory cultured fish, whereas fatty acid levels were close between pond cultured and wild fish. Japanese flounder were rich in zinc, iron and selenium, but poor in copper, chromium and nickel. Results indicated wild Japanese flounder had higher nutritional value and better meat quality, but the nutritional compositions of pond cultured fish were close to wild Japanese flounder, which suggested that pond culture of Japanese flounder offers broad application prospects.     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

半滑舌鳎不同家系肌肉中脂肪酸含量的分析

为了研究半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)不同家系肌肉中脂肪酸的组成与含量,并选育出高营养品系的半滑舌鳎家系,用气相色谱法对同一养殖环境中的半滑舌鳎15个不同家系(164个样本)肌肉中的脂肪酸的组成和含量进行了检测和比较分析,同时对高EPA、DHA、EPA+DHA含量的家系进行筛选,并研究了半滑舌鳎性别与EPA、DHA含量的关系。结果表明:(1)15个家系肌肉中脂肪酸种类没有区别,但脂肪酸的组成和含量存在若干差异。其特征均为多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)饱和脂肪酸(SFA)单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)。PUFA以ω-3系脂肪酸为主,且ω-3系脂肪酸与ω-6系脂肪酸比值达到4.16~5.03,其中的2种重要ω-3系脂肪酸EPA和DHA在15个家系中均具有显著性差异,且DHA含量远大于EPA含量;筛选出了3个高EPA、DHA、EPA+DHA含量家系,分别为F13012、F13023及F13031。(2)EPA的含量与半滑舌鳎性别不具有显著性相关关系。本研究对于选育半滑舌鳎优良品种家系具有重要意义。     

俄罗斯鲟鱼卵与西伯利亚鲟鱼卵的营养成分比较

采用生化方法分析了俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedti)和西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)鱼卵的营养成分,并对两者的营养品质进行了比较。结果表明:这两种鱼卵的水分含量平均值为62.83%～64.88%,粗蛋白平均含量为20.38%～20.77%,粗脂平均含量为10.41%～13.58%。统计分析表明,俄罗斯鲟鱼卵的粗脂肪含量显著低于西伯利亚鲟鱼卵,而粗蛋白、水分和灰分含量略高于西伯利亚鲟鱼卵。俄罗斯鲟鱼卵和西伯利亚鲟鱼卵的氨基酸组成一致,均含有17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为50.66和44.43。两种鲟鱼卵的脂肪酸中,均以C16∶0、C18∶2n6c和DHA为主要脂肪酸,三者总的质量分数达50%左右;而二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的总量俄罗斯鲟鱼卵高于西伯利亚鲟鱼卵,在两种鱼卵中含量分别为19.47%和16.83%。分析结果表明,两种鲟鱼卵均含有丰富的各种营养成分,但从粗蛋白、必需氨基酸(EAA)、DHA和n3PUFA含量来看,俄罗斯鲟鱼卵的营养价值优于西伯利亚鲟鱼卵。     

Lipid content and fatty acid composition in female American shad,Alosa sapidissima,at different stages of ovarian development under reared conditions

The fatty acid accumulation in broodstock influences the fecundity of spawners as well as egg quality. A comprehensive understanding of the lipid and fatty acid changes in broodstock during the reproductive period can increase our knowledge of the nutritional requirements in artificial breeding programs. The study assessed the lipid and fatty acid compositions of muscle, liver and ovary of American shad at different stages of reproductive development under reared conditions. The results indicated that there were significant differences in lipid content among ovary, liver and muscle. Mean total lipid levels in ovary, liver and muscle were 15.92%–10.87%, 13.62%–6.89%, 10.39%–6.11% respectively. During the development season, the total lipid content in muscle in stages V and VI were significantly lower than those in stages II and III. The total lipid content in liver in stages IV, V and VI was significantly lower than in stages II and III, whereas the total lipid content in the ovary increased significantly as the gonad developed and reached its highest value at stage V. From II to VI stage, the liver content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) decreased and the ovarian content of DHA increased, whereas the content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) remained relatively constant. The content of C16:0 and C18:1n‐9 decreased in muscle and liver, but significantly increased in ovary. It is therefore suggested that the lipids were preferentially transferred from muscle and liver to ovary beginning in stage IV as the gonad matured. At stage IV, the lipid transfer accelerated, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, such as C16:0, C18:1n‐9, DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid, were selectively transferred to and conserved in ovaries.     

Modification of essential fatty acid composition in broodstock of cultured European eel Anguilla anguilla L

Farmed eels had lower levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n‐6) (ARA) and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3) (EPA):ARA compared to wild European eels collected from the Baltic Sea and southern Norwegian coast. Eels fed a formulated feed (JD) with a distribution of essential fatty acids (EFA) resembling wild European eel were sampled after 0, 5, 10, 14 and 44 weeks of feeding to examine changes in fatty acid composition (FAC) in ovaries, visceral fat and muscle. The results showed a slow but steady incorporation of EFA. Lipids are incorporated in the oocytes early in oogenesis, and the leading cohort of oocytes is rich in lipid droplets before the onset of vitellogenesis. This indicates that feeding with optimized broodstock feeds should start early to allow the incorporation of EFA in the first cohort of oocytes. At least 14 weeks of feeding is required to change lipid EFA in broodstock eel to resemble EFA in the diet or in wild fish. After 44 weeks of feeding, ARA was significantly higher in the neutral lipids of ovaries (1.9%) compared to visceral fat (1.2%) or muscle (1.0%). EPA:ARA ratios decreased two‐ to threefold in all tissues examined during that time. ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) (DHA) had accumulated in ovarian polar lipids.