中棉所29不同部位棉铃干物质积累动态研究

以抗虫杂交棉中棉所29为材料、33B为对照,设早、中、晚三个播期,分上、中、下三个部位,对铃壳及子棉的干物质积累动态分别进行了研究。结果表明,中棉所29在铃壳营养物质的再分配及子棉干重积累方面具有明显的杂种优势。不同播期结果表现为:在适期早播情况下,利于中棉所29棉铃铃壳中的干物质向子棉中转移,以提高其单铃重;中部棉铃铃壳干物质转移率和子棉的干物质积累量明显高于下部和上部果枝棉铃。     

无公害高脂膜对棉花经济效益的影响

经 3a (1995～ 1997)研究证明 ,早播 (3月 2 5日左右 )放苗喷高脂膜的较正常播期 (4月 5日～ 10日 )和早播放苗不喷高脂膜的分别增产 10 3%和 8 1%。同时表现出有利棉花稳长早发 ,早播放苗时喷高脂膜和不喷高脂膜的棉株高度基本相同 ;蕾期调查 ,单株蕾数多 0 2 6个 ;铃期调查 ,单株铃数多 2 0 1个 ;脱落率下降 10 33%。     

机采棉主要农艺性状与密度相关性分析

为研究棉花适宜机采农艺性状与密度的相关性,明确通过密度塑造适宜机采株型的方法,采用大田试验,以K836为试验材料,设计3×10 ⁴、6×10 ⁴和9×10 ⁴株/hm ² 3个密度处理,研究密度对机采棉子棉产量的影响及其与机采棉主要农艺性状的相关性分析。结果表明,在本研究密度范围内,棉花株高、果枝长度、果枝第一节位长度、果枝节数、单株果枝数和单株干物质量随着密度的增加而下降,密度对第一果枝节位和果枝夹角没有显著影响。与低密度（3×10 ⁴株/hm ²）相比,高密度处理（9×10 ⁴株/hm ²）棉花单铃重降低,衣分提高,单株铃数降低,总铃数增加,密度对子棉产量没有显著影响。除第一果枝高度外,株高、第一果枝节位、果枝长度、果枝第一节位长度、果枝节数、果枝夹角、单株果枝数与单株干物质量和单株铃数呈正相关,与单铃重和子棉产量呈负相关,其中果枝长度和单株果枝数呈极显著正相关。因此,适当增加种植密度使棉花株高降低,果枝变短,株型更为紧凑,可以通过密度塑造适合机械采收的株型,冀南地区高密度（9×10 ⁴株/hm ²）处理棉花株型符合机采要求。     

棉花按花位适时打顶试验简报

棉花在有效蕾终止期之前适时打顶心是生产上常用的栽培措施。打顶增产的关键技术是适时去掉顶端优势。若打顶过早,上部果枝生长过长,封行过度,冠层截光量大,群体底层透光率低[1],造成蕾铃脱落率高、烂铃,打顶反而减产;若打顶过迟,上部果枝已成空枝,打顶失效。打顶时机受棉花中后期自身生育规律和环境条件的综合影响。抓住主要矛盾和主要指标适时打顶,才能提高打顶的成功率[2]。本试验探讨适时打顶时棉株长势长相的主要标志,旨在为棉花打顶增产提供关键适用技术。     

株型对棉铃时空分布及素质的影响

1 997～ 1 998年研究了株型对棉花结铃时空分布及棉铃素质的影响。结果表明 ,简化整枝棉花最大成铃高峰期推迟 ,伏桃数量和所占比例降低 ,主茎各果枝、果节结铃数减少 ,所占比例降低 ,平均单铃重和衣分降低 ,但叶枝可间接结铃 ,完全可以补偿主茎结铃减少数量 ,故群体总结铃数增加 ,子棉和皮棉产量与对照持平或略增产。简化整枝早打主茎顶心 ,可提高棉株基部、中下部果枝结铃数和所占比例 ,叶枝结铃数增加 ,成铃高峰期提前 ,伏桃数量和所占比例增大 ,衣分提高 ,但群体铃数、全株平均单铃重并未增加 ,对子棉、皮棉产量和纤维品质无显著影响     

种植密度与播期对江汉平原短季棉成铃空间分布的影响

在不同密度、播期处理条件下,研究荆早棉1号的成铃空间分布,结果表明:密度增加,叶枝数、叶枝成铃数、主茎果枝数、果枝成铃数、单株成铃数减少;播期延迟,叶枝数、叶枝成铃数明显增加,果枝数、果枝成铃数及单株成铃数明显减少。各处理不同部位果枝、果节上成铃数占单株总铃数的比率总体表现为:1~5果枝6~10果枝11~15果枝16及以上果枝;1~2果节3~4果节5节及以上果节。1~10果枝、1~2果节的成铃数占全株铃数的比率高,则产量表现好;反之,则产量表现差。     

转MvNHX1和MvP5CS基因棉花耐盐抗旱性比较与育种价值分析

通过对花粉管通道法获得的T7转MvNHX1基因的10个棉花株系和转MvP5CS基因的3个棉花株系与对照非转基因棉花D5在温室内盐和干旱胁迫下的发芽率、生理生化指标以及田间花期干旱胁迫下农艺性状和纤维品质进行分析发现:温室内盐和干旱胁迫后,转基因棉花叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量均高于对照,而丙二醛含量低于对照;田间花期干旱胁迫下,2种转基因植株果枝数、有效果枝数、铃数、有效铃数、铃重、子棉、皮棉、衣分、子指和衣指均高于对照,说明转MvNHX1基因和转MvP5CS基因植株在干旱逆境下的产量高于非转基因;经花期干旱胁迫后,2种转基因棉花的纤维断裂伸长率、短纤维率、马克隆值和纺纱一致性指数优于非转基因棉花D5。综合分析表明:2种转基因棉花的耐盐抗旱性均有提高,其中转MvNHX1基因棉花的耐盐性优于转MvP5CS基因棉花植株,而转MvP5CS基因棉花植株的抗旱性优于转MvNHX1基因棉花植株。     

高纯度卅烷醇减少棉铃脱落的效应及其生理基础

使用0.1ppm 浓度的高纯度三十烷醇溶液,以喷雾处理棉株的生殖器官—蕾、幼铃观察到下列效应:加速棉花大蕾的开花速度; 减少蕾的脱落及幼铃的脱落率,棉铃的脱落率一般可降低20%左右;延缓不受精幼铃的脱落。分析测定的结果表明:卅烷醇处理导致脱落率降低的物质基础是光合—磷酸化促进;三磷酸腺苷(能量)的贮存;干物质积累的加强     

种植密度对棉花生长结铃及产量品质的影响

以冀863为供试材料,研究了5个不同密度水平(3.0、5.0、7.0、9.0与11.0万株/hm~2)对棉花生长结铃及产量、品质的影响,结果表明:随着种植密度的增大,棉花株高呈先上升然后略降之后再升的趋势,单株果枝台数与总果节数呈降低趋势;单株外围铃、下部铃、上部铃的成铃数呈下降趋势,而单位面积的成铃数则均为先升后降趋势,单位面积的总成铃数以9.0万株/hm~2处理最高,各部位的成铃率则以7.0万株/hm~2处理最高。不同处理之间的单位面积子棉产量、单位面积植株干物重和总生物量差异显著,处理9.0万株/hm~2的单位面积子棉产量最高,7.0万株/hm~2处理次之;不同处理之间的棉花纤维品质上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、断裂比强度、马克隆值和伸长率差异均不显著。冀863适宜的种植密度为7.0~9.0万株/hm~2。     

棉花蕾铃生长发育和脱落的模拟研究

采用车箱理论方法,根据棉花生长发育过程中光合产物的源、库、流关系和供需平衡,定量模拟了不同品种、播期棉花蕾铃发育和脱落动态。结果显示,棉花单株蕾数、成铃数、吐絮铃数的模拟值与观察值之间的RMSE分别平均为3.36、1.57和1.04（个）;单铃重的RMSE为0.15 g;脱落率的RMSE为8.15%。表明应用本系统模拟蕾铃发育和脱落     

Response of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Fruiting Branch Removal

Cotton response to fruiting branch removal (FBR) is critical information in estimating plant recovery potential and making management decisions after hail storms or other physical damages. Fruiting branches were removed at first bloom (R8), 2.5‐cm boll (R12) and peak bloom (R16) growth stages. Five FBR treatments were conducted at each of the above three growth stages: 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %. At harvest, five plants were randomly chosen from each plot and branches separated into three groups: vegetative, lower and upper fruiting branches. Lower fruiting branches were from the nodes where FBR treatments were conducted, whereas upper fruiting branches were the new branches developed after FBR. Seed cotton weight, open boll number and node number in each group were recorded. Fruiting branch removal increased boll number, boll size and boll/node on the upper fruiting branches, which compensated yield loss on lower fruiting branches. Generally, FBR at the first bloom reduced cotton yield more than it did at the 2.5‐cm boll and peak bloom growth stages when FBR percentage was lower than 75 %. The removal of all 16 fruiting branches at peak bloom reduced cotton yield by 16.8 %, indicating remarkable compensation ability by cotton plants in climates with a long growing season.     

抗虫棉多茎株型栽培技术研究

为探讨棉花高产简化栽培新途径,通过十年连续田间试验,对棉花株型调控技术、不同株型不同部位及叶枝的成铃质量、多茎株型适宜的种植密度及品种适应性进行了研究。结果表明：利用叶枝塑造的株型为多茎倒伞型,其株型调控技术是留叶枝早摘心,主茎12 台果枝打顶、叶枝7 月5 日（初花期）摘心处理籽棉产量最高,较其他处理增产9.0%~10.9%;叶枝成铃单铃重高于多茎株型及常规株型下部1~4 台果枝结铃单铃重,纤维品质无明显差异;多茎株型栽培适宜的密度适应范围是3.3 万株/hm2~5.1 万株/hm2;多茎株型品种适应性广,叶枝发达的杂交棉品种增产潜力更大。多茎株型栽培高产简化技术关键是：扩行距、适密度、留叶枝、早摘心。     

不同温度下外施6-BA和ABA对棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)产量和纤维品质的影响

以棉纤维比强度高的科棉1号、比强度中等的美棉33B 2个品种为材料,于2006-2007年在江苏南京设置大田分期播种试验,使棉铃发育处于不同温度条件,于棉株7～9果枝第1、2果节棉铃开花时喷施6-苄基腺嘌呤(6BA)和脱落酸(ABA),研究不同的铃期日均最低气温条件下6-BA和ABA对棉花产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明:由晚播造成的低温降低了棉花产量及纤维品质。外施6-BA、ABA对棉株中部果枝铃铃重和纤维品质影响最大。正常播期下,外施6-BA可增加中部果枝棉铃铃重,外施ABA降低铃重,但二者对其纤维品质影响较小;迟播时,外施6-BA可提高中部果枝棉铃铃重,ABA处理的作用则相反,二者均可提高纤维长度和比强度、优化麦克隆值。不同的温度条件下,外施6-BA均提高了单株铃数、单株平均铃重和皮棉产量,外施ABA则降低了棉花单株铃数和产量。外施6-BA和ABA对高强纤维品种产量和纤维品质的影响较中强纤维品种更为明显。低温下,在棉铃发育初期喷施6-BA对改善棉纤维品质的效果最好。     

Effects of Removal of Redundant Buds and Topping of Fruiting Branches on Source-Sink Activity,Yield, and Fiber Quality of Cotton

[Objective] Removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches are important pruning measures for cotton production. The effects of the two procedures on source–sink activity, yield, and fiber quality were studied to provide a scientific basis for a simplified pruning method. [Method] A field trial was carried out in bottomland of the Yellow River valley, Zhengzhou, Henan Province in 2014–2015 using cotton ‘Lumianyan 28’. Treatments consisted of removal of redundant buds, decapitation of fruiting branches, and removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches in combination (RDR treatments). Redundant buds and tops of fruiting branches were retained in the control (CK). The source–sink size and activity, yield traits, fiber quality, and economic return were recorded. [Result] The RDR treatments increased the leaf area index and total dry matter accumulation, and increased the sink-source ratio at advanced growth stages compared with CK. In the middle growth period, the RDR treatments increased indoleacetic acid (IAA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) content in the leaf. Moreover, the RDR treatments increased IAA content and SOD activity, and decreased ABA content in seeds of pre-summer bolls and summer bolls, whereas the IAA and ABA contents and SOD activity in fibers showed the opposite trend to that of seeds. The lint yield following removal of redundant buds, decapitation of fruiting branches, and combined removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches was increased by 4.43%, 5.17%, and 9.31%, respectively, but no significant difference was observed among these treatments. Decapitation of fruiting branches had amore marked effect on yield than removal of redundant buds, and these two treatments applied in combination had a cumulative effect on yield. The RDR treatments had no significant effect on fiber quality. Decapitation of fruiting branches increased economic return, but removal of redundant buds reduced economic return, and the effect on economic return of removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches in combination was inconsistent. [Conclusion] The RDR treatments generally improved the source–sink relationship, enhanced source and sink activity, and increased cotton yield. However, the increase in yield and economic benefits were less marked. We recommend simplified pruning techniques without removal of redundant buds and decapitation of fruiting branches for large-scale cultivation of cotton.     

Applying Plant Growth Regulators at Early Stages Affects Maturation of Cotton

[Objective] Early initiation and early maturity are the foundation of high yield and good quality of cotton. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of plant growth regulators applied at the seedling and squaring stage on the early initiation of flower bud and the rate of the opened cotton boll (ROCB) during later development period, and to provide practical measures for hastening the maturity of cotton. [Method] Several plant growth regulators were applied from cotyledonary to squaring stage under greenhouse and field conditions, water was used as the control. The first fruiting branch node (indicating the initiation of flower bud), the number of bud prior to blooming and the ROCB at mid-term of boll maturation period (23 September, 2017) were compared among treatments. [Result] Under greenhouse conditions, gibberellic acid (GA₃) applied at the cotyledonary stage with 140 μmol·L^－1 as well as the three consecutive applications of sodium nitrophenolate (CSN, 2.23 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary, two-leaf and four-leaf stage made the first fruiting branch node move down by about 0.9 nodes. In field experiments, the application of gibberellin₄₊₇(GA₄₊₇, 288 and 576 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by about 0.4 nodes. Also, the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA, 44.4 μmol·L^－1) at the three-leaf stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by 0.2 nodes. However, there was no significant correlation between the first fruiting branch node and the ROCB in late September. Moreover, the application of Brassinolide (BR, 0.10 μmol·L^－1) at the bud stage increased the ROCB in late September, which was mainly associated with the increased boll set in the lower and middle fruiting branches. [Conclusion] The reasonable distribution of bolls (concentrated in the lower and middle fruiting branches as well as inner fruiting sites) is more important for the earliness of cotton than lowering the first fruiting branch node.     

干旱胁迫对彩色棉花农艺、品质性状及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机理,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)及产量。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异(P<0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉。常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花。与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是：叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分。     

杂交棉叶枝数量对产量的贡献规律机理研究

通过对转基因抗虫杂交棉保留不同数量叶枝、设置不同密度处理,研究发现,随着叶枝数量增多,单个叶枝籽棉产量占单株籽棉总产的比例降低,留2叶枝处理单叶枝籽棉产量占16%左右,留3叶枝处理占12%左右,留4个叶枝处理占9%左右.同一叶枝数处理中,叶枝之间籽棉产量无显著差别.同时,随叶枝数量的增加,单个叶枝叶面积占单株总叶面积比例减少,留2叶枝处理中单个叶枝叶面积比例占20%左右,留3叶枝处理占15%左右,留4个叶枝处理占13%左右.叶枝铃数占单株总铃数比例也有减少趋势,留2叶枝处理中单叶枝占20%,留3叶枝占15%,留4叶枝占13%,且同一叶枝处理中,各叶枝比例差别不显著.而叶枝的数量对主茎叶和叶枝中叶绿素8的含量无显著影响.     

留叶枝去早果枝对抗虫棉生长发育及产量的影响

为探索留叶枝去早果枝对抗虫棉生长发育和产量的影响，于2004—2005年以两个不同熟性的抗虫棉品系K640和K9918为材料，在济南和临清进行了留叶枝去早果枝试验研究。结果表明，与正常整枝（去叶枝）相比，留叶枝去早果枝显著促进了两个品系的株高增长和叶面积扩展，叶面积系数提高了24%~94%。早熟品系K640在2004年和2005年分别比正常整枝增产7.4%和15.6%，而中早熟品系K9918的产量在2004年与正常整枝相当、2005年减产12.0%。留叶枝去早果枝显著减少了伏前桃比例，而相应提高了伏桃和秋桃的比例。留叶枝去早果枝对平均衣分影响不大，但显著影响铃数。分析认为，留叶枝去早果枝对棉花生长发育和产量的效应主要是通过提高叶源、降低库源比实现的，只有在叶源相对不足的情况下采取该措施才有增产作用。     

双价抗虫棉中棉所41丰产稳产性及其简化栽培技术研究

2002—2003年在关中东部和中部进行了转基因抗虫棉品种(系)鉴选试验和大面积生产示范。结果表明,中棉所41具有较好的株型结构,果枝节位较高,果枝第1、2间节长度较长,株高、果枝、果节和叶片空间分布较为合理,利于增强近主茎中心空间通风透光性。中棉所41成铃集中,铃重衣分高,早熟性好,对关中棉区生态条件具有良好的适应性,比33B增产9%~39.8%,具有常年能高产,灾年少减产的丰产稳产性。同时,提出中棉所41促早简化栽培技术。     

Lint Yield Compensatory Response to Main Stem Node Removal in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Hail storm damage to the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants can destroy vegetative and reproductive structures, modify canopy architecture and impact lint yield. Field studies were conducted at University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center in 2011, 2012 and 2013 to examine cotton plant architecture changes and compensatory growth in response to removal treatments of uppermost nodes on main stem (terminal bud removal, 2 node removal and 4 node removal) as simulation of hail damage at the node 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 growth stages. Main stem node removal caused significant decrease in leaf area and biomass, especially at early growth stages. However, significant lint yield reduction only occurred by removing 2 nodes at the node 4 stage and removing 4 nodes at the node 8 stage in 2011, removing terminal bud at the node 12 stage in 2012 and removing terminal bud, 2 nodes and 4 nodes at the node 8 stage in 2013. The lint yield reduction did not exceed 13 % in all three growing seasons. Yield loss due to main stem node removal was mainly compensated by increased boll number on the vegetative branches at early growth stages and on fruiting branches at late growth stages. Yield compensation from vegetative branches increased with number of main stem nodes removed. This study suggests that the cotton crop has a strong compensatory ability to plant structure damage due to its indeterminate growth and longer growing season in the region.