地面温度与气温关系的统计分析

运用气象统计学和气候学的原理和方法 ,分析北京市海淀地面气象观测站 195 5～ 1999年的逐日平均气温资料和 1981～ 1999年逐日地面温度资料 ,建立了以气温为基础的地温预测模型 ,并探索地气温差的年变化规律。结果表明 :夏半年地面平均温度高于气温 ,冬半年相反 ;农作物生长季 (3～ 10月 )平均地气温差为 2 0℃ ,年平均地气温差 0 9℃ ;地气温差 6月中旬最大 ,为 4 9℃ ,12月下旬最小 ,为 - 2 7℃ ,与辐射的最大值及最小值出现时间基本一致。用地温预测模型估算 1999年作物生长季逐日地温 ,相对误差 <2 9%。     

近50年淮河流域气温时空变化及其与PDO的关系

气温的变化是造成自然景观和生态环境改变的主要因素之一。利用淮河流域1965-2016年67个数据序列完整的气象站日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温数据,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall检验、皮尔逊相关系数、连续小波（CWT）、交叉小波变换（XWT）和小波相干谱（WTC）等方法分析了流域气温时空变化特征以及流域年平均气温和PDO（太平洋年代际涛动）的周期特征。结果表明:在时间尺度上,淮河流域年平均气温、最高气温和最低气温在1965-2016年均存在不同程度的上升,年平均最低气温增幅最为明显;空间上流域气温从南向北呈现递减趋势,不同地区的增温趋势略有不同,东部沿海地区平均气温的升温幅度高于西部内陆地区,流域西南部年平均最高气温的升温趋势比较明显,西北部年平均最低气温升温趋势比较明显,年平均气温的突变主要发生在1996年,而年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温的突变时间则略早于年平均气温（1992年）。淮河流域年平均气温存在1.3~5.5 a尺度的年际振荡周期,与PDO指数的振荡变化相似。淮河流域气温也随着PDO冷暖相位的转变发生了相应的变化。     

大同市近40年极端气温的变化特征

为了了解全球变暖背景下大同的气候变化规律及其演变趋势,利用大同市8个气象观测站1971-2010年的气温资料,对全市近40a的极值气温变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:极端最高气温和年平均气温线性升高趋势显著,平均每10a升高0.5℃和0.3℃;极端最低气温线性变化趋势不明显,但年代际变化特征突出;低于-25℃的极端寒冷日数线性下降趋势不明显,而高于33℃的极端炎热日线性增加趋势显著,平均每10a增加1.3d;年平均日较差则在2000年以后明显增大。     

黄土丘陵区油松人工林温度效应的研究

通过研究黄土丘陵区油松人工林内空气温度和土壤温度的变化规律后认为，白天林内气温低于林外，夜间高于林外，晴天，林内外气温差异较大，阴天则较小，生长季林内平均气温高于林外，其最大差值出现在6月，最小差值出现在10月，林内气温梯度变化明显，日平均气温，日最高气温平均和日最低气温平均，林冠层中部均比林地表层和林冠表层大，林分和枯枝落叶层覆盖对土壤温度的影响主要表现在2个方面，即降低林内土壤温度和土壤温度的较差，日平均土壤温度，东坡较西北坡高0．48℃。     

1951-2010年汉中市气温变化特征分析

气温变化特征是全球气候变化研究中的一个至关重要的问题.我国地域辽阔,受地形及季风影响,各地区气温变化及各季节气温变化趋势各异.采用1951-2010年逐日及年平均气温数据作为基础资料,运用气候倾向率、滑动平均法、MK趋势检验和突变分析方法对汉中市年均气温和各季节气温的变化特征进行分析.结果表明:(1)汉中市近60年来年平均气温呈上升趋势,气温倾向率为0.18℃/10 a,并经历冷暖两个时期,20世纪90年代中期之前为偏冷期,之后为偏暖期;(2)年平均气温的年代际变化表现出"平缓上升—下降—显著上升"的趋势,且存在明显的突变点,突变时间为1999年,突变后年平均气温比突变前高0.9℃;(3)汉中市四季平均气温在20世纪90年代开始明显增温,且高于各季节平均气温.冬春两季增温明显,秋季次之,夏季最小,但增温速率均小于全国同期水平;(4)冬春两季平均气温在近60年间存在明显的突变点,突变时间分别为1999年和1997年,但夏秋两季没有出现明显的突变.     

陕西省不同农业种植区热量资源的变化特征

利用陕西96个气象站1971-2013年气象观测资料,将陕西省分为4个农业种植区,采用线性倾向估计法、累积距平、t-检验和GIS技术等方法对各区及全省范围近43a来热量指标包括平均气温、极端气温、≥0℃和≥10℃界限温度有关指标的变化及分布特征进行分析。结果表明：近43a,陕西全省范围内年、季平均气温均呈显著上升趋势（P＜0.05）,春季增温最快(0.4℃-10a-1),且各热量资源要素与气温极显著正相关 (P＜0.01)。关中平原春季平均气温增幅最大,且各区突变时间一致;榆林北部风沙区夏、秋、冬和年平均气温增幅最大,且夏季平均气温突变时间最晚。陕南浅山丘陵区年、季平均气温增幅均最小,且秋、冬季平均气温突变时间最晚。陕西≥0℃和≥10℃初日普遍显著提前,终日变化不显著。≥0℃和≥10℃初日提前幅度最大地区分别为关中平原和榆林北部风沙区。受初日提前和终日推后的共同影响,陕西≥0℃和≥10℃持续日数和积温分别以3.5d-10a-1、2.4d-10a-1、90.3℃-d-10a-1和74.9℃-d-10a-1的倾向率显著增加,其中关中平原区增幅最大。冬季平均气温突变时间最早,为1987年,其它热量资源要素均在20世纪90年代中后期发生突变,突变后≥0℃和≥10℃积温等值线明显西移,关中平原热量资源增加最多且最快,陕北黄土高原变化较小。     

宁夏气候变化及其对农业生产的影响

选取宁夏20个地面气象站1961-2005年逐日平均气温、逐日最低气温、逐日降水量资料,分析年平均气温、日平均气温稳定通过0℃积温、无霜期、生长期降水量等的变化规律.结果表明:20世纪90年代以后宁夏各地明显升温,20世纪90年代和2001-2005年年平均气温平均升高了0.5℃和0.9℃,≥0℃积温平均增多了94.9℃·d和225 2℃·d;90年代以后无霜期平均延长了6.8d,作物生长期降水量呈减少的趋势,平均减少了12.5mm;气温升高也使得冬小麦种植北界明显向北、海拔上界明显向高处扩展.     

陕南汉江上游气温变化及其对农业生产的影响

以陕南汉江上游汉中、石泉、安康观测站1960-2010年的逐日、逐月平均气温资料为基础,采用线性趋势法、滑动平均法和Mann-Kendall非参数检验法,分析了该区气温的年际和季节变化趋势、突变特征,以及季节气温变化对农业的影响.结果表明,自1960年以来,陕南汉江上游年平均气温和年平均最低气温呈波动上升的变化趋势,递增速率分别为0.107℃/10a(P ＜0.01)、0.16℃/10a(P ＜0.01),而年平均最高气温呈不显著递增趋势,三者发生突变的时间分别为2001、2000和2001年;各季节的变化特征表现为冬季增温速率最高(P＜0.01),对年平均气温增加的贡献最大;夏季气温变幅较小,变化趋势不显著;春、秋季气温分别呈极显著、显著上升趋势,但日波动性较大;倒春寒天气发生时间推迟,发生频率、强度增大;秋封(冷害)发生频率虽然有所下降,但持续时间较长,强度较大,对该区的水稻、玉米、小麦等农作物生产造成严重影响.深入了解汉江上游气候变化规律及成因,对有效应对气候变化和保障粮食安全具有积极意义.     

西充县1959—2013年气温变化特征分析

根据西充县1959-2013年的月平均气温资料,分析了54 a来温度变化特征。结果表明,54 a来西充县年平均气温升高0.1℃,尤其是近30 a,气温年际变化和趋暖变化均十分明显,30 a中年平均气温上升了1.2℃,平均增温率为0.02℃/10a。     

近50年来河南最高最低气温的非对称性变化特征

利用河南50个气象站点1959-2008年50a的气温资料,分析了河南区域年最高、最低气温及日较差的时空变化特征。结果表明：①1959-2008年河南区域年平均最高、最低气温在时间变化上为非对称性增长,年平均最低气温变化倾向率为0.237℃/10a;年平均最高气温变化倾向率为0.053℃/10a,前者增温幅度约为后者的4.5倍。②年平均最高、最低气温变化速度在空间分布上多数地区也呈不对称现象,最低气温在河南西北部和东南部的周口、漯河部分地区升温快,最高气温在西部的洛阳地区升温较快,而其它地区相对较慢,最终使气温日较差在东部和西北部减小幅度较大。③年平均最高气温在20世纪80年代最低,本世纪以来的8a最高;年平均最低气温在60、70和80年代均较低,本世纪以来的8a最高;年平均气温日较差在60年代最大,本世纪以来的8a最小。④年平均最高气温没有明显突变点,年平均最低气温在1997年发生突变,年平均气温日较差分别在1974年和1980年前后发生了突变。最高、最低气温变化速度不同以及突变点不一致,最终导致了气温日较差在突变点上的不一致。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.