加速沙棘资源优势向产业优势的转化

根据沙棘所含营养成分及其优异的医疗保健作用，论述了发展沙棘产业的前景和沙棘产品的国内外市场地位。中国是一个沙棘资源大国，沙棘资源在世界上占有绝对的优势，所以利用资源优势加速发展沙棘特种产业，生产出沙棘特种产品，不但是我国人民健康的需要，而且是中国进入国际医药市场、食品市场独占鳌头的拳头产品，在相当长的一段时间内，中国在这些领域中将占据着世界其他国家难于取代的地位。发展沙棘产业是解决我国“三北”老、少、边、贫地区“三农”问题的最有效途径之一，是发展这些地区经济的先导产业，是“三北”贫困山区人民脱贫致富的希望。在大力发展我国沙棘产业的同时，要珍惜资源，合理利用资源，而合理利用沙棘资源的最佳途径是对它进行综合利用。     

关于搞好沙棘资源行业管理的思考

关于搞好沙棘资源行业管理的思考张广军（西北林学院）１我国的沙棘资源及开发利用现状从８０年代中期起，我国的沙棘开发利用形成了热潮。经林业、水利、轻工、医药等部门的相互配合，有关专业人员及产区人民群众的共同努力，我国的沙棘资源建设及开发利用均呈现出蓬勃发...     

我国沙棘良种推广问题之我见

进入21世纪，经济和社会的发展给生态环境造成了更大的压力，我国人均资源非常贫乏，生态环境先天不足，十分脆弱。连续多年的高增长率所带来的负面效应已经显现，尤其是对资源的掠夺、对环境的破坏已造成严重的“后遗症”。近年来“三农”问题日益突出，已成为中国面临的最大经济发展和社会发展问题。沙棘资源建设与开发利用符合国家经济发展的方向，符合生态建设的需要，已经成为我国水土保持生态建设的重要措施，在一些地方成为促进区域经济发展的经济生长点，发挥了水土保持“突破口”的作用。当前优良沙棘品种的培育与推广成为影响沙棘资源开发利用的“瓶颈”。因此，为促进沙棘产业的进一步发展，首先应当重视沙棘良种的培育和推广，为沙棘资源建设和开发利用增加后劲，保障沙棘资源开发利用可持续发展。建议继续鼓励沙棘开发企业建立原料基地；重视良种推广的技术措施；制定种植区划，指导良种推广。     

青海沙棘产业的新进展

从20世纪80年代中期，我国开始有组织的开展沙棘开发利用以后，青海省也先后建起了几家沙棘加工企业，并获得相当的经济效益。以后随着这些企业进行调整和重组，至2005年还有青海大通大森沙棘饮料有限公司（原为1987年建立的大通沙棘饮料厂）在生产沙棘汁和白拌汁；青海藏宝资源有限责任公司生产沙棘神仙果（含片）和中华沙棘茶；青海康普德生物制品有限公司生产沙棘果粉、沙棘油胶囊、沙棘总黄酮和沙棘果蜜；青海省格尔木市沙棘资源开发有限责任公司生产沙棘浓缩汁等。     

我国沙棘开发利用事业与《沙棘》杂志--纪念《沙棘》杂志创刊15周年

198 8年世界上第一种反映国内外沙棘资源开发利用的学术性与技术性相结合的科技期刊———《沙棘》杂志创刊。 1 5年来 ,在有关部门、单位和全体沙棘工作者的大力支持和编辑部的努力下 ,《沙棘》杂志与我国的沙棘资源开发利用共同发展 ,从最初的每年赠阅几千册 ,发展到目前订阅发行过万册。发行地区遍及我国各省 (区、市 )和国际上沙棘分布区各国。它全面深刻地宣传了沙棘开发利用的效益和途径 ,推广了沙棘资源开发利用技术 ,办出了成绩 ,办出了特色 ,有力地促进了沙棘开发利用事业的发展 ,为我国生态建设、西部开发做出了突出贡献。该杂志…     

沙棘资源及其开发利用

沙棘资源及其开发利用黄铨（中国林业科学研究院林研所）沙棘是一种极其宝贵的生物资源。和多种乔灌木树种相比，具有适应幅度宽，环境效益大，社会经济前景好的特点。沙棘通身是宝，价值极高。从社会经济发展的角度看，潜力巨大，前景很好。所以我把沙棘比喻为植物界的“...     

中国沙棘与俄罗斯大果沙棘叶总黄酮含量的比较

实验以芦丁为标准品，采用分光光度法，对7月上旬采集自神兴沙棘种植园的中国沙棘叶和俄罗斯大果沙棘叶总黄酮含量进行了比较，从经济实用角度考虑，采用两种提取方法，为国内沙棘种植和沙棘资源的高效和无废物利用提供了依据。     

提高思想认识 加强行业管理进一步开创沙棘产业建设新局面

提高思想认识加强行业管理进一步开创沙棘产业建设新局面祝光耀一、充分认识沙棘产业在我国生态经济建设中的地位和作用我国是沙棘资源最丰富的国家，现有沙棘林１８００多万亩，占世界沙棘总面积的９０％以上。沙棘主要分布在我国三北和西南地区的３００多个县（旗），其...     

清水县沙棘资源建设现状及发展趋势

甘肃清水县是沙棘资源的重点分布区，沙棘林广泛分布于海拔1120～2200m之间的梁峁、梁坡、沟坡及河谷滩地，呈片状或带状丛生。适宜种植沙棘的面积较多，立地条件较好。多年来，县委、县政府对营造沙棘林的工作十分重视，把发展沙棘建设作为各级政府班子的任期目标和造福子孙后代的一件大事来抓，对全县沙棘资源建设和开发利用进行统一组织协调和规划。提出“以加工促种植，以种植保加工，靠科学搞开发，综合治理，保护资源”的方针，成立了沙棘资源建设领导小组，采取综合措施，真正把沙棘建设作为一项富县富民的重要支柱产业来抓，有力地促进了沙棘资源的建设和开发利用。     

围场县引进发展大果沙棘的可行性分析

根据围场县社会经济和林业发展状况，论述了发展大果沙棘的必要性。通过对当地自然地理条件、土地资源、劳动力资源、技术力量和政策保障等方面的分析，阐述了发展大果沙棘的可行性。并对大果沙棘的主要品种做了介绍。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.