加速云南省薪炭林建设势在必行

薪炭林具有轮伐期短,产量高;一次造林,多年砍伐;投工少,见效快等特点。替代能源的难于普及和农村经济发展的实际决定了薪炭林是云南省广大农村的主要能源。发展薪炭林不仅可解决农村能源短缺问题,同时可起到保护森林资源,扩大有林地面积,改善生态环境的功效。截止1997年,云南省薪炭林面积发展到60.46万hm~2,与其它林种相比,发展还很缓慢,新形势发展迫切需要我省强化薪炭林建设力度,目前制定的到2010年在全省12个地州市建立薪炭林基地66.5万hm~2的发展规划还远远不够。因此要提高认识,增强意识;讲求科学,注重实效;加强领导,增加投入,加快我省薪炭林的发展步伐。     

加速云南省薪炭林建设势在必行

薪炭林具有轮伐期短,产量高;一次造林,多年砍伐;投工少,见效快等特点。替代能源的难于普及和农村经济发展的实际决定了薪炭林是云南省广大农村的主要能源,发展薪炭林不仅可解决农村能源短缺问题。同时可起到保护森林资源,扩大有林地面积,改善生态环境的功效,截止1997年云南省薪炭林面积发展到60．46万hm^2,与其它林种相比。发展还很缓慢,新形势发展迫切需要我省强化薪炭林建设力度,目前制定的到2010年全省12个地州市建立薪炭林基地66．5万hm^2的发展规划还远远不够,因此要提高认识,增强意识;讲求科学,注重实效,加强领导,增加投入,加快我省薪炭林的发展步伐。     

合理发展薪炭林——会泽县农村能源可持续发展浅谈

会泽县大部分生活在边远山区和高寒地区的群众,农村能源只能以薪材为主.分析发展薪炭林建设的重要性和必要性,指出发展薪炭林不仅可解决农村能源问题,同时可起到保护森林资源、扩大有林地面积、改善生态环境的综合功效,并以此提出了合理发展薪炭林建设的构想.     

文摘荟萃

传统林业正在分化七十年代以来,木材缺乏,生态失调。传统林业逐渐分化成:木材培育对速生树种的高度集约化人工栽培,在单位面积单位时间内获得最大的木材产量。能源林业以生产和经营森林生物质能源为主要目的。包括集约经营的能源林和乡村多功能薪炭林两方面。能源林多采取矮林树种,一次造林,多次收获。多用薪炭林可一林多用,既生产燃料,也生产果实、饲料、肥料、工业原料,兼顾农田防     

浙江省主要薪炭树种发热量的测定

<正> 大力发展薪炭林是解决当前农村能源紧缺的一个重要途径。营造薪炭林投资少,方法简便易行,只要经营管理得当,它就能很大限度地提供能源。同时,薪炭林又具有多种生态效益,是其他能源不能比拟和代替的。     

云南省薪炭林建设构想

薪炭林具有轮伐期短，产量高，投工少，见效快等特点，其现实意义和长远意义已被社会各方面普遍认同。分析了发展薪炭林建设的重要性和必要性，指出了发展薪炭林不仅可解决农村能源问题，同时可起到保护森林资源，扩大有林地面积，改善生态环境的综合功效，并以此提出了发展薪炭林建设的构想。     

解决云南省农村能源的设想和措施

云南省农村耗能是以薪柴为主,年薪材消耗量为3252万m~3,其中67％是薪材(成材),枝桠柴仅占33％。全省现有薪炭林的面积、蓄积远不能满足农村对薪材的需要。为解决农村能源,主要途径是发展薪炭林。另需推广节能灶、鼓励农民多烧枝桠柴等等,以减少全省森林资源的消耗,要发展薪炭林,就需要加强领导,积极宣传,重视薪炭林的规划、改造及薪炭林树种的选择。     

发展薪炭林要实行乔、灌、草相结合

当前,农村部分地区能源十分紧张,大力营造薪炭林,迅速增加燃料来源,是解决农村能源不足的重要途径之一。发展薪炭林,必须实行乔、灌、草相结合的营林措施。过去发展薪炭林,只注意到乔木树种,而忽视灌木、草本,致使薪炭林的树种单一,林相单纯,生物产量低;特别是由于长远利益与眼前利益不能结合起来,使薪炭林的发展受到一定限制。乔木树种薪     

窿缘桉薪炭林试验研究

<正> 目前,我国广大的城乡仍以薪柴为主要能源。随着人口的增加,对这一能源的需求量会越来越大,而我国薪炭林面积极小,产量又低,远不能满足城乡人民的需要,因此,必须大力发展薪炭林,才能缓解这一供需矛盾。窿缘桉(Eucalyptus exserta F.V.Muell.)是我国南方一种理想的速生薪炭林树种,为给大面积营     

积极发展薪炭林 保护森林资源

据连清复查资料,云南省年森林资源赤字达234.80万m~3。对部分县(市)农村年消耗结构统计分析结果,能源性消耗占年总消耗量的61.2％。因此发展薪炭林是解决农村能源、保护和发展森林资源的有效途径,同时阐述了发展薪炭林的意义、典型事例及发展薪炭林的途径,并提供了发展薪炭林的适宜树种。     

Consumption Patterns of Fuelwood in Rural Households of Dolakha District,Nepal: Reflections from Community Forest User Groups

Biomass plays a vital role in the energy supply of many developing countries. It is the major energy source for the rural population of Nepal, where 70 % of the total energy is derived from woody plant biomass in the form of fuelwood. The main aim of this study is to describe the fuelwood consumption pattern and the role of community forests and trees on private farmland in biomass supply to rural households in Nepal. The study investigates whether demography and socioeconomic attributes of households affect fuelwood consumption. A household survey was conducted, along with measurements of fuelwood mass for six community forest user groups in Dolakha district of Nepal. Average daily household fuelwood consumption was estimated to be 8.4 kg, giving a mean annual consumption of 3060 kg per household. Per capita fuelwood consumption per day was found to be 1.7 kg. Total fuelwood consumption of households is significantly correlated with household size, ownership of cultivated irrigated terraces and number of livestock per household, and negatively significantly correlated with ownership of cultivated rain-fed terraces. Fuelwood consumption varies significantly between seasons. Among various sources of biomass energy, fuelwood from community forests contributes 23 % and trees on private farmland contribute 12 %. The rest is provided from other biomass sources, including the remains of fodder collected from private farmland vegetation, wood previously used for fences and trellises in private farmland, crop residues, and purchased fuelwood.     

Households’ Choices of Fuelwood Sources: Implications for Agroforestry Interventions in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania

Fuelwood is the main source of energy for various household uses in many developing countries; and management of tree resources where it is obtained can be best undertaken when household choice patterns are understood. In this paper, households’ decision to obtain fuelwood for domestic consumption as influenced by household and fuelwood source characteristics is analyzed using a multinomial probit regression model. Data is obtained from 254 randomly selected household drawn from Mbarali district, south-western Tanzania. Results indicate that households are heavily dependent on natural forests for household energy provision and that the choice to obtain fuelwood from the forest, farm or market depends, among other factors on the availability of preferred fuelwood tree species at these sources. Acacia tortilis, Brachystegia spp. and Faidherbia albida are the significantly preferred tree species and hence affect the decision of where to obtain fuelwood. This revelation highlights the pressure applied to surrounding forests as well as to the aforementioned tree species which require immediate management interventions. The gender of the household head and whether the household lives in peri-urban or rural areas also influence choice of fuelwood source. Promotion of tree planting and on-farm management of tree species similar to preferred species found in natural forests is recommended. To the extent that consumer preferences are likely to change over time, further research using panel datasets is necessary to unravel inter-temporal preferences for fuelwood sources.     

Factors influencing the loss of forest cover in bangladesh: An analysis from socioeconomic and demographic perspectives

Some studies have attributed forest shrinkage to population growth, economic development, conversion of forest land to agricultural use and harvesting of trees for timber and fuelwood. But the statistical support for these hypotheses is not strong. This paper attempts to test the above hypotheses statistically in the case of Bangladesh. Factor analysis extracted 4 important factors—(a) exploitation of forests for timber, fuelwood, tea, and shrimp production, (b) demographic pressure in agriculture, (c) economic development, and (d) expansion of crop lands—as causes of deforestation. The statistical test supports the hypotheses that the exploitation of forests for timber, fuelwood, tea and shrimp production, and conversion of forests to crop lands have a negative influence on forest cover. Economic development and demographic pressure in agriculture are also negatively correlated with forest cover. Results of regression analysis show the conversion of forests to agricultural land is the most important cause of deforestation. Other important causes, in order of their relative importance, are the relative price of forest products, population growth, economic development, demographic pressure in agriculture, increasing production of shrimps, export of tea and shrimps, increasing production of timber and fuelwood, and expansion of tea lands. The statistical tests support the above relationships.     

Fuelwood demand and supply in Rwanda and the role of agroforestry

Fuelwood in Rwanda is assumed to come from forests and woodlands, thus contributing to large-scale deforestation. Available studies on fuelwood demand and supply support this assumption and indicate a continuously rising demand of fuelwood, notably from forest plantations. These assertions are insufficiently substantiated as existing forest stock may not be depleted by rapid increase in demand for food and energy resources resulting from population growth, but rather from the need for agricultural land. Evidence suggests that the demands for fuelwood, in addition to other sources of energy, is supplied from agroforestry systems which has not been quantified so far. This review analyses sources and use of fuelwood in Rwanda, indicating the importance of on-farms trees and woodlots in fuelwood supply. It is concluded that the effect of fuelwood consumption on land use is difficult to disentangle as many other factors including land clearing for agriculture, livestock farming, human settlements, illegal cutting of valuable timber species, the demand for charcoal in towns and past conflicts, contributed significantly to the high rate of deforestation in the country. If fuelwood demand is to be met on a sustainable basis, more fuelwood has to be produced on agricultural lands and in forest plantations through species site matching and proper management.     

本溪地区薪炭林经营问题及永续利用对策的探讨

日益恶化的环境已经引起全人类的高度重视,保护环境、重建森林以保护我们的家园已经成为全世界共同的呼声,但即使如此,人们对环境和森林的破坏却一天都没有停止,其中由薪炭林砍伐造成的环境问题尤为突出。本文就本溪地区薪炭林经营的实际情况,揭示了山区农村薪炭林经营和发展中存在的问题,探讨了薪炭林可持续发展和利用的对策。     

四川省薪材资源评价及分区

薪材在农村能源中占有重要地位,目前全省薪炭林面积71万公顷,森林能源每年合理提供量为904.5万吨标准煤,而实际消费量为1895.8万吨标准煤,消费量是合理提供量的2.1倍,薪材供需矛盾尖锐。预测2000年全省薪材需求量为2184.8万吨标准煤,尚需发展30万公顷薪炭林。为了宏观指导农村能源建设,在分析现状和进行需求预测后,将全省薪材资源划分为4个大类和13个类型区,分别阐述了各区特点和解决途径,最后对我省农村能源发展的重点和措施提出了指导性原则。     

闽清县能源林生产状况及商品化探讨

概述了薪炭林粗放经营的状况及存在的问题 ,认为优化经营体制、适度规模和集约化经营是改变落后现状 ,达到森林以及能源资源良性循环的有效途径。     

Agroforestry systems in the rural landscape – a case study in Garhwal Himalaya, India

A mid altitude (700–1200 m amsl.) village in Garhwal Himalaya was analysed in terms of energy and economic efficiency of different land use-land cover types constituting the landscape. Simultaneous agroforestry, sequential agroforestry, home garden and community forests accounted for 27.47%, 27.47%, 1.1% and 43.96% of the total geographical area of the village. Simultaneous agroforestry is the traditional land use involving substantial input of manure derived from forest litter and animal excreta and was practised on terraced slopes in private ownership. Tree cover in this system was represented by nine species with total average density of 390 trees ha⁻¹, Grewia optiva and Boehmeria rugulosa being the most dominant. Sequential agroforestry system involving slash-burn practice and cultivation on unterraced slopes without tillage and manuring was an illicit land use on community lands where forestry land use is desirable as per the government policy. Per ha annual energy input in simultaneous agroforestry system was 305267 MJ compared to 279 MJ in sequential agroforestry and 27047 MJ in home garden. In monetary terms, highest per ha annual output was obtained from simultaneous agroforestry (Rs 25370, Rs 35 = US$1) followed by home garden (Rs 18200) and sequential agroforestry (Rs 9426). Local food, fodder and fuelwood production was in excess of the local consumption. While most of the surplus food was stored, surplus fodder and fuelwood were sold for cash. Production in simultaneous agroforestry system in private lands was sustained with substantial biomass and nutrient inputs from the community and government forests. Land use-land cover changes in the region are driven by the interaction of ecological, policy and human factors. It is concluded that present policy of treating forests and agriculture as closed and independent ecological or production systems needs to be replaced by an integrated land use policy. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Domestic Burning of Fuelwood in a Subsistence Tribal Economy of Lower Himalayas, India: Some Implications Based on Exploratory Analysis

Fuelwood is important source of cooking energy in the majority of households of rural India. This paper discusses positive and negative externalities of fuelwood use including forest conservation and the health, welfare and environment for the forest-dependent tribal community of Jaunsar, based on survey data and visual observations from this remote area of the Lower Himalayas, India. Health issues due to fuelwood use are explored among tribal women using data collected from 50 randomly selected households spread in 13 randomly selected villages. The pattern of fuelwood use including hardships in terms of time spent and distance travelled for collection of cooking energy and the kitchen structures are also elaborated. The emission of four major pollution gases—CO, SO_x, NO_x and CO₂—due to fuelwood burning in kitchens is found to be beyond acceptable air standards, causing various reported health problems. Policy implications arise concerning options of local people to utilize other energy options. It is argued that the adverse impacts should be tackled by framing household energy policy in totality, not limited to concern over the energy crisis but also considering associated implications including health and drudgery.     

森林永续利用的原则不能动摇

地球人口负荷接近饱和条件下,一切可更新资源都必须实行永续利用,森林也不例外。中国印度等只有提高生产力,才可能实现森林永续利用。多数发展中国家的资源并不贫乏,为实现永续利用,必须解决一系列的科技、政治经济问题。发达国家高层次的森林永续利用,也仍把提高生产力放在核心地位。