四川竹业转型升级基础与潜力

四川省是我国竹资源大省,竹种产业禀赋奠定了竹浆纸、竹笋产业优势。本文以"十二五"期末四川竹产业发展形成的基础,探讨四川竹产业发展的问题与成因,并着眼于现代生态林业建设和经济新常态下的竹产业发展,参照浙江省竹业发展经验,进行四川竹业转型升级潜力分析,提出促进竹业健康发展的对策建议。     

把竹产业打造成为乡村振兴的支柱产业

竹产业是全球公认的绿色、生态产业,有着巨大的经济、生态、文化和社会价值。我国竹产业发展水平世界领先,竹产业已成为我国现代林业的四大产业之一,也是我国林业重点发展的十大绿色富民产业和具有比较优势的朝阳产业之一。加快推动竹产业发展,对经济、生态、文化、社会都有着重要意义,特别是对推动乡村振兴战略实施更是具有重大的现实意义。文章在深入研究和收集整理相关资料的基础上,重点阐述了大力发展竹产业的意义和中国发展竹产业的有利条件,指出了当前我国发展竹产业过程中所面临的困难和问题,提出了培养龙头企业、打造竹产业名优产品、创新竹产业一产发展模式和创新竹产业一二产合作模式的应对策略,全力以赴把竹产业打造成为乡村振兴的支柱产业。     

泾县竹产业发展探索

正泾县现有竹林面积26万余亩,是安徽省重点竹产区之一,竹林资源优势突出,竹产业发展潜力巨大。经过多年的努力,泾县竹产业具备了良好的发展条件和难得的发展机遇。一是近年来,随着林业产业向纵深发展和林业生产结构的调整,特别是一些国家林业重点工程的实施,各地大力发展竹林、林农营造竹林积极性高涨;二是国家林业局高度重视竹产业发展,《林业发展"十三五"规划》将竹产业发展列为大力发展的特色产业之一,并编制出台了《全     

赤水市竹产业发展现状与对策探讨

指出了赤水是贵州省十大林业县(市)之一,竹产业是全市林业产业的发展的基础。通过深入调查赤水市的竹产业现状,科学评价发展成效,系统分析了竹产业发展存在的问题,针对性提出了继续强化政策宣传,凝聚思想共识;坚持全局规划,统一技术服务;强化组织保障,带头推进产业建设国;着力基础配套,综合利用促发展等4个方面竹产业发展的具体对策,为加快和推进全市竹产业的健康、持续发展提供参考。     

昭平县竹产业发展问题与对策

指出了竹林是我国森林资源的重要组成部分,竹产业是现代林业四大朝阳产业之一,也是国家重点发展的十大林业产业之一,加快竹产业发展,对促进绿色增长、促进林农增收、缓解木材供需矛盾、保护和改善生态环境具有十分重要意义。昭平县有丰富的竹林资源和优越的自然条件,通过对昭平县竹林资源培育、竹材加工等现状进行调查分析,针对目前存在经营管理粗放、产量低、品质差、加工能力低等问题,提出了加强领导、推广技术、科学规划、林道设施、龙头带动、增加投入等对策与措施,以期为加快该县竹产业发展提供参考。     

浙江省庆元县林业龙头企业引领竹产业高质量发展的建议

竹产业是浙江庆元县经济发展的主导产业之一。目前浙江庆元县拥有14家林业龙头企业,新时代面对机遇和挑战,林业龙头企业在引领竹产业高质量发展中发挥着重要作用。文章主要阐述了庆元县林业龙头企业基本情况和特点,对林业龙头企业引领竹产业高质量发展提出了建议。     

中国竹藤品牌集群

正党的十九大明确指出要"支持传统产业优化升级,促进我国产业迈向全球价值链中高端,培育若干世界级先进制造业集群"。国家林业和草原局随后专门出台了《关于加强林业品牌建设的指导意见》。为此,国际竹藤中心根据国家林业和草原局的工作安排,在中国品牌建设促进会的委托下,于2018年9月牵头组建了"中国竹藤品牌集群"。中国竹藤品牌集群首批35家企业成员单位,全部由我国竹藤领域省级以上农业(林业)产业化重点龙头企业,或拥有自主品牌省级以上荣誉称号的优秀企业组成,其中包括国家林业重点龙头企业8家。主要涉及竹家具及建材、竹制日用品、竹藤特色企业、竹能源新材料、竹浆造纸、竹笋加工、竹饮制品等领域,构成了我国竹藤产业发展的第一方阵。龙头企业8家。主要涉及竹家具及建材、竹制日用品、竹藤特色企业、竹能源新材料、竹浆造纸、竹笋加工、竹饮制品等领域,构成了我国竹藤产业发展的第一方阵。     

浏阳毛竹产业发展对策探讨

针对浏阳市竹业发展的优势和存在的问题,以可持续发展观和科学发展观来促进林业科技进步与城乡协调发展,重点提出了大力发展竹产业的思路、目标及措施。     

技术替代资源之路是云南竹产业发展的必然选择

我国竹产业已成为林业建设中异军突起的新兴产业之一。云南是我国乃至全世界天然竹类资源最丰富的地区,但竹产业开发却落后于内地各产竹省区。本文拟根据云南竹类资源的现状、特点和优劣势,浅议竹产业开发与山区经济发展的关系,从竹产业开发面临的基本问题入手,找出云南竹业生产发展的关键制约因素,并论述通过研究和开展新技术、实施新技术革命来加以解决的途径。本文提出了走技术替代资源之路是云南竹产业发展的必然选择的观点。     

浏阳竹产业发展战略与对策

从浏阳竹产业现状出发,结合当前竹产业在林业发展中的地位和作用,运用生态环境保护观,可持续发展观和科学发展观,指出了浏阳市竹产业存在的问题,并提出了加快浏阳竹产业发展的战略与对策。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.