动物养殖的环境污染及营养调控措施

在我国畜牧业迅猛发展的今天，如何降低畜禽生产对环境的污染已成为畜牧业可持续发展所面临的重要课题。在分析畜禽生产对环境危害的基础上，对应用平衡日粮营养、利用特殊调控剂、改进饲养方式等手段减少环境污染的原理进行了综述。     

通过畜禽营养调控及粪污处理技术发展生态营养

畜牧业生产的发展使环境污染问题日益加剧，危及着人类生活的生存的空间，本文从畜禽营养角度及粪污染处理出发，提出了营养调控与粪污处理的技术和方法，以减轻畜牧业对环境的污染，发展生态营养。     

降低畜牧业环境污染的营养调控技术

随着畜牧业生产规模的不断扩大和集约化程度的不断提高，生产过程中产生的大量氨气、硫化氢、粪臭素、三甲基氨等恶臭气体和粪尿中的氮、磷等元素、重金属等，造成了严重的环境污染，极大的影响了城乡居民的身体健康。因此，充分运用营养调控技术，降低畜牧业环境污染，促进畜牧业可持续发展成了畜牧生产中亟待解决的问题。１畜禽养殖场成为我国新的污染大户国家环保总局在全国２３个省、市进行的调查发现，全国９０％的规模化畜禽养殖场未经过环境评价，６０％的养殖场缺乏必要的污染防治措施。畜禽养殖产生的污染已成为中国农村地区污染的…     

采用营养调控措施减少畜牧业对环境的污染

在我国畜牧业迅猛发展的今天,如何降低畜禽生产对环境的污染已成为畜牧业可持续发展所面临的重要课题.本文在分析畜禽生产对环境危害的基础上,对应用平衡日粮营养、利用特殊调控剂、改进饲养方式等手段减少环境污染的原理进行了综述.     

降低畜牧业环境污染的营养调控技术

随着畜牧业生产规模的不断扩大和集约化程度的不断提高 ,畜牧生产过程中产生的大量氨气、硫化氢、粪臭素、三甲基氨等恶臭气体和粪尿中的氮磷等元素、重金属等 ,造成了严重的环境污染 ,极大的影响了城乡居民的身体健康。因此 ,充分运用营养调控技术 ,降低畜牧业环境污染 ,促进畜牧业可持续发展成了畜牧生产中亟待解决的问题。1　畜禽养殖成为我国新的污染大户国家环保总局在全国 2 3个省市进行的调查发现 ,全国90 %的规模化畜禽养殖场未经过环境评价 ,6 0 %的养殖场缺乏必要的污染防治措施。畜禽养殖产生的污染已成为中国农村地区污染的主要…     

浅谈畜牧业安全生产的营养管理策略

随经济的增长和人民生活水平的提高，对畜牧业发展的要求日趋严谨，本文变畜牧业安全生产中存在的问题及采取的措施提出一些建议。     

免疫技术在动物营养调控中的应用

现在 ,免疫调控技术已开始被应用于畜牧业生产实践中 ,以解决公众对畜产品的安全性的忧虑问题。本文就生长激素、生长因子、脂肪细胞膜蛋白、类固醇、儿茶酚胺等的免疫调控作用在动物生产中的应用作一综述。     

应用动物营养调控技术,实现生态环境和谐发展

该文详细介绍了畜牧业生产造成环境污染的具体途径,从营养调控方面重点综述了当前缓解畜牧业危及环境安全的技术手段,并提出了促进畜牧业可持续发展的研究展望。     

营养和管理对减少环境污染的研究状况

最大限度地发挥畜禽的生产性能一直是生产者和营养学家共同追求的目标。因此，一般的日粮配合很少或根本不考虑营养物质的排出量，结果使过量的营养素随粪尿排出。而对畜禽粪便所造成的污染，以往在考虑治理的时候仅重视对排出粪尿污染的治理，而对减少畜禽饲养中的废物的排出往往重视不够，近几年来，不少发达国家都开始重视通过营养调控和加强饲养管理来减少动物所产生的污染，即从根源上考虑畜牧业环境污染，采用“标本兼治”的方法来控制畜牧业环境污染。因此，通过营养调控和饲养管理措施来减少动物对环境的污染日益受到更多的关注。１…     

环境污染与生态饲料的配制及营养调控

随着畜牧业生产规模的不断扩大和集约化程度的不断提高，畜牧生产过程中产生的大量氨气、硫化氢、粪臭素、三甲基氨等恶臭气体和粪尿中的氮磷等元素、重金属等，造成了严重的环境污染；同时，随着经济的不断发展和人民生活质量的逐步提高，不仅要求食物富含营养、卫生安全，而且也要求整个生产的全过程有良好的环境。因此，配制生态营养饲料，充分运用营养调控技术，降低畜牧业环境污染，成为促进畜牧业可持续发展、从根本上治理畜牧业污染的一项行之有效的措施．     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -