水分逆境下PEG诱导引发种子对糯玉米芽苗的生理调控

应用种子引发技术在不同土壤水分逆境条件下对糯玉米的出苗和幼苗生理调节进行了研究。结果表明,采用PEG诱导引发种子技术可拓宽糯玉米种子对水分逆境的适应范围,显著提高水分逆境下种子的发芽率和种子活力指数,并增强幼苗的根系活力,根尖更为明显。种子引发可增强幼苗抗氧化系统中APX、CAT、POD和SOD活性,尤其是APX和CAT变化更为活跃;另外,种子引发可改善游离氨基酸、还原糖、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等渗透调节物质,较未引发处理减少膜质过氧化。PEG引发种子技术是应对土壤水分逆境下糯玉米种子发芽受阻和出苗困难的有效措施,可提高种子对水分逆境的耐受能力。     

种子引发对碱胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为研究碱胁迫下种子引发对萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以甜高粱杂交种‘通甜1号’为试验材料,利用500 μmol/L γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对种子进行引发处理。采用盆栽土培试验,将NaHCO₃:Na₂CO₃=5:1的混合碱胁迫液设3个水平(0、50、100 mmol/L)模拟碱胁迫,研究GABA种子引发处理对碱胁迫下高粱种子萌发状况及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：随着碱胁迫强度增加,无论是经过引发处理的种子还是未经过引发处理的种子,其吸水量、萌发指数、出苗率和成苗率显著下降,幼苗生长受到限制,生物量积累降低。同等碱胁迫浓度下,经过引发处理的种子与未经过引发处理的种子相比,种子吸水量、萌发指数、胚的生长及幼苗叶面积均显著提高。低浓度碱胁迫条件下,经过引发处理的种子与未经过引发处理的种子相比,幼苗的出苗率和存活率较高、生长至第7天的株高和茎粗及总生物量均显著增加。试验表明,经过引发处理的种子可以不同程度地提高碱胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发指数,缓解碱胁迫对幼苗的不利条件,促进幼苗生长,提高耐碱性。     

渗调处理对茎瘤芥老化种子萌发和酶活性的影响

以茎瘤芥老化种子为实验材料,选用聚乙二醇6000、硝酸钾、氯化钠、聚乙烯醇及水杨酸5种渗调剂和蒸馏水(ck)进行处理种子,研究各种渗调剂的处理效果.结果表明,5种渗调剂处理种子后,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、淀粉酶活性和过氧化物酶活性均比蒸馏水处理效果好.其中,聚乙二醇6000处理效果最好,且与其余4种渗调剂及蒸馏水的处理效果均有极显著差异(p＜0.01).     

不同引发剂对老化粳稻种子活力及生理特性的影响

研究引发对老化粳稻种子萌发的影响,发掘老化粳稻种子再利用的方法。用自然老化3年的5个粳稻品种‘晚洋稻’、‘红芒沙粳’、‘345号’、‘C堡’和‘秀水79’为实验材料,分别以壳聚糖、砂和PEG为引发剂对种子进行引发处理,测定引发前后种子活力和生理特性相关指标。引发处理能改善老化粳稻种子生物膜的透性,降低老化粳稻种子细胞内物质的外渗;显著提高老化种子的发芽势、发芽率和POD酶的活性,降低MDA的含量。不同引发剂引发效果差异显著,3种引发剂中壳聚糖的引发效果最好,其次为砂。壳聚糖和砂引发老化粳稻种子能提高种子活力,促进萌发。     

种子引发对水分胁迫下水稻发芽及幼苗生理性状的影响

不同基因型稻种经水引发及聚乙二醇(PEG)渗透胁迫引发处理均能降低稻种丙二醛(MDA)含量,促进可溶性总糖(SS)降解,加快稻种内部糖代谢进程,提高相溶性溶质脯氨酸(Pro)及可溶性蛋白质(SP)含量,也有利于提高苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,引发效果较明显。且适度PEG引发稻种的效果明显好于水引发,杂交籼稻在PEG浓度为20%的条件下引发效果最优,而常规粳型水稻在PEG浓度为10%~15%的引发条件下效果较好,但超出最高PEG引发浓度的阈值,会对稻种产生危害,影响其正常萌发。引发处理后的稻种对不同程度水分胁迫程度的响应表明,适当强度的引发处理利于激发稻种物质代谢、利于各水稻品种的萌发、幼苗形态指标及保护性酶等生理指标的显著提高,而严重的水分胁迫均不利于稻种萌发;表明引发处理虽能提高水分胁迫条件下种子活力,但稻种激发自身对外界萌发环境的协调能力有限,且不同品种间存在明显差异,籼稻优于粳稻。     

水引发对甜菜种子萌发以及生理特性的影响

为更好地利用水引发技术提高甜菜种子的萌发效果,以甜菜种子TD802为研究材料,以蒸馏水为引发剂,通过发芽试验测得甜菜种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和临界阈值等,筛选有利于甜菜种子快速萌发的引发方法,并进行生理指标的测定。结果表明,处理9的发芽率(91%)和发芽势(90.67%)最好,处理5的发芽指数(41.89)和临界阈值(21.39)在所有组合处理中最好,处理6的活力指数(447.4)最好。处理3和处理7的相对电导率高,对种子损伤最小。处理6丙二醛含量最低,对逆境条件反应较强。处理8抗氧化酶活性最强,可消除逆境胁迫所产生的过氧化伤害。不同温度、预浸种时间的水引发都对甜菜种子有促进作用,其中处理1引发效果最稳定,能够更好地增强种子活力、提高种子的抗逆性。     

Seed priming improves germination in saline conditions for Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus caudatus

Seed priming has proved to be an effective method in imparting stress tolerance to plants using natural and/or synthetic compounds to treat the seeds before germination. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of priming treatments in seeds of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus caudatus to improve germination under NaCl. Species‐specific protocols for seed hydropriming and osmopriming were established by germinating seeds under different water potentials and creating seed imbibition curves. Primed seeds were then germinated under different concentrations of NaCl, and the effect of priming was analysed based on the parameters, such as final germination percentage (FGP), germination index (GI) and mean germination time (MGT). Seed hydropriming and osmopriming caused significant improvements in germination velocity and uniformity, reflected in high FGP, high GI and reduced MGT under salinity. C. quinoa had a higher tolerance to salinity than A. caudatus during seed germination. Improved germination in salinity resulted from osmopriming seeds with solutions of low water potential for A. caudatus, while for C. quinoa, this effect was achieved from hydropriming and osmopriming seeds with solutions of high water potential. Primed tolerance to moderate salinity was achieved for A. caudatus, and for both species, the salinity threshold for germination to occur was slightly broadened.     

濒危植物永瓣藤种子休眠与解除

永瓣藤(Monimopetalum chinense Rehd)为我国特有的单种属植物,国家二级稀有濒危保护树种,其种子具休眠特性。测定了永瓣藤种子千粒质量、含水量、吸水率和种子生活力等指标,分别采用层积、酸蚀和GA3处理种子,分析不同处理对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:永瓣藤种子千粒重为(4.504 8±0.055 8)g,含水率为13.18%±1.84%,吸水率为29.95%±1.58%,种子生活力为94.25%±0.017 1%,种子萌发实验的发芽率为0;层积时间对种子萌发影响不显著,最高仅为2.67%±1.53%,种子经50%H2SO4处理20 min的发芽率为18.00%±3.46%,种子经250 mg/L GA3处理24 h然后再经室内层积75 d,发芽率达到72.67%±7.02%,对照仅为1.67%±1.15%,永瓣藤种子休眠首次有效破除。永瓣藤种子休眠可能与种皮障碍有关,种子内可能存在活性较强的内源抑制物质是引起种子休眠的重要原因,GA3处理能有效解除其种子休眠。     

盐引发对不同水分条件下油菜种子发芽成苗的影响

试验用两个油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种"双72"和"浙油758"研究了Ca(NO3)2溶液引发对油菜种子在不同水分条件下发芽和幼苗生长的影响,探讨通过引发来提高大田直播油菜的活力.结果表明,经过引发处理后,两个油菜品种在30%的水分条件下无法发芽;在20%和25%的水分条件下种子的发芽指数显著提高,平均发芽天数显著缩短,幼苗POD活性显著提高,而幼苗的根长、苗高、苗干重、叶绿素含量和CAT活性与对照相比没有显著差异.引发后的"浙油758"种子在20%和25%水分条件下,发芽势和发芽率显著提高,而"双72"种子的发芽势在20%水分时显著高于对照.试验表明盐引发提高了油菜种子在水分逆境下的活力,提高了幼苗的抗逆性.     

磁化水对冬瓜种子萌发及其幼苗生理的影响

用不同磁场强度处理的磁化水浸种处理冬瓜种子,测定种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗的酯酶、过氧化物酶以及抗坏血酸的含量.实验结果显示磁化水能够提高冬瓜种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,同时也能够相对地提高冬瓜幼苗的过氧化物酶活性,并使冬瓜种子出苗整齐、一致.     

Morphological,physiological and biochemical aspects of osmopriming-induced drought tolerance in lentil

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an important grain legume crop, mostly grown in semi-arid environments and often faces intermittent drought spells during different growth stages, which severely hamper its yield. This study, comprising of three separate experiments, was conducted to evaluate the potential of seed priming with CaCl₂ in improving drought tolerance in lentil. In the first experiment, lentil seeds were hydroprimed (water) or osmoprimed with 0.5 and 1% CaCl₂; while non-primed seeds were taken as control. In the second and third experiments, lentil seeds were subjected to pre-optimized osmopriming (1% CaCl₂) and hydropriming followed by surface drying or re-drying of primed seeds to original weight. The first two experiments were conducted in petri plates, while, in experiment 3, seeds were planted in plastic pots containing peat moss, maintained at 75% water holding capacity (WHC; well-watered) or 50% WHC (water deficit). Hydropriming and osmopriming improved seed germination, seedling growth, biomass production, chlorophyll intensity, sugar accumulation and reduced the oxidative stress in lentil under water deficit. However, osmopriming (1% CaCl₂) was more effective than the hydropriming in improving the lentil growth, biomass production, Ca accumulation and sugar metabolism under both well-watered and water deficit conditions. Seed surface drying, after priming, was more beneficial in improving the lentil performance, under both well-watered and water deficit conditions, than re-drying to original weight. Osmopriming (1% CaCl₂) increased the seeding dry weight (67%), SPAD value (140%), leaf Ca concentration (56%), α-amylase activity (55%), total soluble sugars (48%) and reduced malanodialdehyde content (35.9%) and total antioxidant activity (29.2%) than un-primed seeds under water deficit. In conclusion, osmopriming improved the lentil performance under optimal and water deficit conditions through early and synchronized emergence, better sugar and Ca accumulation which reduced the oxidative damage and resulted in better seedling growth and biomass production.     

不同水分条件下水青树种子萌发特性研究

以聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）作为水势控制材料，分别进行种子水分试验和引发试验，以确定不同水分条件下水青树种子的萌发特性。结果表明：种子萌发需要光照。在高水势条件下，种子萌发受到抑制，但是种子活力不受影响。在引发过程中，1～3d时，不同水势下种子萌发能力没有显著差异；8、16d时，种子萌发能力逐渐下降，尤其以16d最为显著，表现为种子活力下降。     

冬小麦种子的发育及其田间活力

１９９３－１９９４年北京对六冬小麦品种籽粒发育程度及不同发育程度籽粒的发芽力、活力进行了研究。从花后５天开始每３天取样一次,测定籽粒的干重,观察了其中两种材料发育早期籽粒种胚的器官分化,对各发育程度种子进行了标准发芽测定及田间幼苗活力鉴定。     

Chilling Tolerance in Hybrid Maize Induced by Seed Priming with Salicylic Acid

The optimum temperature for maize germination is between 25 and 28 °C. Poor and erratic germination at suboptimal temperature is the most important hindrance in its early sowing. This study was conducted to induce chilling tolerance in hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) by seed priming with salicylic acid (SA) and to unravel the background biochemical basis. For seed priming, maize hybrid (Hycorn 8288) seeds were soaked in 50, 100 and 150 ppm (mg l^?1) aerated solutions of SA for 24 h and were dried back. Treated and untreated seeds were sown at 27 °C (optimal temperature) and at 15 °C (chilling stress) under controlled conditions. Performance of maize seedlings was hampered under chilling stress. But seed priming with SA improved the seedling emergence, root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weights, and leaf and root score considerably compared with control both at optimal and chilling temperatures. However, priming in 50 mg l^?1 SA solution was more effective, followed by priming in 100 mg l^?1 SA solution. Seed priming with SA improved the chilling tolerance in hybrid maize mainly by the activation of antioxidants (including catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase). Moreover, maintenance of high tissue water contents and reduced membrane permeability also contributed towards chilling tolerance.     

种子老化及活力修复研究进展

种子是一种重要的物质生产资料,对农牧业的生产发展以及种质资源的保存起着不可替代的作用,研究种子老化生理变化及提高种子活力的方法对实际生产具有指导意义。本研究主要概述了种子老化的现象,从种子萌发情况和种苗生长状况、酶活性、呼吸和能量系统、贮藏物质、核酸和蛋白质合成能力、细胞结构及膜透性、有毒有害物质积累等方面阐述了种子老化过程的生理生化变化,分析比较了引发技术处理、干湿处理、营养元素处理和植物生长调节剂处理等修复和提高种子活力的措施,并对种子活力与老化生理机理的研究方向与发展趋势做出了展望。     

Fine mapping of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">SC14Q</Emphasis></Subscript> locus for resistance to soybean mosaic virus in soybean

In maize hybrid seed production, some hybrid seed in the field must be harvested before reaching physiological maturity because of the potential damage from early fall frosts. However, early harvesting can result in poor quality and low vigor of seeds. To elucidate the genetic basis of seed vigor at different stages of maturity, the seeds of a set of recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations at three different stages of maturity (32, 40, and 45 days after pollination; DAP), were used to evaluate the performance of four traits for seed vigor in the field. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 217 SSR makers covering 2438.2 cM with an average interval of 11.2 cM. The results showed that there were significant positive relationships among the four traits of seed vigor at all three sampling times, and all showed quantitative changes according to the degree of maturity of the seeds. However, the four traits of seed vigor were not significantly related to the 100-kernel weight. In total, we detected 16 different QTL for the four measured traits of seed vigor at three sampling times; five QTL were for germination energy, three for germination percentage, four for germination index, and four for vigor index. Interestingly, four QTL for seed vigor, which were detected at all three sampling times, were located in the same region on chromosome 7. This result implies that this region of chromosome 7 is important for seed vigor of seeds harvested before they reach physiological maturity.     

采种期对盐胁迫下泡桐种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为明确山东地区泡桐种子耐盐性和最佳采种期,研究了不同采种期的泡桐种子在不同NaCl盐胁迫(0、1‰、3‰和5‰)下的种子萌发和幼苗生长状况。结果表明:随着采种期的推迟,种子的含水量逐渐降低,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗鲜重和胚根生长量都是先增加后降低,在9月30日时最大。随着盐浓度的增加,不同采种期的种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗鲜重和胚根生长量均逐渐降低,而平均发芽时间增加。采种期和盐浓度的交互作用显著影响了泡桐幼苗的胚根生长量,但对其它指标影响不显著。山东地区泡桐种子在9月到10月采种期内盐胁迫下发芽能力先增后降,9月底泡桐蒴果颜色变深绿至深棕并逐渐开裂且泡桐种子含水量为40%左右时,泡桐种子在盐胁迫环境下的发芽能力最强。此类特征及时间范围可作为山东地区泡桐种子最佳采种期的判断标准。     

蓝茎冰草种子劣变过程中生理生化变化

研究蓝茎冰草（Pascopyrum smithii）种子在自然和人工老化过程中生理生化变化。结果表明：在自然和人工老化过程中，发芽率和活力指数下降，活力指数的变化先于发芽率，是反映种子质量的敏感指标；蓝茎冰草种子电导率与种子生活力及活力正相关；氨基酸泄漏与种子中游离氨基酸含量正相关，不反映种子膜的透性；蓝茎冰草种子中可溶性蛋白质含量随着人工老化而上升。     

基于紫外分光光度计技术测定谷子种子活力

为了准确评价谷子的种子活力,探索紫外分光光度计法用于谷子种子活力检测的可行性,提供一种快速、无损检测谷子种子活力的新方法。分别以2012、2013、2014、2015年收获,经自然风干后的‘豫谷18’的种子为材料,对谷子种子进行不同时间浸泡,根据浸出液的吸光值评价种子活力。结果表明,在28℃条件下,种子的发芽势与发芽率随着储藏年份的延长而降低,储藏年份越短,发芽率越高;清水浸泡相同储藏年份的谷子种子,其种子浸出液随着浸泡时间的延长OD值增大;不同储藏年份种子,OD值均随储藏年份的延长而增加;在220 nm波长下紫外吸光值与谷子标准发芽率存在极显著负相关。综合分析表明,在种子浸泡8 h后,在220 nm波长下OD值能客观评价谷子种子活力,为谷子种子活力的快速无损检测提供简便可操作的方法。     

Saponin seed priming improves salt tolerance in quinoa

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a facultative halophyte of great value, and World Health Organization has selected this crop, which may assure future food and nutritional security under changing climate scenarios. However, germination is the main critical stage of quinoa plant phenology affected by salinity. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to improve its performance under salinity by use of saponin seed priming. Seeds of cv. Titicaca were primed in seven different solutions with varying saponin concentrations (i.e. 0%, 0.5%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 35%), and then, performances of primed seeds were evaluated based on mean germination time and final germination percentage in germination assays (0 and 400 mM NaCl stress). Saponin solutions of 10%, 15% and 25% concentration were found most effective priming tools for alleviating adverse effects of salt stress during seed germination. Performances of these primed seeds were further evaluated in pot study. At six‐leaf stage, plants were irrigated with saline water having either 0 or 400 mM NaCl. The results indicated that saline irrigation significantly decreased the growth, physiology and yield of quinoa, whereas saponin priming found operative in mitigating the negative effects of salt stress. Improved growth, physiology and yield performance were linked with low ABA concentration, better plant water (osmotic and water potential) and gas relations (leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance), low Na⁺ and high K⁺ contents in leaves. Our results suggest that saponin priming could be used as an easy‐operated and cost‐effective technology for sustaining quinoa crop growth on salt‐affected soils.