不同林分类型及土层对土壤养分的影响

在中山五桂山保护区选择4个不同的林分类型,分别进行土壤采样,测定土壤养分指标,分析不同林分类型及土层对土壤养分的影响,为林分改造、土壤养分改良提供理论和数据支撑。结果表明:(1)四种土壤养分指标在四种林分类型间均有显著性差异,四种林分类型的土壤养分指标含量大小排序大致为:沟谷季雨林阔叶混针阔混针叶林,只有有效磷含量是阔叶混大于沟谷季雨林。(2)四种土壤养分指标在针叶林、针阔混交林、沟谷季雨林这3种林型中的5个土层间变化均有显著性差异,而在常绿阔叶林中仅速效钾在5个土层间有显著性差异。(3)四种林分类型中,沟谷季雨林各指标含量相对较高,处于"中下"等级,而针叶林各指标含量低,处于"很低"等级。总的来说,四种林分类型的土壤养分含量偏低,特别是针叶林,各项土壤指标含量均为"很低",可以参考群落演替方向对针叶林进行林分改造来提高土壤养分。     

中国最美森林 森林中国的美景大观

<正>中国分布着地球几乎所有的森林景观。从南到北,依次分布着热带雨林、热带季雨林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林、暖温带落叶阔叶林、中温带针阔混交林、寒温带针叶林。中国山系耸峙,在较低的纬度地区还分布着一些亚高山针叶林、山地针阔混交林,甚至还有主要见于北极圈一带的苔原景观。     

浙江省生态公益林物种多样性时空格局研究

通过380个浙江省生态公益林中常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、松林、杉木林4种主要森林群落的典型样地调查,对不同群落类型物种多样性的时空格局进行研究,结果表明:在空间格局上不同群落类型物种多样性存在较大差异,乔木层多样性指数以针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为最高;针阔混交林的下木层物种数最高,其次是常绿阔叶林,但下木层各指数在各林型间均无显著差异;杉木林下草本层物种数指数最高,松林草本层各项指数都最低。从时间格局分析,不同群落类型的多样性指数随年龄变化各不相同,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林乔木层物种数在幼龄-中龄-近熟阶段趋势一致,均为先大幅增加然后略有下降,两种针叶林型的物种数都相对稳定;4种主要群落类型的乔木层Simpson生态优势度指数D,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林随时间变化趋势一致,均为先增加后略有下降再增加,且显著高于同年龄级的针叶林;常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林乔木层Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′随时间各异,但都极显著高于同年龄级针叶林的指数。常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林群落物种组成丰富、多样性指数高,是浙江省生态公益林的理想群落与目的群落。     

中国森林资源及其采伐管理政策

一、中国森林资源现状中国地域广阔,自然气候条件复杂,植物种类繁多,森林资源丰富、类型多样,具有明显的地带性分布特征。中国陆地由北向南,森林主要类型依次为针叶林、针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林、季雨林和雨林,构成了独特绚丽多彩的森林景观。根据第六次(1998￣2003     

天然林资源保护与森林防火

1　天然林资源状况1.1　天然林资源分布我国地域辽阔 ,自然条件复杂 ,森林类型包括南海诸岛的热带珊瑚岛森林、热带雨林、季雨林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、暖温带落叶阔叶林、温带针阔混交林和大兴安岭寒温带针叶林。森林资源总面积为13 370万ｈｍ2 ,森林资源总蓄积为 117.85亿ｍ3。     

卷首语

中国是世界上森林生态系统类型最多的国家之一。全国林业用地面积达28280.34万公顷,占国土面积的28.3%,由南向北,针叶林、针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林、季雨林和雨林,构成独特绚丽多彩的森林景观。同时,在我国林区,还蕴藏着丰富的山体地貌、湖泊岛屿、峡谷溶洞、瀑布温     

内蒙古大兴安岭林区植被碳库碳储量和碳密度

基于内蒙古大兴安岭林区2013年森林资源档案数据,运用生物量扩展因子法,量化内蒙古大兴安岭林区植被碳储量和碳密度。结果表明:内蒙古大兴安岭林区植被碳库总量41709.83×104t,平均碳密度为47.59±8.93 t C·hm-2;有林地乔木层在碳封存中占主导地位,其碳储量与面积近乎成正比,按龄组划分依次为中龄林成熟林近熟林过熟林幼龄林;按林分类型为针叶林针阔混交林阔叶林阔叶混交林针叶混交林;按林分起源为天然林人工林。有林地乔木层碳密度在不同龄组及不同林分起源间存在显著差异,在不同林分类型间无显著差异,其碳密度大小按龄组依次为成熟林近熟林过熟林中龄林幼龄林;按林分类型为阔叶林阔叶混交林针叶林针阔混交林针叶混交林;按林分起源为天然林人工林。     

3种人工幼林的土壤微生物和酶活性研究

对常绿阔叶混交林地、常绿针阔混交林地和杉木林地这3种人工幼林的土壤微生物和酶活性进行了研究,结果表明：土壤细菌数量大小排序为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地,真菌数量为常绿阔叶混交林地〉杉木林地〉常绿针阔混交林地,放线菌数量为常绿针阔混交林地〉常绿阔叶混交林地〉杉木林地,表明常绿阔叶混交林的土壤有利于微生物的发育;脲酶活性为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地和杉木林地,磷酸酶活性为常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地〉常绿阔叶混交林地,过氧化氢酶活性为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地,表明常绿阔叶混交林地能够供给土壤微生物较多的营养物质,从而提高了土壤酶的活性.     

不同森林类型土壤肥力状况研究

利用贵州天保工程效益监测网络设置在9个监测县和2个自然保护区的101个固定样地土壤分析结果,按常绿落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林、针叶混交林、灌木林、竹林等8种不同森林植被类型在不同基岩发育的森林土壤中营养元素含量,对不同森林土壤的综合肥力进行分析评价。结果显示,不同森林植被类型的森林土壤的A层土中有机质、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾等各项指标含量与森林植被类型呈正相关趋势且高于B层,B层土随不同基岩不同而有所变化,显示不同森林植被类型对土壤综合肥力的影响大于基岩;不同森林植被类型土壤的综合肥力大小顺序依次为:常绿落叶阔叶林>常绿阔叶林>针针混交林>落叶阔叶林>灌木林>针阔混交林>针叶林>竹类。     

羊台山森林公园植物多样性及其游憩价值研究

据调查,羊台山森林公园共有维管植物114科452种,其中蕨类植物13科26种,裸子植物3科4种,被子植物98科422种;国家重点保护植物5种,古树77株。公园分布有南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林、南亚热带沟谷季雨林、亚热带针阔混交林、南亚热带常绿阔叶灌丛及人工果林等5种植被类型。文章通过分析植物多样性及植被景观特色,提出其在森林游憩中的价值及应用建议。     

不同植被类型蛾类及植物相似性分析

对紫金山不同植被类型植物种类及蛾类群落结构、时空动态进行了调查,运用jaccard相似性分析方法对不同植被类型植物种类、蛾类种的相似性进行了分析,并在植物及蛾类的相似性之间进行了分析探讨。结果表明：紫金山植物种类丰富,植物分布特别是草本植物分布对环境有较强的依赖性。蛾类种亦丰富,有蛾类28科494种,各植被类型植物种类与蛾类种、数量呈正相关,生态环境及植物群落的差异是导致紫金山蛾类群落结构差别的主要因素;紫金山蛾类多食性种较多。紫金山针阔混交林和阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林亲缘关系较近,验证了紫金山针阔混交林是由针叶林衰退的基础上自然演替或是人工干预发展而成的,最后将演替成含有常绿成份的落叶阔叶林,各植被类型处于演替的不同阶段,竹林受人为干扰最大。     

The potential of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa [Sieb. et Zucc.] Endlicher) plantation forests for the restoration of the original plant community in Japan

We estimated the potential of plantation forests for the restoration of the original plant community. We compared the understory vegetation in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa [Sieb. et Zucc.] Endlicher) plantations at the understory re-initiation stage and in adjacent natural forests. To estimate the effect of the original natural forests on the understory species composition of plantation forests, we established study sites in five types of natural forests (mature evergreen broadleaf, mature deciduous broadleaf, mature evergreen coniferous, immature deciduous broadleaf warm-temperate, and immature deciduous broadleaf cool-temperate) and nearby plantation forests. The understory vegetation of the plantation forests had a higher species richness, a higher proportion of early-seral species, and a higher proportion of herb or fern species than the natural forests. The differences between natural and plantation forests varied according to the species composition of the natural forests. The composition of the understory vegetation of the plantations at the understory re-initiation stage was similar to that of the immature deciduous forests. The characteristics of immature, disturbed forests remained in the understory vegetation of the hinoki forests. No great loss of species was observed. Our findings suggest that most of the original forest species still survive in the understory of the plantation forests. These forests have the potential to follow the successional pathway to broadleaf or mixed forests via thinning or clear-cutting without planting.     

The influence of canopy patch mosaics on understory plant community composition in boreal mixedwood forest

We assessed the composition of understory vascular plant communities in relation to the mosaic of canopy patch types, and their associated structure and environment, within unmanaged, mature boreal mixedwood forests in western Canada. Within a 30 km² area, we sampled patches of four different canopy types: conifer-dominated, broadleaf-dominated, mixed conifer-broadleaf, and canopy gaps (total n = 98). There were significant differences in understory composition among the four patch types (based on multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP)) and these were mainly due to differences in relative abundances of understory species. The understory communities of conifer patches were characterized by low abundances of shade intolerant species while shade-tolerant and evergreen species were indicators (based on an indicator species analysis (ISA)). Understory communities under gap and broadleaf patches were characterized by higher abundances of grasses and shade intolerant species. Gap, broadleaf, and mixed patches had higher abundances of certain shrub species than did conifer patches. The patch types also differed in terms of their environmental conditions. Conifer patches had drier, cooler soils and the lowest understory light. Broadleaf patches had the warmest soils while understory light during the leaf-off period was similar to that of canopy gaps. Gap patches had the lowest litter cover and PO₄⁻ availability and the highest light. Seven environmental variables (soil moisture, soil temperature, total light during the leaf-off period, cover of coarse and fine downed woody material, and availability of NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺) were significantly related to understory species composition (in a constrained ordination by means of a distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA); 16.5% of variation in understory community data explained). Even within a single patch type, there was substantial environmental variation that was related to understory species composition. Our study suggests that the mosaic of canopy patches within mixedwood forests supports coexistence of both early and late successional understory plant species in mixedwood stands. Maintaining the mixture of canopy patch types within mixedwood stands will be important for conserving the natural patterns of understory plant composition in boreal mixedwood forests.     

头塘小流域不同植被类型对土壤物理性质的影响

研究区域位于云南省东北部会泽县城东郊的头塘小流域,属金沙江支流牛栏江水系上游。以自然植被针叶混交林地为参照,与针叶人工纯林地、阔叶人工纯林地、针叶人工混交林地进行比较,分析不同植被类型土壤物理性状的差异和动态过程,以及土壤物理特性变化与人为干预影响之间的关系。结果表明,阔叶林和混交林对土壤性状的恢复作用大于纯林,华山松对土壤环境的恢复作用大于云南松,且与林龄正相关。     

中山市防火林带树种组成与冠层结构

防火林带的树种组成与冠层结构可影响林带的防火功能。为评价中山市防火林带的树种组成 和冠层结构,对中山市防火林带树种进行了调查,并在防火林带中选取了9 个典型林带类型,建立标准 地,对其树种组成与冠层结构进行了对比研究。结果表明：中山市13 个镇区的生物防火林带共应用了31 个树种,隶属17 科24 属,豆科、山茶科和樟科树种最多,数量最多的有荷木Schima superba、马尾松 Pinus massoniana、台湾相思Acacia confusa、柠檬桉Eucalyptus citriodora、米老排Mytilaria laosensis;以 针叶树为主的针叶林林冠开度最大,达38.07%,林下植物相对茂盛,分别以米老排和杨梅Myrica rubra 为主的阔叶混交林林冠开度最小,分别为12.36% 和13.88%。米老排与杨梅为主要树种的阔叶林林冠开 度比以马尾松为主的针叶林的林冠开度要小,阔叶林的冠层郁闭度较高;自然保护区核心区针阔混交林 的叶面积指数最大,达2.64,显著高于马尾松纯林和马占相思Acacia mangium、荷木和藜蒴Castanopsis fissa 等阔叶混交林,为0.99 和1.65;山脚的荷木林地、荷木与马尾松的混交林和以米老排为主的阔叶混 交林的林下光照较弱,林下植被稀少,冠层结构较为疏散,是较好的防火林带。对现有防火林带的林分 改造,如增加经济林木、果树等阔叶树种,可进一步提高防火林带的防火作用。     

Understory plant communities of boreal mixedwood forests in western Canada: Natural patterns and response to variable-retention harvesting

We examined patterns of variation in richness, diversity, and composition of understory vascular plant communities in mixedwood boreal forests of varying composition (broadleaf, mixedwood, conifer) in Alberta, Canada, before and for 2 years following variable-retention harvesting (clearcut, 20 and 75% dispersed green tree retention, control). Broadleaf-dominated forests differed from mixedwood or conifer-dominated forests in that they had greater canopy cover, litter depth, soil nitrogen, warmer soils, as well as greater shrub cover, herb and shrub richness and diversity (plot scale). In contrast, conifer, and to a lesser extent mixedwood, forest had greater β diversity than broadleaf forest. Overall, mixedwood and conifer forests were similar to one another, both differed from broadleaf forest. Several species were found to be significant indicators of broadleaf forest but most of these also occurred in the other forest types. Understory composition was related to canopy composition and edaphic conditions. Variable-retention harvesting had little effect on understory cover, richness, or diversity but resulted in reduced richness and β diversity at a larger scale. The clearcut and 20% treatments affected composition in all forest types. Early successional species and those common in disturbed sites were indicators of harvesting while evergreen, shade-tolerant understory herbs were indicators of the control forest and 75% retention harvest. We conclude that it is important to maintain a range of variation in canopy composition of mixedwood forests in order to conserve the associated understory communities. The presence of conifers in these forests has a particularly important influence on understory communities. The threshold for a lifeboat effect of variable-retention harvesting is between 20 and 75% retention. Examination of richness and β diversity at a variety of scales can provide interesting information on effects of harvesting on spatial reorganization and homogenization of understory plant communities.     

天目山区针阔混交林树种测树因子特征研究

为揭示天目山区针阔混交林树种测树因子的基本特征,调查了15个30m×30m针阔混交林样地,进行了林分树种测树因子的统计和分析。结果表明:天目山区针阔混交林中乔木层共有49个树种,物种丰富度较高;针叶类树种株数比例占34.71%,阔叶类占65.29%;林木平均密度为1260株/hm2,树种间密度差异明显;林木胸径范围为5.0cm-74.0cm,树高范围为3.4m-18.8m,东西冠幅范围为0.6m-10.6m,南北冠幅范围为0.7m-10.7m,同一树种不同个体间及不同树种间在测树因子上有着明显的差异,表明针阔混交林能较好地利用生长空间,为营造针阔混交林和针叶林阔叶化改造提供了理论依据。     

毛竹天然混交林空间结构特征研究

为探讨毛竹天然混交林的林分空间结构特征,对不同林分组成的天然混交林生长因子进行了调查。结果表明:毛竹天然混交林的空间利用比较合理,群体结构相对稳定,其中8竹1杉1阔混交林林分密度和平均胸径较适中,分别为1 970株/hm²和10.8 cm,平均冠幅、竹冠空间分布容积和竹冠水平分布面积以及竹叶面积、叶面积指数等因子均大于纯竹林,分别为纯竹林的111.7%、118.5%和130.5%以及111.4%、111.4%;7竹3杉+阔混交林林分密度和平均胸径次之,分别为1 542.2株/hm²和10.1 cm,平均冠幅、竹冠空间分布容积和竹冠水平分布面积均大于纯竹林,分别为纯竹林的114.7%、107.8%和100.0%,叶面积指数与纯竹林相差甚小,竹林生长良好,体现了冠幅与胸径、林分密度之间的密切相关规律。不同林分组成的天然混交林各种树冠水平分布面积均大于纯竹林的树冠水平分布面积,其中4竹4松1杉1阔混交林的树冠水平分布面积最大,为6 861.2 m²/hm²,是纯竹林的17.48倍,对光利用率较高,生产的物质较多。