Evaluation of Physiological Functionalities and Anti-inflammatory Activity on <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Cultured Adventitious Root of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platycodon grandiflorum</Emphasis>

This study was executed to evaluate the phenolic content, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging rate, nitrite scavenging rate, and anti-inflammatory activity from in vitro cultured adventitious root extract of different Platycodon grandiflorum(PG) variety. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content showed the highest amount in adventitious root extract of tetraploid PG, and followed by green petal, double petal and diploid PG extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activity showed that the increase was proportional to the concentration, especially, the scavenging activity at a concentration of 10 mg mL^-1 was higher than 80%. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was not significantly different among the PG varieties at the concentration of 5 mg mL^-1 or more, and generally showed high scavenging activity. The nitrite scavenging activity was affected by pH, at pH of 1.2, the scavenging effect of all of the extracts tested observed higher than that of the other two pH ranges. The cytotoxicity of PG extract at various concentrations, the survival rate of RAW 264.7 cell was more than 90% at a concentration of 200 μg mL^-1 or less, and it was confirmed that the macrophage cell showed little toxicity. After PG extract pretreatment at 50, 100, and 200 μg mL^-1, LPS-treated experimental group significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-response trends followed quadratic regressions in all PG varieties. The PG extracts showed a considerable range of influence on cytokine secretion. The effect of adventitious root extracts of PG against inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production showed the most significant anti-inflammatory activity.     

月季花提取物对DPPH自由基的清除活性

为了解月季花的化学组成和生物活性开展本研究。干燥的月季花瓣用乙醇浸泡,减压浓缩后分别用乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,得到乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水三相。对三相粗提物清除DPPH·的能力进行测定,结果表明,月季花粗提物乙酸乙酯相有较强的清除DPPH·的能力,当样品质量浓度达到2.5μg/mL时,清除率达到89.71%。对乙酸乙酯相用硅胶柱层析,氯仿和甲醇梯度洗脱进一步分离得到5个分离片段,都具有不同程度的DPPH·清除能力,以片段5(V甲醇:V氯仿=1:10)及片段1(V甲醇:V氯仿=1:1)时的洗脱剂所得到的分离成分抗氧化性最强。     

Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rumex dentatus</Emphasis> L. Grown in Egypt

Rumex dentatus L. (Family: Polygonaceae) is a weedy plant widely distributed in many countries including Egypt. It has been used in the Mediterranean diet as a leafy vegetable and its leaves and roots exhibited various biological activities. In our study, total phenolics, antioxidant capacities assayed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching methods and reducing power were evaluated in different extracts/fractions of leaves and roots of R. dentatus grown in Egypt. In addition, their phenolic compositions were determined by GC-MS and HPLC. The results showed that total phenolic content in the ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and roots were high and measured at 169.5 and 257.4 mg gallic acid equivalent per g extract, respectively. The ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and roots exhibited strong DPPH activity and the DPPH IC₅₀ values were 0.021 and 0.012 mg mL⁻¹ of leaves and roots, respectively. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and roots showed high reducing power and antioxidant activity assayed by β-carotene bleaching method. GC-MS and HPLC analyses indicated that these fractions contained a variety of phenolic compounds including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, benzoic acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid. Our study verified that the ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and roots of R. dentatus have strong antioxidant activities which are correlated with its high levels of phenolic compounds and therefore, they could be utilized as a natural source of antioxidant in food industry.     

Comparative analysis of physicochemicals and antioxidative properties in new red rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Gunganghongmi)

The main objectives of this study were to investigate physicochemicals and antioxidant activities of new red rice (Oryza sativa cv. Gunganghongmi (GH)) by comparing normal brown (Nampyeongbyeo, NB) and reported red rice (Jukjinjubyeo, JB) in Korea. The nutritional constituents, including protein, oil, sugar, fatty acid, GABA, and γ-oryzanol were not significantly different between normal brown and colored rice. However, the ethanol extract of GH showed the highest phenolic content (24.7 ± 1.3 mg g^?1). The ethanol extracts of GH showed higher scavenging activities against DPPH (0.2 mg mL^?1 = 62.1 ± 2.5%) and ABTS (0.2 mg mL^?1 = 63.2 ± 3.5%) radicals. Moreover, GH more inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production (13.2 ± 1.4 μM) than JB (18.3 ± 2.3 μM) and NB (22.1 ± 1.4 μM) at the same concentration (0.2 mg mL^?1) without cytotoxicity. These results suggest that new red rice (GH) would be considered to be new functional rice due to its anti-oxidative effect and high nutrition.     

The Study on vitro Antioxidant Effect of Each Part of Ethanol Extrac of Rhamnella gilgitica Mansfeild et Melch

[Objective]To study the scavenging activity in vitro of each part of ethanol extract of Rhamnella gilgitica Mansfeild et Melch.[Methods]The extract of Rhamnella gilgitica Mansfeild et Melch with70% ethanol immerse,exteract and concentrate was extracted by Petroleum ether,dichloromethane,ethyl acetate,n-butyl alcohol,ethanol,and each part was configured to the appropriate multiple of the solution,Prussian blue method,Fenton method and DPPH were used to measure the reducing power,scavenging activity and antioxidantactivity. [Results]The ethyl acetate,n-butyl alcohol and ethanol extracted showed obvious scavenging effects and IC50 of the ethyl acetate,n-butyl alcohol and ethanol with DPPH were 0. 060 5,0. 076 3,0. 083 3 g /L,respectively. [Conclusions] Scavenging activity of extractive and samples concentration showed a dose-response relationship,the reducing power close to VCand the scavenging activities are even better than 60% by the concentrations above 1. 0 g /L. The high polarity of solvents layer extracted had the strongest free radical scavenging activity.     

红蓼拒食活性组分的分离及其对小菜蛾幼虫代谢酶活性的影响

为了进一步评价红蓼Polygonum orientale L.的抗虫性,采用液-液分配萃取和硅胶柱层析的方法,从红蓼甲醇提取物中分离获得石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水的萃取物,测定了其对小菜蛾plutella xylostella 3龄幼虫拒食活性结果显示, 乙酸乙酯萃取物比其他4种萃取物具有更高的拒食活性,在5.0 mg/mL的浓度下,24h和48h的拒食率分别为68.42%和62.55%。乙酸乙酯萃取物经硅胶柱层析后,得到13个组分,比较13个组分的拒食活性发现,组分8的活性较高,在浓度为2.5mg/mL时,24h和48h的拒食率分别为77.13%和68.53%。组分8对小菜蛾幼虫体内的谷光肝肽-S-转移酶和碱性磷酸酯酶的活性具有明显的抑制作用, 但对羧酸酯酶和酸性磷酸酯酶的活性有一定激活作用。     

皋茶保健茶的研制及体外抗氧化活性的研究

皋茶具有独特的保健功效,但饮用时滋味苦涩。通过在皋茶中添加辅料,对其滋味进行协调,减少其苦涩味。以滋味和香气为主要考察因子,确定了皋茶保健茶的最佳配比,皋茶:绿茶:菊花:甘草最佳配比量为 1.64 g: 0.54 g: 0.27 g: 0.27 g。通过其对ABTS、DPPH等自由基的清除作用比较,得出皋茶保健茶的抗氧化活性：其清除ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基能力随着样品浓度(0~25 μg/mL)的增加而增强,在25 μg/mL下,皋茶保健茶醇提物清除ABTS自由基能力最强,达到92.24%;皋茶保健茶醇提物、皋茶保健茶水提物清除DPPH自由基能力分别达到86.22%和84.29%;在高浓度(25~800 μg/mL)下,随着皋茶保健茶样品浓度的不断增加,其清除ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基能力不再增强。     

合欢叶乙醇提取物对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性测定

摘要: 本文通过测定合欢叶的乙醇提取物以及各萃取部分对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,寻找合欢叶中的农用活性物质,为其综合开发利用提供科学依据。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了合欢叶（Albizia julibrissin）乙醇提取物对8种植物病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明,在供试浓度为5.0 mg&#8226;mL-1时,合欢叶乙醇提取物对苹果腐烂病菌（Valsa mali）、番茄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）、立枯丝核病菌（Rhizoctonia solani）和辣椒炭疽菌(Colletotrichum capsici)的抑菌活性较高,抑菌率分别为84.62、68.42、55.48和48.81%;EC50分别为0.516、1.110、6.630和9.770 mg&#8226;mL-1。合欢叶乙醇提取物的不同极性溶剂萃取物中正丁醇层与水层的抑菌活性较高。正丁醇层对苹果腐烂病菌的抑菌作用最好,EC50达0.012 mg&#8226;mL-1。活性物质主要集中于正丁醇萃取部分,是进一步研究的重点。     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基功能的体外鉴定

通过SDS-PAGE方法回收纯化小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基1Ax1、1Dx5、1Dy10、1Bx7、1By8和1By9,然后利用微量配粉方法将单个亚基分别添加到对照“京411”面粉中,经过揉混仪分析单个亚基对揉面特性的影响,进而确定各个亚基的功能特性。根据揉面时间、稳定时间等参数的变化,6个小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基对面粉品质的影响表现为1Dy10 > 1Ax1 > 1Dx5 > 1By8 > 1Bx7 > 1By9。研究结果表明,通过揉混仪进行体外配粉检测是快速鉴定高分子量谷蛋白亚基功能的一种有效方法。     

不同溶剂提取燕麦油的脂肪酸分析及抗氧化性能研究

为进一步增加燕麦油的利用价值,用石油醚、正己烷、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯和乙醇五种溶剂分别提取燕麦油,精炼后测定其脂肪酸组成、DPPH·清除及还原力,同时与大豆油进行比较研究。提取结果显示,溶剂极性越强,对燕麦油提取率越高。GC-MS的结果表明,随着提取溶剂极性的提高,燕麦油中不饱和脂肪酸和反油酸的含量呈现降低趋势;且燕麦油中的亚油酸、反油酸、硬脂酸和α-亚麻酸含量均明显低于大豆油,但其他多不饱和脂肪酸的种类和含量高于大豆油。燕麦油的DPPH·清除能力及还原力高于大豆油,且随着极性的增强,大致呈现上升趋势。     

紫苏籽壳原花青素纯化及抗氧化性研究

旨在研究紫苏籽壳原花青素的纯化工艺及其体外抗氧化活性。采用大孔吸附树脂法,通过静态、动态实验,确定最佳纯化参数;采用分光光度法检测原花青素清除DPPH、ABTS自由基的能力,评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,XDA-8是纯化紫苏籽壳原花青素的最优树脂,吸附率为63.41%,解吸率为78.98%。其最佳工艺为：上样流速4 BV/h、上样浓度4 mg/mL、洗脱剂乙醇体积分数70%、洗脱流速4 BV/h。在此条件下,原花青素纯度由5.25%提高到12.10%。紫苏籽壳原花青素纯化物对DPPH、ABTS自由基的半数抑制浓度IC50分别为2.138、0.3699 μg/mL,清除能力强于Vc。因此,XDA-8树脂纯化法简单、高效,可用于紫苏籽壳原花青素的纯化,且紫苏籽壳原花青素具有较强的体外抗氧化活性。     

Physicochemical measurements in ‘Mondial Gala’ apples stored at different atmospheres: Influence on consumer acceptability

Standard quality parameters, consumer acceptability, emission of volatile compounds and ethylene production of ‘Mondial Gala^®’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) were determined in relation to storage atmosphere, storage period and shelf-life period. Fruit were harvested at the commercial date and stored in AIR (21 kPa O₂:0.03 kPa CO₂) or under three different controlled atmospheres (CAs): LO (2 kPa O₂:2 kPa CO₂), ULO1 (1 kPa O₂:1 kPa CO₂), or ULO2 (1 kPa O₂:2 kPa CO₂). Fruit samples were analysed after 12 and 26 weeks of storage plus 1 or 7 d at 20 °C.Apples stored in CA maintained better standard quality parameters than AIR-stored fruit. The volatile compounds that contributed most to the characteristic aroma of ‘Mondial Gala^®’ apples after storage were butyl, hexyl and 2-methylbutyl acetate, hexyl propanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl, butyl and hexyl 2-methylbutanoate. Data obtained from fruit analysis were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The apples most accepted by consumers showed the highest emission of ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, tert-butyl propanoate and ethyl acetate, in addition to the highest titratable acidity and firmness values.     

7种木腐菌生物活性检测

为了研究木腐菌中的活性物质,挖掘潜在的药用价值,利用真菌次生代谢物资源,7种木腐菌在大米固体培养基上发酵获得菌丝体及其代谢产物。利用薄层层析(TLC)-生物自显影-MTT法、96孔板液体稀释法和TLC-DPPH法检测了7种木腐菌乙酸乙酯提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌活性以及抗氧化活性。结果表明：糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)的提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌有抗菌效果,最小抑菌浓度为4.1 mg/mL,其活性组分的比移值（R_f值）为0.85。红缘拟层孔菌(Fomitopsis pinicola)提取物对大肠杆菌表现出明显的抗菌活性,最小抑菌浓度为1.03 mg/mL,其活性组分的R_f值为0.65。同时,红缘拟层孔菌提取物中的3个成分表现出较强的抗氧化活性,桦剥管菌(Piptoporus betulinus)、木蹄层孔菌(Fomes fomentarius)、香栓菌(Trametes suaveolens)提取物中的单一组分也表现出一定的抗氧化活性,其余提取物未表现出DPPH自由基清除能力。以上结果为进一步开发利用木腐菌资源奠定了基础。     

红树莓花青素的微波辅助提取研究

目的：红树莓花青素的微波辅助提取及其体外清除自由基能力。方法：花青素提取工艺采用中心试验设计响应面试验设计,抗氧化能力测定通过了清除羟自由基、ABTS和DPPH进行评判。结果：红树莓花青素的最佳提取工艺为：微波强度600W,微波时间40S,液料比60︰1,酸化乙醇浓度的体积比为20:80,浸泡时间10min。在此条件下树莓花青素的预测含量为0.055mg/g,实际测得花青素的含量为0.054mg/g。     

核桃蛋白酶解物体外抗氧化性研究

研究以中性蛋白酶对水剂法提油后的核桃粗蛋白进行的酶解,并以VC为对照,测定了核桃粗蛋白水解产物的体外抗氧化性。结果表明,核桃粗蛋白的水解度在底物用量为2.00g,酶用量为0.30g,pH值为7.0,温度为45℃,水解时间为4h的条件下有最大值。与VC相比,核桃粗蛋白酶解液对于ABTS+和·OH的清除率较高,对于DPPH·的清除率较低,对于O2-的清除能力不明显。核桃粗蛋白酶解液的抗氧化性与核桃粗蛋白的水解度没有明显的相关性。     

Copper‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Responses of the Antioxidant System in Roots of Medicago sativa

The effects of various copper (Cu) concentrations on the antioxidative system in the roots of Medicago sativa were explored. The results indicated that the Cu content of the roots reached a value of 854 μg g^?1 DW at 10 μm Cu and a value of 4415 μg g^?1 DW at 100 μm Cu, suggesting that M. sativa has better ability to tolerate and accumulate Cu than other Cu‐bioaccumulators, and is a potential plant for phytoremediation. Treatment with Cu resulted in a significant increment in the levels of H₂O₂, O₂˙^? and OH˙. The reduced form of ascorbate and glutathione reached a peak at 30 μm Cu, and was followed by a sharp depletion to a lower level than that of the control. In contrast, the levels of the oxidised forms of ascorbate and glutathione showed a progressive increment with increasing Cu concentrations, suggesting that the antioxidant system was unable to cope with Cu stress at higher Cu levels. Under the Cu concentrations tested, the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) increased at lower Cu concentrations, and then decreased, reaching a maximum at 30 μm of Cu for APX and GR, at 10 μm for CAT, whereas the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) were gradually increased with increasing Cu concentrations. PAGE analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.1.5.1.1) revealed that one band is a Mn‐SOD and five bands are identified as Cu, Zn‐SOD, whereas Fe‐SOD isoforms were not found in the roots of alfalfa. Cu at 10–100 μm increased the intensity of constitutive isozymes of CAT, APX and POD, whereas it decreased the intensity of isozymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) significantly. The activities of lipoxygenases (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) were gradually augmented with increasing Cu concentrations, demonstrating that LOXs are probably involved in production of lipid hydroperoxides and superoxide anion. There was a continuous and pronounced enhancement in the activity of esterase (EST, EC 3.1.1.1) in roots treated with 10–30 Cu μm , whereas EST activity in roots exposed to above 30 μm Cu declined, suggesting that EST plays a protective role under lower Cu concentrations stress.     

大花金鸡菊叶提取物除草活性的研究

本研究以大花金鸡菊叶为供试材料,于室内采用琼脂混粉法测定了甲醇、乙醇和蒸馏水3种溶剂提取物在0.625g?L-1处理浓度下对夏至草和稗幼苗生长的影响,发现乙醇溶液提取物的抑制活性最高,且不同浓度乙醇提取物的研究表明该溶剂的最佳提取浓度为100%。该浓度乙醇溶液所获得的大花金鸡菊叶提取物在不同处理浓度下对夏至草和稗幼苗的生长均显示了一定的抑制活性,得出有效中浓度（EC50）分别为夏至草胚根/胚轴（0.159g?L-1/0.595g?L-1）和稗种子根/胚芽鞘（0.489g?L-1/3.43g?L-1）。进而用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇分别对该浓度乙醇溶液的提取物进行了液液萃取,获得含水相在内的4个萃取相,它们在2g?L-1的处理浓度下对生菜、小麦、夏至草和稗幼苗生长的抑制作用均以石油醚萃取相最高,该结果为进一步开展活性物质的分离及开发植物源除草剂提供了依据。     

Size and phytoplankton selection by oosterschelde zooplankton

Grazing of adults of the copepods Acartia spp., Temora longicornis, Centropages hamatus and nauplii of Balanus spp. on natural particulate matter from the Oosterschelde was studied using a Coulter counter. Two types of particulate matter distributions were found to occur in the Oosterschelde: 1. distributions with distinct peaks in the > 20 μm size range (A) and 2. more flattened distributions which were bell-shaped or contained multiple small peaks spread over the entire 4–100 μm size range (B). In A-type distributions, peak tracking was performed in all species studied, especially in Acartia spp. and T. longicornis. In B-type distributions, the animals tended to spread their grazing activity towards the smaller particles.Quantitative microscopical analysis of the phytoplankton distributions shows that A- and B-type distributions were caused by the presence (A) or absence (B) of blooms of phytoplankton species with an SED of > 20 μm, reaching concentrations of >1.40·10⁶ μm³·cm⁻³.The demonstrated clearance rate distributions are shown to result in a concentration of phytoplankton in the ingested material as compared to the medium for all copepod species studied. Balanus spp. nauplii did not demonstrate this systematic selection of phytoplankton. When B-distributions occurred, only Acartia spp. switched its feeding activity towards smaller particles to such a degree that a substantial contribution of the <20 μm size range to the ingested material resulted. Whether this behaviour represents a higher selection capacity for small phytoplankton species or a detritivorous behaviour remains an open question.     

Treatment with 1-MCP and the role of ethylene in aroma development of mountain papaya fruit

Mountain or highland papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens) is a climacteric fruit which develops a strong and characteristic aroma during ripening. The dynamics of aroma volatile production during ripening of whole papaya fruit were analysed by headspace-SPME. The main compounds produced by the fruit were esters (aliphatic and branched) and alcohols: the most abundant esters were ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, methyl butanoate and butyl acetate, comprising 88% of the volatiles in fully ripe fruit; butanol was the most abundant alcohol. Among the volatiles produced, ethyl butanoate, ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate and ethyl 2-methylbutanoate were found to be the most potent odour compounds. During ripening of mountain papaya fruit there was an increase in the total content of both esters and alcohols. In order to clarify the role of ethylene in aroma formation, mature fruit were treated with 0.3 μL L⁻¹ of 1-MCP (16 h at 20 °C) or with 2 g L⁻¹ Ethrel, and then allowed to ripen at 20 °C. The treatment of the fruit with 1-MCP inhibited the rise in ethylene production in the fruit, while Ethrel advanced the development of the climacteric phase. Most esters identified in mountain papaya were dependent on ethylene, showing an increase in production during ripening and in response to Ethrel treatment, and a strong reduction in response to 1-MCP treatment. The data presented provide evidence that most esters produced by mountain papaya are derived from fatty acids and amino acid metabolic pathways, both of them being affected by ethylene.     

测定玉米中伏马毒素的免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法

伏马毒素(Fumonisins)是串珠镰刀菌繁殖产生的一类真菌毒素。玉米在生长和储存过程中极易受到伏马毒素的侵染。流行病学研究结果表明,受到伏马毒素污染的玉米及其制品可导致马白脑软化症、猪肺水肿综合症,还可诱发人类食管癌和胎儿神经管畸形等疾病。本研究建立了应用免疫亲和柱净化高效液相色谱测定玉米中伏马毒素B₁和B₂的方法,同时,运用统计学方法对该法进行了准确性和再现性评价。结果表明,FB₁和FB₂线性范围分别为0.06~5.00 μg mL^-1和0.04~2.50 μg mL^-1,回收率分别为76.6%~93.8%和77.9%~93.4%,FB₁和FB₂方法定量限分别为0.09 mg kg^-1、0.06 mg kg^-1,实验室内重复性测定的变异系数均低于5%,实验室间再现性测定的变异系数低于6%。上述结果说明该方法的线性、准确度、精密度、灵敏度及同一实验室重复性和多家实验室的再现性评价结果优良,适合作为伏马毒素的测定方法。应用该方法对310份玉米进行了伏马毒素的测定,结果表明,大田、存储玉米伏马毒素总量范围分别为0.20~9.06 mg kg^-1、0.21~6.10 mg kg^-1,建议应加强玉米中伏马毒素污染水平监控,保证人畜健康。