滇西北云岭东坡蚂蚁物种多样性研究

采用样地调查法研究了滇西北云岭东坡5个垂直带和10个水平带32块样地的蚂蚁群落与物种多样性.物种数目为1～17种,个体密度为4.0～368.0头·m-2,优势度指数为0.223～1.000,物种多样性指数为0.000～1.787,均匀度指数为0.062～0.747.在各垂直带上,个体密度随海拔的升高、气温的降低而减少;山体中部植被和气候综合条件最好,其蚂蚁物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数高于山体上部和下部,优势度指数低于山体上部和下部.水平带上,各样地的多样性指数无规律性,这与样地特殊的局部环境和人类干扰有很大关系.蚂蚁群落相似性系数表明,不同样地蚂蚁群落间差异显著,滇西北云岭山脉整个生态系统生境多样性丰富.     

高黎贡山自然保护区东坡垂直带蚂蚁群落研究

研究了高黎贡山自然保护区东坡北段、中北段、中南段、南段垂直带蚂蚁群落及其物种多样性。高黎贡山自然保护区东坡垂直带上蚂蚁群落具有明显的规律性，随海拔升蚂蚁群落优势种数目普遍递减，优势种所占比例递增，物种数目和个体密度递减，随海拔升高，优势度指数普遍递增，物种多样性指数和均匀度指数递减，同时观察到了一些例外，在北段云南松林出现的优势度指数偏高，优势种数目、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数偏低例外与植被为纯度林有关，而该处物种数目和个体密度偏高例外与边缘效应有关，中南段季风常绿阔叶林出现的优势度指数偏高，优势种数目、个体密度和物种多样性指数偏低与植被片断化有关，中北段和中南段山体上部出现的优势种所占比例和优势度指数偏低、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数偏高情况与植被保持原始林状态有关，在保护区东坡4个地段垂直带上，蚂蚁群落之间的相似性系数几乎均在0－0．25之间，处于极不相似水平，只有中北段东坡旱冬瓜林与季风常绿阔叶林蚂蚁群落相似性系数达到0．25－0．50范围，即中等不相似水平。     

高黎贡山自然保护区东坡水平带

研究了高黎贡山东坡水平带蚂蚁群落特征,结果表明,除中南段2 500 m等高线外,东坡各水平带的不同位置均有特有种.在1 000 m、1 500 m、2 000 m、2 500 m等高线上,从北到南特有种数目依次递增,但北段1 500 m和2 000 m等高线出现特有种增高例外.在东坡不同海拔等高线上,大多数物种只在1个样地中表现为优势种,北段与南段的优势种通常不同.在1 000 m和2 000 m等高线上北段的优势种多于南段,而在1 500 m等高线上南段优势种多于北段,2 500 m等高线上不同地段优势种趋于相等.东坡水平带上物种数目和密度表现出普遍规律性.从北到南,1 000 m和2 500 m等高线上物种数目和密度依次递增,在1 500 m等高线上物种数目和密度依次递减.在1 000 m等高线上优势度、多样性和均匀度具有明显规律性,从北到南,优势度依次递减,多样性和均匀度依次递增,但在北段出现例外.在1 500 m、2 000 m和2 500 m等高线上,蚂蚁群落的优势度、多样性和均匀度缺乏规律性,可能与植被的次生化和片断化等因素有关.尽管东坡水平带上同一海拔植被类型相似,但是蚂蚁群落之间差异显著,相似性系数在0～0.50之间.山体下部1 000 m等高线上蚂蚁群落之间相似性较大,相似性系数在0.25～0.50之间.随着海拔增加,同一水平带上群落之间相似性减小.     

高黎贡山自然保护区东坡水平带蚂蚁群落研究

研究了高黎贡山东坡水平带蚂蚁群落特征，结果表明，除中南段2500m等高线外，东坡各水平带的不同位置均有特有种。在1000m、1500m、2000m、2500m等高线上，从北到南特有种数目依次递增，但北段1500m和2000m等高线出现特有种增高例外。在东坡不同海拔等高线上，大多数物种只在1个样地中表现为优势种，北段与南段的优势种通常不同。在1000m和2000m等高线上北段的优势种多于南段，而在1500m等高线上南段优势种多于北段，2500m等高线上不同地段优势种趋于相等。东坡水平带上物种数目和密度表现出普遍规律性。从北到南，1000m和2500m等高线上物种数目和密度依次递增，在1500m等高线上物种数目和密度依次递减。在1000m等高线上优势度、多样性和均匀度具有明显规律性。从北到南，优势度依次递减，多样性和均匀度依次递增，但在北段出现例外。在1500m、2000m和2500m等高线上，蚂蚁群落的优势度、多样性和均匀度缺乏规律性，可能与植被的次生化和片断化等因素有关。尽管东坡水平带上同一海拔植被类型相似，但是蚂蚁群落之间差异显著，相似性系数在0－0．50之间。山体下部1000m等高线上蚂蚁群落之间相似性较大，相似性系数在0．25－0．50之间。随着海拔增加，同一水平带上群落之间相似性减小。     

藏东南德姆拉山西坡及波密河谷蚂蚁群落研究

采用样地调查法和搜索调查法研究了藏东南德姆拉山西坡及波密河谷11块样地的蚂蚁群落。采获蚁科昆虫3亚科10属27种,多数物种为稀有种。调查数据显示,样地的物种数目0～11种(平均5.9种),个体密度0～1 706.2头·m^-2(平均270.7头·m^-2),多样性指数0.346 1～1.207 3(平均值0.795 3),均匀度0.215 0～0.770 3(平均值0.474 6),优势度指数0.383 5～0.811 9(平均值0.578 4)。在垂直带上,个体密度随海拔升高大体呈现降低趋势,山体中部物种数目低于山体下部和上部。各样地蚂蚁群落的多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数没有呈现规律性变化,但均匀度与优势度成负相关关系。蚂蚁群落的多样性和稳定性同时受到海拔高度、地貌条件和植被状况的影响。蚂蚁群落相似性系数表明不同样地蚂蚁群落间差异显著,说明藏东南德姆拉山生态系统中生境存在明显差异性。     

藏东南嘎隆拉和墨脱河谷蚂蚁群落研究

[目的]为了揭示藏东南地区蚂蚁群落的生态学规律,对藏东南嘎隆拉和墨脱河谷不同样地的蚂蚁群落进行了调查研究,揭示藏东南地区蚂蚁多样性。[方法]采用样地调查法和手拣法进行调查;利用Estmaete S 9.1.0程序对数据进行处理,分析抽样充分性;利用多样性分析法,分析了蚂蚁群落的组成、优势种、物种多样性、群落均匀度及群落相似性等群落特征。[结果]合计发现蚁科Formicidae昆虫8亚科,45属,96种。分析发现,不同植被类型优势种和稀有种组成不同,稀有种较多。低海拔区域的沟谷雨林和常绿阔叶林蚂蚁优势种具有明显的热带和亚热带特征。多样性分析发现,各样地中的蚂蚁群落物种丰富度0 42种,个体密度0.0 1 805.6头·m-2,多样性指数02.285 5,均匀度指数0.251 0 0.873 6,优势度指数0.147 0 1.000 0。其中海拔1 200 m沟谷雨林的蚂蚁物种丰富度最高(42种);海拔1 450 m季风常绿阔叶林的多样性指数最高(2.285 5),优势度最低(0.147 0);海拔2 960m高山松林均匀度指数最高(0.873 6);高海拔的针叶林蚂蚁物种丰富度和多样性均最低,优势度最高。北坡分布的物种稀少,南坡物种丰富;群落相似性系数表明不同海拔和植被的蚂蚁群落间差异显著。[结论]嘎隆拉和墨脱河谷生境存在明显差异,蚂蚁群落的物种数目、个体密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数总体呈现随海拔升高和植被的更替而降低的规律,但在南坡下部和中部出现2个峰值,分别为热带和温带物种的聚集群,表现出多域效应现象(Multi-Domain Effect)。植被、海拔和坡向对蚂蚁物种的分布和多样性影响深刻。     

银瓶山森林公园润楠属植物群落多样性研究

为了解银瓶山森林公园润楠属植物的群落组成、物种多样性及其与海拔因子的关系,对森林公园内不同海拔的12块样地进行调查研究,计算乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,分析群落物种多样性与海拔之间的相关性,结果表明:银瓶山润楠属群落中共有70种植物,隶属于41科58属.各植物群落的物种丰富度指数(S)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')整体表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层,Pielou均匀度指数(E)表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层.不同群落的乔木层植物物种多样性沿海拔梯度呈先上升后下降的单峰模式,灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均表现为随着海拔的升高而逐渐下降的规律;Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数未呈现明显规律.     

云南南滚河自然保护区蚂蚁群落研究

为了揭示滇西南地区蚂蚁多样性,采用样方调查法和搜索调查法研究了南滚河自然保护区蚂蚁群落。在16块样地中采获蚁科昆虫11亚科57属188种,不同样地蚂蚁群落的物种数5-72种,个体密度12.5-1234.0头/m2,优势度指数0.0887-0.7024,多样性指数0.7978-2.9355,均匀度指数0.2514-0.7170。沟谷雨林蚂蚁物种最丰富,苔藓常绿阔叶林物种最贫乏;橡胶林蚂蚁个体密度最高,苔藓常绿阔叶林个体密度最低;山地雨林蚂蚁群落多样性指数、均匀度指数最高,优势度指数最低;柚木林蚂蚁群落优势度指数最高,多样性指数、均匀度指数最低。季风常绿阔叶林和沟谷雨林拥有最丰富的稀有种,最有保护价值;山地雨林、落叶季雨林、苔藓常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林也有一定数目的稀有种,保护价值较大。相似性系数表明,不同植被类型蚂蚁群落间差异显著。     

喜马拉雅山底雅段和札达段蚂蚁多样性

为揭示喜马拉雅山蚂蚁群落的生态学规律,采用样地调查法对喜马拉雅山底雅段和札达段的蚂蚁群落进行调查。共观察蚂蚁5355头,隶属于2亚科5属7种,其中底雅段7种,札达段3种。对该地区蚂蚁物种丰富度进行估计,结果表明底雅段和札达段的蚂蚁物种丰富度较低。底雅段南坡的蚂蚁物种数目、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Fisherα指数和优势度指数表现出"中域效应"现象,而个体密度则表现出"多域效应"现象;札达段南坡的蚂蚁物种数目、个体密度和Fisherα指数均表现出"多域效应"现象。蚂蚁群落相似性系数显示各样地间的蚂蚁群落处于极不相似至极相似水平,表明该地区不同海拔蚂蚁群落既有差异又存在一定共性。在底雅段和札达段,海拔对蚂蚁物种的分布和多样性有较大影响,坡向和植被对蚂蚁群落分化有重要作用。     

华坪县蚂蚁多样性研究

采用样地调查法研究云南省华坪县海拔1 240~3 060 m蚂蚁群落多样性规律。共采集蚂蚁15 077头,隶属于5亚科21属46种,其中包括42个已知种和4个待定种。分析结果表明,黑头酸臭蚁、罗思尼斜结蚁、沃森大头蚁为华坪县的优势种,占物种总数的6.5%;常见种有10种,占21.7%,稀有种有33种,占71.7%;蚂蚁群落的物种数目为1~22种(平均值9.3种),个体密度0.4~1 299.8只/m~2(平均值376.9),多样性指数0~1.617 2(平均值0.634 4),均匀度指数0~0.539 8(平均值0.249 1),优势度指数0.278 1~1.000 0(平均值为0.700 7);不同海拔和植被类型蚂蚁群落之间相似性系数0~0.448 3(平均值0.064 2),处于极不相似至中等不相似水平,说明华坪县蚂蚁群落具有各自的特点。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.