侵蚀条件下土壤性质对团聚体稳定性影响的研究进展

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元，其稳定性是影响土壤侵蚀的重要因素之一。综述与土壤团聚体稳定性相关的土壤团聚机制、侵蚀过程中的破坏机制以及影响团聚体稳定性的土壤化学性质。这些土壤性质主要有：±壤有机质、铁铝氧化物、交换性钠及土壤矿物学性质等。     

森林植被对土壤团聚体和微生物特性的影响研究进展

森林作为陆地生态系统的核心主体,具有维持生态系统平衡、保持水土、涵养水源等重要生态功能 。植被类型是 影响土壤团聚体形成和微生物特性的重要因子,研究森林植被类型对提高陆地生态系统生产力、丰富生物多样性及缓解全 球变暖等方面具有重要意义 。森林植被和土壤微生物及土壤团聚体的相互影响及交互作用,均对森林生态系统产生了 重 要影响 。本研究重点阐述了森林植被对土壤团聚体形成及稳定性、微生物生物量、微生物群落结构及功能等方面研究进 展,并提出未来森林生态系统的土壤团聚体与微生物方面的研究重点,以期为森林生态系统的植被恢复和可持续健康发展 研究提供理论依据。     

不同强度火烧情况下白桦和山杨的更新情况

火烧对生态系统的影响是复杂的,范围也很广,从地上部分的乔、灌、草的更新到地下部分土壤的理化性质,都受其影响。火烧对植被更新的影响或有利或有害,这主要取决于火烧强度。本文重点研究了火烧对树木和植被更新的影响。结果表明:不同火烧强度对不同树种的更新影响有显著差异。高强度火烧有利于对白桦和山杨的更新,中强度火烧次之,轻强度火烧最差。     

不同土地利用类型下土壤水稳性团聚体的特征

土壤团聚体稳定性是土壤结构的关键性指标,是土壤环境、管理实践和土地利用类型相互作用的结果。本文应用Le Bissonnais法中的快速和慢速湿润测定陕北黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型土壤水稳性团聚体含量,分析土地利用类型和湿润速度对土壤团聚体水稳性的影响。结果表明:小叶杨、侧柏、油松、杏4种林地土壤>0.2mm水稳性团聚体质量分数、平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)较农地和苹果园土壤大,而农地和苹果园土壤团聚体粒级分布的分形维数D值较大,说明林地土壤结构得到明显改善。土壤有机质与>0.2 mm,MWD,GMD和D值呈极显著相关,说明土壤有机质是影响土壤团聚体形成和稳定的主要胶结物质。团聚体稳定性在2种处理下存在明显差异,快速湿润对团聚体破坏大于慢速湿润,说明消散作用在土壤团聚体崩解中起主要作用。     

城乡梯度下不同林分类型土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性

[目的]探究城乡梯度和林分类型对森林土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性机制的影响,为阐明区域土壤质量评价提供理论依据。[方法]以珠江三角洲城市群城乡梯度下3种典型林分为研究对象,分析0～30 cm土层团聚体稳定性变化特征及其影响因素。[结果]3种林分类型土壤团聚体主要由大团聚体（>0.25 mm）组成。马尾松林（PF）和针阔混交林（MF）的水稳性团聚体呈现由大粒径向微团聚体（<0.25 mm）转变趋势,但常绿阔叶林（BF）土壤团聚体各粒级比例无明显变化趋势。土壤水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）在城区随PF–MF–BF递进呈先升高后降低趋势,在近郊呈升高趋势,而在乡村呈先降低后升高趋势。质量分形维数（Dm）和团聚体结构破坏率（PAD）与MWD、GMD变化趋势相反。近郊梯度下土壤团聚体稳定性（机械稳定性和水稳性）随PF–MF–BF递进呈升高趋势。针阔混交林土壤团聚体稳定性在梯度上呈现城区>近郊>乡村趋势。随土层深度增加,不同梯度的3种林分土壤团聚体水稳性降低,而其机械稳定性升高。土壤团聚体水稳性与土壤密度、含水量和有机碳（OC）、全氮（TN）、全磷...     

杉阔异龄复层林对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳及养分储量的影响

[目的]研究杉木纯林转化为杉木阔叶树异龄复层混交林(简称杉阔复层林)对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳及养分储量的影响,为杉木人工林结构优化调控和可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]以浙江开化不同树种构建的杉阔复层林和杉木纯林为研究对象,分析0～20 cm土层水稳性团聚体(WSA)稳定性以及全土和团聚体有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和镁(Mg)储量的变化。[结果](1)杉阔复层林和杉木纯林0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(WSA_(0.25 mm))占比最高;与杉木纯林相比,复层林均显著增加5 mm水稳性团聚体(WSA_(5 mm))比例,同时也显著提高土壤平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),降低了团聚体分形维数(D)。(2)杉阔复层林和杉木纯林不同粒级团聚体中SOC和TN储量变化趋势一致,均为WSA_(5 mm)、2～5 mm粒径水稳性团聚体(WSA_(2～5 mm))0.25～2 mm粒径水稳性团聚体(WSA_(0.25～2 mm))WSA_(0.25 mm),而不同粒级团聚体中TP和Mg储量差异较小。(3)全土和团聚体有机碳及养分储量主要受5 mm粒径团聚体有机碳(SOC_(A5 mm))、2～5 mm粒径团聚体总氮(TN_(A2～5 mm))含量以及土壤pH的影响;团聚体稳定性主要受WSA_(5 mm)、土壤pH以及2～5 mm粒径团聚体有机碳(SOC_(A2～5 mm))含量的影响。(4)复层林不同伴生树种对团聚体组分、稳定性、土壤有机碳及养分储量有重要影响,主成分分析(PCA)发现,杉木纯林引入紫楠(杉木+紫楠)后显著影响全土和团聚体磷镁储量以及MWD和GMD;杉木纯林引入红茴香(杉木+红茴香)后显著影响全土和团聚体碳氮储量。[结论]杉阔异龄复层林的构建有利于改善杉木纯林土壤理化性质,尤以乔木阔叶树种紫楠和红茴香引入,对杉木纯林土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳及养分储量的改善效果更佳。     

土壤团聚体研究进展

指出了土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,其稳定性与组成对土壤质量产生直接的影响。土壤团聚体与土壤有机碳密不可分,前者是后者的储存场所,后者是前者存在的胶结物质。从土壤团聚体的形成理论、筛分方法以及土壤团聚体对土壤有机碳保护进行了阐述,并提出了今后可能的发展方向。     

豫东南沙地4种人工林土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布研究

为探究林分类型对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布特性的影响,以豫东南沙地4种典型人工林(桂花、合欢、栾树和女贞)为研究对象,通过野外调查、取土壤样品和室内试验对土壤团聚体和有机碳进行测定、分析。结果表明,①4种林分类型下土壤大团聚体(>0.25mm)含量最高,占林地土壤总团聚体的69.63%%~97.30%,粒径0.25~0.15mm团聚体含量最低,且不同林分类型下各层土壤团聚体的质量分数呈现不同的差异。②表层(0~10cm)土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)均表现为栾树>合欢>桂花>女贞,分形维数(D)排序则与之相反,变化范围为2.515~1.653,栾树的土壤结构稳定性最强。③随土壤团聚体粒径的减小,4种林分土壤有机碳含量总体上呈现先升后降趋势,土壤剖面上也表现出随土层加深而下降。不同林分类型下,土壤有机碳含量差异性表现为合欢最高,栾树最低,变化范围分别为45.76~7.65和17.78~3.49g/kg。④回归分析表明,女贞林分下土壤大团聚体与有机碳含量相关性最强,土壤有机碳可解释17.5%土壤大团聚体含量的变化。研究得出该地区栾树林下土壤团聚体稳定性较强,合欢林下土壤有机碳含量最高。     

不同林龄鹅掌楸人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳状况

【目的】研究鹅掌楸人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳状况,为合理经营鹅掌楸人工林、促进林业可持续发展提供依据。【方法】以不同林龄鹅掌楸人工林(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林)土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,测定各粒级土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量,分析土壤团聚体稳定性主要指标即平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD),阐明土壤团聚体有机碳及其贡献率状况。【结果】不同林龄鹅掌楸人工林的土壤团聚体组成各不相同,但均以大团聚体(> 0.25 mm)为主,含量为54.98%~84.90%,且成熟林的大团聚体含量较幼龄林、中龄林分别显著提高了17.84%、25.52%;土壤团聚体稳定性指标:平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均以成熟林的最大、幼龄林其次、中龄林最小,并且土壤团聚体稳定性指标存在明显垂直分布特征,随土层加深呈下降趋势;土壤团聚体有机碳含量及有机碳贡献率都以大团聚体中为最高;随着林龄增加,成熟林土壤团聚体有机碳含量显著高于幼龄林、中龄林,且于各林龄内,各粒级团聚体有机碳含量随土层加深呈下降趋势;土壤大团聚体有机碳贡献率随鹅掌楸林龄增加显著增大,并于成熟林土层达到80%;土壤团聚体与土壤团聚体有机碳含量相互联系,相辅相成。【结论】随鹅掌楸人工林的林龄增加,土壤大团聚体组成、团聚体稳定性、团聚体有机碳含量及土壤大团聚体有机碳贡献率总体呈增加趋势。     

杉木马褂木不同混交比例土壤团粒结构的分形特征研究

应用分形理论、弹性分析及边际分析法,建立了土壤团粒结构的分形维数与土壤团聚体含量、土壤结构体破坏率之间的回归模型,研究不同杉木、马褂木造林模式的土壤团粒结构分形维数对林地土壤结构性质变化影响的效应。结果表明:土壤>0.25 mm的团聚体及水稳性团聚体含量越大,团粒结构的分形维数越小,土壤结构越好,在不同杉木、马褂木造林模式中,以杉木和马褂木混交比例(3∶1)的土壤结构性最好;土壤团粒结构的分形维数与土壤团聚体、水稳性团聚体之间存在显著回归关系。土壤团粒结构分形维数对土体性质的变化产生较大的效应,为林地土壤科学管理提供了理论依据。     

林火干扰对森林土壤活性有机碳影响的研究

土壤活性有机碳作为森林土壤有机碳的活跃成分,在凋落物分解和土壤碳循环中发挥着重要作用。林火干扰通过改变土壤底物的数量和理化性质进而影响土壤活性有机碳,因而阐明林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳的影响是开展森林碳循环研究的基础。文中以6种土壤活性有机碳为研究对象,分别阐述林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳影响的研究进展。针对目前研究现状及存在问题,认为应进一步深化探究林火干扰后土壤微生物活性变化机制对土壤活性有机碳的影响,揭示土壤碳库平衡的影响机理;加强林火干扰后C-N耦合循环特征的研究;深入研究林火干扰后影响土壤活性有机碳的内在因素和外在因素的相互作用,综合评价林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳的短期与长期影响;加强林火干扰—土壤碳库—全球气候变化的交互关系研究,深入探讨林火干扰与土壤活性有机碳的相互作用关系及影响机理。     

林火动态研究与林火管理

林火动态是一个生态系统可持续性的稳定指标, 准确掌握林火动态和可燃物特性是制定合理林火管理策略或规划的基础。林火动态与可燃物积累过程密切相关, 了解森林可燃物积累过程是开展林火管理的基础。文中综述了林火动态及可燃物变化的研究进展。林火动态受地形、植被和气候等因素的影响, 随着气候、植被和人为活动的变化, 许多区域林火动态发生了显著变化, 并影响可燃物积累过程及其空间分布。森林结构和可燃物组成的变化会导致火频度、火灾类型和火强度发生变化, 林火管理对策也需要相应调整。我国重点林区的林火管理策略也应根据林火动态变化和可燃物情况进行调整, 以适应变化的气候和植被条件。     

Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage: meta analysis

The effects of forest management on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are important to understand not only because these are often master variables determining soil fertility but also because of the role of soils as a source or sink for C on a global scale. This paper reviews the literature on forest management effects on soil C and N and reports the results of a meta analysis of these data. The meta analysis showed that forest harvesting, on average, had little or no effect on soil C and N. Significant effects of harvest type and species were noted, with sawlog harvesting causing increases (+18%) in soil C and N and whole-tree harvesting causing decreases (−6%). The positive effect of sawlog harvesting appeared to be restricted to coniferous species. Fire resulted in no significant overall effects of fire on either C or N (when categories were combined); but there was a significant effect of time since fire, with an increase in both soil C and N after 10 years (compared to controls). Significant differences among fire treatments were found, with the counterintuitive result of lower soil C following prescribed fire and higher soil C following wildfire. The latter is attributed to the sequestration of charcoal and recalcitrant, hydrophobic organic matter and to the effects of naturally invading, post-fire, N-fixing vegetation. Both fertilization and N-fixing vegetation caused marked overall increases in soil C and N.     

火干扰对森林水文的影响

在森林生态系统中 ,火是一种相当普遍的自然现象 ,森林火灾和森林水文二者有着密切的关系。森林火灾对水的影响是间接的 ,主要表现为火烧后植被、地被物、土壤以及生态环境的改变影响水分循环过程、水质、水生生物等方面。火对水文的影响有大有小 ,它取决于火强度和频度。轻度野火或计划火烧对水文可能不产生明显影响 ,但是 ,频繁的或严重的野火却可以导致乱砍滥伐所造成的类似水文变化     

火干扰对森林水文的影响

Fire is quite a common natural phenomenon closely related to forest hydrology in forest ecosystem. The influence of fire on water is indirectly manifested in that the post fire changes of vegetation, ground cover, soil and environment affect water cycle, water quality and aquatic lives. The effect varies depending upon fire severity and frequency. Light wildland fires or prescribed burnings do not affect hydrology regime significantly but frequent burnings or intense fires can cause changes in hydrology regime similar to that caused clear cutting.     

火生态学研究评述

火是生态系统的一个组成部分，火生态学是研究火烧影响及相关问题的学科，本文综述了火生态学的研究历史、研究方法和研究成果。     

Fire alters the availability of soil nutrients and accelerates growth of Eucalyptus grandis in Zambia

Fire has been used to prepare land during tree plantation establishment for many years but uncertainty about how ecosystems respond to prescribed burning makes it difficult to predict the effects of fire on soil nutrients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of burning accumulated forest residues(slash) on soil chemical properties and how trees respond. We analyzed 40 burned and unburned sites and compared growth of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden between sites. Soil p H increased by 39% after fire, suggesting reduced soil acidity and increased liming. Total nitrogen increased by 100%; other nutrients(Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+)and K~+) also increased.Increase in nutrients had a significant effect on the growth of E. grandis; larger and taller trees were associated more with burned than unburned sites. This study provides evidence that burning accumulated slash during land preparation prior to plantation establishment alters soil nutrient status and enhances the growth of E. grandis.     

Effect of fire severity on physical and biochemical soil properties in Zagros oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus brantii</Emphasis> Lindl.) forests in Iran

Fire affects the physical and chemical properties and soil biological activity of natural ecosystems. This study was conducted in the Miyan Tang region, Ilam Province in western Iran. The study site was 110 hectares, where we sampled soils in areas that were classified by fire severity: low (LS), high (HS) and medium severity (MS), and unburned (UB), which served as the control. In each severity class, 25 transect points were randomly selected for measurement. Around each transect plot center, 3 soil samples were selected randomly and soils collected from the 0 to 20 cm depth were combined into a composite sample that was used in laboratory analysis to represent conditions at that point. Plots in the UB and LS fire classes had similar soil conditions and had higher values of factors such as saturated moisture, organic carbon, carbon dioxide, and silt and clay content. In contrast, plots in the HS and MS fire severity classes were clustered in the positive direction along the first axis that represented gradients in soil acidity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, accessible phosphorus, accessible potassium, bulk density, and sand. Soil attributes were similar in areas of HS and MS fire severity classes, whereas soil conditions in the LS class and UB controls were most similar. Fire in the LS areas either did not significantly alter the physical–chemical soil properties and microbial basal respiration, or soils were able to recover quickly after being burned.     

Regional patterns of fire recurrence effects on calcareous soils of Mediterranean Pinus halepensis communities

The effects of fire recurrence on soils were studied on calcareous sites of Mediterranean Pinus halepensis-dominated communities in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). Soil organic horizons and mineral soils of 15 sites consisting in two adjacent areas, one burnt only once (in 1994) and the other burnt twice (in the same 1994 fire but also once before, from 1975 to 1993) were surveyed 9 years after the last fire. Fire recurrence decreased the occurrence and dry mass of soil organic horizons. Total nitrogen concentration in L organic horizon was higher in less recurrently burnt areas. No other significant difference between once- and twice-burnt areas was found for any studied chemical parameter either in organic L and FH horizons or in mineral soils. The present study underlines the fact that fire effects on soil organic horizons are accumulated through consecutive fires.     

Short-term effects of fire on soil properties inPinus densiflora stands

This study was performed to investigate a short time change (one week after fire) on soil properties due to the fire inPinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc stands of the Kosung area in Kangwon Province in Korea. Twenty seven sampling plots [16 burned (8 low intensity fire, 8 high intensity fire) and 11 unburned plots] were chosen. Mineral soil samples from three depths (0–5, 5–15, and 15–25 cm) under the forest floor were collected. Forest fire in the area affected soil chemical properties. Soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the surface soil (0–5 cm) of the burned area compared with the unburned area increased, but there was no marked change in the subsurface soil (5–25 cm). Organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable cations in the surface soil were generally lower in the high than in the low intensity fire areas. This indicates that these nutrients on the high intensity fire may be volatilized. The results suggest that change in soil chemical properties in the area was restricted mainly to the surface soil and was different between the high and the low intensity fire types.