Reactions at interfaces as a source of sulfate formation in sea-salt particles

Understanding the formation of sulfate particles in the troposphere is critical because of their health effects and their direct and indirect effects on radiative forcing, and hence on climate. Laboratory studies of the chemical and physical changes in sodium chloride, the major component of sea-salt particles, show that sodium hydroxide is generated upon reaction of deliquesced sodium chloride particles with gas-phase hydroxide. The increase in alkalinity will lead to an increase in the uptake and oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate in sea-salt particles. This chemistry is missing from current models but is consistent with a number of previously unexplained field study observations.     

Diurnal variation of stratospheric chlorine monoxide: a critical test of chlorine chemistry in the ozone layer

This article reports measurements of the column density of stratospheric chlorine monoxide and presents a complete diurnal record of its variation (with 2-hour resolution) obtained from ground-based observations of a millimeter-wave spectral line at 278 gigahertz. Observations were carried out during October and December 1982 from Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The results reported here indicate that the mixing ratio and column density of chlorine monoxide above 30 kilometers during the daytime are approximately 20 percent lower than model predictions based on 2.1 parts per billion of total stratospheric chlorine. The observed day-to-night variation of chlorine monoxide is, however, in good agreement with recent model predictions, confirms the existence of a nighttime reservoir for chlorine, and verifies the predicted general rate of its storage and retrieval. From this evidence, it appears that the chlorine chemistry above 30 kilometers is close to being understood in current stratospheric models. Models based on this chemistry and measured reaction rates predict a reduction in the total stratospheric ozone content in the range of 3 to 5 percent in the final steady state for an otherwise unperturbed atmosphere, although the percentage decrease in the upper stratosphere is much higher.     

表面活性剂对氯虫苯甲酰胺在水溶液中光解的影响

以300 W高压汞灯为光源,研究了不同类型、不同浓度的农用表面活性剂对氯虫苯甲酰胺在水溶液中光降解行为的影响。结果表明,农乳500表现为轻微的光猝灭效应;低浓度时,随着表面活性剂十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)浓度的增大,氯虫苯甲酰胺的光解速率逐渐增大,但当表面活性剂浓度增大到25 mg/L时,产生光猝灭效应;Tween-80对氯虫苯甲酰胺光解的影响最大,当浓度为5 mg/L、10 mg/L和25 mg/L时,光敏化率分别为16.74%、29.52%和43.17%;自制的混合表面活性剂能促进氯虫苯甲酰胺的光解。表面活性剂对氯虫苯甲酰胺在水溶液中光降解行为的影响受表面活性剂类型和剂量的影响。     

海盐胁迫对海滨雀稗植株形态与生长的影响

分别以0、6.8、13.6、20.4、27.2、34.0g/L海盐同1/2 Hoagland营养液混配,用作不同含盐量灌溉处理,研究海盐胁迫对海滨雀稗植株形态与生长的影响.结果表明,随着海盐处理浓度提高,海滨雀稗叶宽变窄,直立茎和匍匐茎变细,海盐质量浓度高于6.8g/L,海滨雀稗生长明显受到抑制,根、茎和叶干物重显著降低;海盐质量浓度为27.2g/L和34 g/L时,无匍匐茎生出,海盐质量浓度在0～20.4g/L范围内匍匐茎节间长度无显著变化;叶宽、直立茎茎粗、匍匐茎茎粗和根、茎、叶干重均与海盐处理液电导率值呈极显著负相关.     

An ab initio molecular dynamics study of the aqueous liquid-vapor interface

We present an ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of the aqueous liquid-vapor interface. Having successfully stabilized a region of bulk water in the center of a water slab, we were able to reproduce and further quantify the experimentally observed abundance of surface "acceptor-only"(19%) and "single-donor"(66%) moieties as well as substantial surface relaxation approaching the liquid-vapor interface. Examination of the orientational dynamics points to a faster relaxation in the interfacial region. Furthermore, the average value of the dipole decreases and the average value of the highest occupied molecular orbital for each water molecule increases approaching the liquid-vapor interface. Our results support the idea that the surface contains, on average, far more reactive states than the bulk.     

水相凝胶色谱法测定草炭土溶解态有机质的分子质量及分子质量分布

以水为流动相,宽分布葡聚糖为标准,用水相凝胶色谱法测定土壤溶解态有机质的分子质量及分子质量分布.样品的进样量、流动相流速对测定结果无明显影响,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于10%.     

Diels-alder in aqueous molecular hosts: unusual regioselectivity and efficient catalysis

Self-assembled, hollow molecular structures are appealing as synthetic hosts for mediating chemical reactions. However, product binding has inhibited catalytic turnover in such systems, and selectivity has rarely approached the levels observed in more structurally elaborate natural enzymes. We found that an aqueous organopalladium cage induces highly unusual regioselectivity in the Diels-Alder coupling of anthracene and phthalimide guests, promoting reaction at a terminal rather than central anthracene ring. Moreover, a similar bowl-shaped host attains efficient catalytic turnover in coupling the same substrates (although with the conventional regiochemistry), most likely because the product geometry inhibits the aromatic stacking interactions that attract the planar reagents to the host.     

臭氧对鲢鱼鱼丸品质的影响

研究了在漂洗和擂溃工序中添加臭氧对鲢鱼鱼丸色泽和凝胶强度的影响,并对臭氧处理鱼丸的条件进行优化.结果表明:在擂溃工序中添加0.8 mg.L-1臭氧,在40℃下水浴35 min,鱼丸的持水性、色泽和质构特性最佳.     

Formation of a carbon-carbon triple bond by coupling reactions in aqueous solution

Formation of a carbon-carbon triple bond by coupling reactions usually takes place at high temperatures, in anhydrous media and anaerobic conditions. We describe the formation of a carbon-carbon triple bond at room temperature in an aqueous solution exposed to the atmosphere. Two ethylidyne ligands of a trimolybdenum cluster coupled spontaneously to form 2-butyne. This unexpected result demonstrates the plausibility of alkylidyne chain lengthening and metathesis processes under ambient, environmentally friendly conditions.     

介质pH及离子强度对纳米SiO2颗粒分散度的影响机制初探

【目的】分析介质pH及离子强度对纳米SiO_2(nSiO_2)颗粒分散度的影响。【方法】采用分散试验分析了不同介质pH和NaNO_3浓度对10nm nSiO_2颗粒分散度的影响,并通过多组分表面电荷调控模型理论及泊松-玻尔兹曼方程对影响机制进行了初步探讨。【结果】nSiO_2颗粒分散度随着NaNO_3浓度的增加而降低,但随着介质pH的升高而增加,并在pH 7.39以后逐渐趋于稳定;随着介质pH的增大,nSiO_2颗粒的表面电荷密度(σ)增加,但增加介质的离子强度及nSiO_2颗粒的粒径会逐渐降低σ。nSiO_2颗粒粒径的变化会导致其表面H+的分布发生改变,从而引起σ的变化。双电层结构的拟合结果表明,当双电层结构厚度与粒径比值(λD/Dp)0.2时,nSiO_2颗粒的σ主要受控于粒径大小,可忽略离子强度和pH的影响;当λD/Dp0.2时,nSiO_2颗粒的σ不仅受控于粒径大小,还与介质的离子强度和pH密切相关。【结论】nSiO_2颗粒的σ与粒径大小、介质的pH和离子强度密切相关。     

黑曲霉原生质体形成与再生影响因子的研究

运用正交试验设计研究酶系统、酶解时间、酶解温度、渗透压稳定剂等因素对黑曲霉原生质体形成与再生的影响,确定黑曲霉原生质体形成与再生的最佳条件,获得高产原生质体,其浓度可达3.0×106个/mL,再生率达25%以上。并于欧林巴斯相差显微镜下观察了黑曲霉原生质体的形成过程。     

Release of particles containing metals from vegetation into the atmosphere

Studies with radioisotopes indicate that in the laboratory pea plants and pine tree seedlings release zinc and lead into the atmosphere. Field studies carried out on radiolabeled plots vegetated with a variety of grasses and small herbaceous plants also show that these elements are released into the atmosphere. The metals, associated with particles of various sizes, are released from the plant surfaces, and the loss mechanism is influenced by growth conditions, the concentrations of the elements in the leaves, and meteorological factors. For plants whose leaves have about equal concentrations of zinc and lead, the amount of zinc released is usually two orders of magnitude greater than the amount of lead. The significance of the process is discussed in terms of the overall trace metal composition of atmospheric particulates.