植物耐盐性机理及基因控制技术研究进展

该文对近年来国内外植物耐盐性方面的研究成果作了简单的综述,包括植物的耐盐机制、盐胁迫对植物光合作用、细胞膜透性、激素、矿质元素吸收、有机物质的积累、保护酶类的活性的影响,以及植物的耐盐性在基因工程上的应用。     

丛枝菌根提高植物耐盐性的研究进展

近年来,土地盐渍化越来越多的引起人们的关注,已成为最常见的农业问题之一,其对人类造成的危害主要是使农作物减产甚至绝收,并间接造成生态环境恶化。研究表明丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi,AMF)在盐胁迫下能与很多种植物共生,能够提高植物的耐盐性,促进植物在盐胁迫中生长。因此,探索AMF缓解盐胁迫对植物的危害是近年来生态学和农业生产中的热点问题。综述了AMF在植物干物质的积累、营养吸收、渗透调节、抗氧化酶系统、叶绿素浓度、水分状况、植物激素信号以及一些耐盐相关基因方面国内外最新的研究成果,并对利用AMF提高植物耐盐性相关研究提出了展望,以期为盐碱地的改良及农业生产提供参考依据。     

植物耐盐生理生化研究进展

综述了近年来耐盐植物地上部分K /Na ,SNa ·K 渗透调节 ,光合作用 ,盐激蛋白 ,Na /H 逆向转运蛋白 ,激素调节 ,膜抗氧化酶和ATP酶等方面耐盐性生理生化研究进展及其对选育培育耐盐植物新品种的重要性。     

连翘的耐盐性研究

连翘(Forsuthia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl.)作为常见的绿化植物,鲜有应用于盐碱地区。为此,基于室内盐胁迫处理试验,观察分析连翘受盐害影响发生的形态和生理变化,研究其耐盐性,以期为连翘用于盐碱地绿化改良、水土保持工作的实践提供基础资料和科学依据。试验结果表明连翘具有一定的耐盐性,在受到短期、较低浓度的盐胁迫后能够自我调节适应逆境,在浓度低于0.4%的盐胁迫40 d后仍可以正常生长。可以作轻、中度盐土区绿化或植被恢复用途。     

不同胡麻资源苗期耐盐性评价及鉴定指标筛选

为了综合评价胡麻资源苗期耐盐性，筛选出合理的胡麻苗期耐盐性鉴定指标，为胡麻耐盐育种和栽培提供基础理论依据，采用300 mmol/L的NaCl溶液对10份胡麻资源进行苗期胁迫处理，分析胁迫对幼苗存活率、株高、地下部干重、地上部干重、生长速率、丙二醛、脯氨酸、叶绿素、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶等10项指标的影响，结合相关性、主成分、聚类和回归分析方法进行综合评价。结果表明，轮选1号、R40、DYMS和陇亚10号具有相对较强耐盐性。筛选出生长速率和过氧化物酶2个鉴定指标为胡麻苗期耐盐能力鉴定的关键指标，以这2个筛选指标计算出的耐盐性预测值与综合评价计算出的综合Z值之间极显著相关(R2=0.982 2**)，表明该鉴定结果具有较高的准确性。将10份胡麻资源的苗期与萌发期耐盐性鉴定结果对比发现，胡麻萌发期与苗期的耐盐性具有不完全的一致性。     

胡杨谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶PeGPX基因的克隆及转化植株耐盐性分析

胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）具有极强抗盐碱能力.本实验室前期胡杨微阵列芯片数据结果显示：盐胁迫下,胡杨谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因（PeGPX）的转录上调,暗示该基因可能对胡杨耐盐性具有一定的作用.为分析GPX对植物耐盐性的贡献,本研究以胡杨为材料,利用RT-PCR方法克隆了胡杨谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶PeGPX基因,并在烟草中过量表达该基因,以分析谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性与植物耐盐性的关系.研究结果显示,实验中克隆的cDNA （PeGPX）编码谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶,其ORF为693 bp,其蛋白由231个氨基酸编码.过量表达PeGPX基因的烟草与野生型烟草的耐盐性实验结果显示,野生型烟草植株在加NaCl （200 mmol/L）的MS培养基中生长15 d后,无明显的长高,且不长根;而转基因烟草在同样的加盐培养基上,生长基本没有受到抑制,植株生长状态良好,并且能够长根.光合数据显示,在盐胁迫下过量表达PeGPX基因烟草的净光合速率受到影响明显小于野生型烟草的净光合速率.酶活数据显示,转基因株系GPX酶活与野生型的相比在盐胁迫下活性有非常显著的提高.我们的研究结果说明：过表达PeGPX基因使得烟草的耐盐性得到显著提高,这对深入研究PeGPX基因在胡杨耐盐机制中的作用具有重要的意义.     

大麦盐害及耐盐机理的研究进展

大麦是禾谷作物中较为耐盐的粮食作物。然而在盐胁迫环境下,Na+能把膜系统中的其他离子置换下来,使细胞过多地吸收Na+和Cl-,从而导致细胞膜系统受损、DNA降解、植物营养亏缺、生理干旱以及细胞死亡等伤害。大麦自身在受到盐分胁迫下,耐盐机制有:离子的选择性吸收、拒盐排盐性、渗透调节物质的合成以及离子在植株体内的运输交换。进行大麦耐盐性选择时,萌发力、耐盐指数、Na+/K+和渗透调节物质的合成能力,都是比较重要的选择标准。基于大麦较好的耐盐性,可通过遗传育种改良、化学控制、耕作等措施和途径提高大麦的耐盐抗盐能力,减轻盐害,提高大麦产量和品质。     

马铃薯StSnRK1基因过表达提高烟草耐盐性研究

为研究马铃薯蔗糖非发酵-1-型相关蛋白激酶-1基因StSnRK1对于调控植物耐盐性的促进作用,以过表达StSnRK1的烟草株系及野生型为试验材料,研究盐胁迫下StSnRK1对植株生长的影响。耐盐性鉴定结果表明,过表达StSnRK1基因显著提高烟草植株的耐盐性。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)分析显示,StSnRK1基因显著上调脯氨酸生物合成相关基因(吡咯琳-5-羧酸合酶NtP5CS)、胚胎发育后期丰富蛋白基因(NtLEA5)和活性氧清除系统相关基因(超氧化物歧化酶NtSOD和过氧化物酶NtPOD)。同时,转基因烟草植株的SOD活性、POD活性和脯氨酸含量显著高于野生型烟草植株,丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量显著低于野生型植株。由此可见,StSnRK1基因在改良植物耐盐性方面具有重要作用,为耐盐马铃薯生物技术育种提供了理论基础。     

温度对盐胁迫小麦抗氧化机制的影响

本研究以耐盐性不同的8个冬小麦品种为材料,分别在室温(20℃/25℃)和接近小麦生产的低温(10℃/15℃)条件下采用溶液培养,并在苗期进行盐胁迫处理(150 mmol·L-1 Na Cl),研究温度和盐胁迫交互作用对耐盐性不同的小麦抗氧化机制的影响。结果表明,对室温培养的幼苗进行盐胁迫后,耐盐强的小麦幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX)活性均显著升高,并且高于2个耐盐性弱的品种;而耐盐性弱的小麦幼苗盐处理后仅APX活性显著升高,其活性氧(ROS)累积量和叶片相对电导率均高于耐盐小麦;抗旱小麦以上指标介于耐盐品种和耐盐性弱的品种中间。低温培养下进行盐胁迫,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)在所有供试品种中均显著升高2~3倍;耐盐品种仅CAT和APX活性升高,抗旱品种SOD、POD和APX以及耐盐性弱的品种SOD和POD活性显著提高。由此得出与室温盐胁迫下小麦抗氧化机制的响应不同,低温盐胁迫条件下,耐盐小麦SOD和POD酶活性受到抑制,主要通过提高抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的两个关键酶APX和GR活性增加对ROS的清除能力,而抗旱品种和耐盐性弱的品种除GR酶活性显著提高外,SOD和POD对ROS的清除能力均显著增强。在各种抗氧化酶的共同作用下,耐盐性不同的小麦品种之间ROS累积量和叶片电导率等受伤害指标的差异程度与室温盐胁迫相比减弱。     

Rice genotypes differing in salt tolerance I. Growth response and NaCl accumulation of whole plants and their corresponding callus cultures

Two pairs of contrasting rice genotypes, each pair having similar general characteristics but with marked differences in whole plant salt tolerance, were compared in terms of growth response and NaCl accumulation of whole plants as well as their corresponding callus cultures. At the whole plant level, salt‐tolerant genotypes ‘Pokkali’ and ‘IR 29725–25–22–3‐3–3’ outperformed their respective salt‐sensitive counterparts, ‘Peta’ and ‘IR 5’, as measured by such tolerance indices as damage index, relative biomass and relative fresh weight/dry weight ratio. The salt‐tolerant genotypes generally had lower Na and Cl contents in the shoots than did the salt‐sensitive genotypes, indicating that reduced Na and/or Cl accumulation in the shoots can be used as a physiological index of salt tolerance in rice. No significant differences, however, were found between the contrasting genotypes either in growth response or NaCl accumulation in callus cultures, suggesting that there is no direct relationship between salt tolerance at the cellular level and the whole plant level.     

Genetic variability for responses to short‐ and long‐term salt stress in vegetative sunflower plants

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has been rated as moderately salt‐resistant, and variability for salt resistance has been detected within this crop. However, variability in salt‐resistance mechanisms has not been assessed. Osmotic tolerance, the relation of salt resistance with whole‐plant Na⁺ and K⁺ distribution and tissue Na⁺ tolerance were investigated in several sunflower inbred lines. Plants were grown under controlled conditions, in pots with sand and perlite irrigated with salinized (NaCl, –0.65 MPa) nutrient solution. Osmotic tolerance was assessed from the initial effects of the salt treatment on plant elongation in eleven sunflower lines. Long‐term salinity responses were evaluated in four of those lines, by assessing whole‐plant growth. A principal components analysis (PCA) was run on relative‐to‐control growth data, and this information was used to establish a relative resistance ranking, which indicated lines HAR2 > HAR1 > HA64 > HAR5. Osmotic tolerance was observed in HA64 and HAR2. The lines showed different degrees of Na⁺ accumulation, it was very low in some of them, but relative salt resistance was not associated to this trait. Tissue Na⁺ tolerance was deduced by comparing the percentage of dead leaves as a function of leaf blade Na⁺ accumulation, and it was higher in HAR1 than in the rest. These results indicate that variability for salt‐resistance mechanisms exists in sunflower. Osmotic tolerance and tissue Na⁺ tolerance were detected in different lines, highlighting that such variability may be exploited for increasing salt resistance in this crop.     

丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae 提高超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性和真盐生植物盐地碱蓬耐盐性

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)-mediated plant physiological activities could contribute to plant salt tolerance. However, the biochemical mechanism by which AM fungi enhance salt tolerance of halophytic plants is unclear. A pot experiment was conducted to determine whether salt tolerance of the C 3 halophyte Suaeda salsa was enhanced by the AM fungus Glomus mosseae. When 60-day-old S. salsa seedlings were subjected to 400 mmol L-1 NaCl stress for 35 days, plant height, number of leaves and branches, shoot and root biomass, and root length of G. mosseae-colonized seedlings were significantly greater than those of the nonmycorrizal seedlings. Leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at all sampling times (weekly for 35 days after salt stress was initiated) and leaf catalase (CAT) activity at 2 and 3 weeks after salt stress was initiated were also significantly enhanced in G. mosseae-colonized S. salsa seedlings, while the content of leaf malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of membrane lipid peroxidation, was significantly reduced, indicating an alleviation of oxidative damage. The corresponding leaf isoenzymes of SOD (Fe-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD1, and Cu/Zn-SOD2) and CAT (CAT1 and CAT2) were also significantly increased in the mycorrhizal seedlings after 14 days of 400 mmol L-1 NaCl stress. Our results suggested that G. mosseae increased salt tolerance by increasing SOD and CAT activities and forming SOD and CAT isoforms in S. salsa seedlings.     

不同类型植物耐盐特性对脱硫废弃物的响应及其耐盐指数综合评价

为探讨施用脱硫废弃物对生长在盐土和碱土上的不同植物耐盐特性的影响,并建立综合评价指标体系,对不同植物的耐盐指数进行综合评价。本试验在2008—2010年期间,分别在碱土区和盐土区2个试点,以施与不施脱硫废弃物为主处理,选用9种不同耐盐植物为副处理开展了田间裂区试验,观测分析了各耐盐植物的出苗特征、生长生理特征、产量等指标及土壤盐分、养分、碱化度(ESP)等性质,从而建立包括植物生长、生理指标、土壤指标和经济指标的综合评价指标体系,并应用TOPSIS法对不同耐盐植物的耐盐指数进行综合评价。结果表明:与CK相比,施用脱硫废弃物能显著改善各耐盐植物的生长发育,提高出苗率、相对生长速率(株高)和相对生物量,增加自由水和束缚水的比值(F/B),且在碱土上效果优于盐土。不同类型耐盐植物之间差异显著,表现出各自的耐盐、碱特性。同时施用脱硫废弃物种植耐盐植物可提高土壤有机质增加速率和全盐、碱化度的降低速率。同样地,对盐碱土的改良效果表现为碱土优于盐土,不同耐盐植物之间差异显著。通过综合评价把不同耐盐植物分为强、较强、中和弱4个耐盐等级。与CK相比,施用脱硫废弃物可提高耐盐植物的耐盐等级,扩展耐盐植物在盐碱地上的种植范围。由此可知,耐盐植物的耐盐特性受植物类型、盐碱地类型、改良措施等因素影响。因此,从生态经济的角度寻求合理的综合评价方法来确定耐盐植物的耐盐特性具有重要科学意义,可为进一步优化盐碱地生态修复模式提供理论支持。     

几株具有农药活性的海洋微生物菌株诱导番茄抗盐作用与机理研究

针对目前国家对盐渍地开发利用的重大技术需求,选用8株具有农药潜力的海洋微生物菌株,以番茄为主要目标植物,在盐害胁迫下对海洋微生物诱导番茄植株抗盐活性及植物体内外的Na＋、K＋浓度平衡进行了研究。结果表明,4株海洋微生物菌株具有较明显的诱导植物抗盐和缓解盐害的作用,但表现各有差异,其中FC02菌株对发芽率、发芽指数诱导作用最为明显,发芽指数提高了38.3%,幼苗的株高、叶长、展开叶数、茎粗分别提高82.2%、66.7%、30.76%和50%,CAT酶活性最高为3.03U.mg-1.min-1FW,比对照提高了144.1%;YM菌株促使番茄幼苗叶绿素总含量增加的作用最大,比对照提高了88.9%;B9987菌株在使番茄幼苗丙二醛含量降低48.6%的同时,显著改善了植物体内的K＋、Na＋浓度平衡,K＋含量比对照提高了36.09%,Na＋比对照降低了39.5%。上述研究结果显示,一些海洋微生物菌株具有良好的诱导植物抗盐作用。     

燕麦AsKUP1的克隆与功能分析

植物钾离子转运蛋白中的Na~+不敏感性KUP/HAK/KT转运蛋白对植物耐盐胁迫起着重要作用。为了阐明钾离子转运蛋白基因AsKUP1在燕麦中响应盐胁迫的表达模式和鉴定其生物学功能,从燕麦中克隆了AsKUP1,利用RACE方法获得AsKUP1全长序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析;构建了pCAMBIA1301-AsKUP1植物过表达载体,转化拟南芥,并运用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析AsKUP1在拟南芥中的表达情况。结果表明,AsKUP1全长2 951bp,包含2 334bp的ORF序列,预测编码777个氨基酸,等电点为8.55,分子量为87.0k D。序列分析表明,AsKUP1与山羊草和小麦KUP/HAK/KT家族亲缘关系较近,预测该蛋白有14个疏水跨膜结构域,位于细胞质膜的概率较大。此外,盐胁迫下,T2转基因种子萌发率为57%,野生型为43%;经潮霉素筛选分离比为3∶1的2个转基因株系后代T3转基因株系根长分别是野生型的1.46倍和1.34倍,T3转基因植株鲜重、干重分别是野生型的1.56倍和1.44倍,Na~+含量无显著差异,而K~+含量为野生型的1.25倍,说明AsKUP1的表达提高了拟南芥植株的耐盐性。本研究结果为揭示钾离子转运蛋白家族基因AsKUP1在植物中的耐盐机制和通过转基因技术提高植物耐盐能力奠定了基础。     

SALT TOLERANCE AND SALT ACCUMULATION OF LANDSCAPE PLANTS IRRIGATED BY SPRINKLER AND DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Field trials were conducted to evaluate salt tolerance of landscape plants for recycled-water irrigation. Ten selected landscape plant species exhibited substantial differences in salt tolerance. Plants with more tolerance to salt tend to accumulate less salt than less salt tolerant plants. Plants were more susceptible to salt stress under sprinkler irrigation than under drip irrigation, because leaf direct contact with salt. No apparent salt stress symptom was detected when plants were irrigated by drip irrigation either with 500 mg L^?1 or 1500 mg L^?1 salt (NaCl). Therefore, drip irrigation using recycled water may be accept-able for many landscape plants in California landscape. There was a positive relationship between the salt tolerance revealed by sprinkler irrigation and the salt tolerance revealed by drip irrigation. This positive relationship is a potentially useful character to screen for salt tolerant landscape plants. Selection for salt tolerant landscape plants for recycled water irrigation is a viable approach for landscape management.