小麦产量对中后期氮素胁迫的响应及品种间差异

生育中后期土壤供氮不足是导致小麦减产的重要原因之一。2015—2017年连续2个生长季,选择人工合成六倍体小麦衍生品种(synthetic hexaploid wheat-derived cultivar, SDC)和非人工合成小麦衍生品种(Non-synthetic hexaploid wheat-derived cultivar, NSC)各3个,设置2个施氮水平,研究其产量及相关生理参数对中后期氮素胁迫的响应。SDC包括川麦42、川麦104和绵麦367, NSC包括绵麦37、川农16和川麦30。2个施氮水平为正常施氮处理(Nn, 150kg N hm~(–2),底肥40%、拔节肥60%)和中后期氮胁迫处理(Ns, 60 kg N hm~(–2),全部作底肥)。结果表明,氮胁迫下,两类品种产量均值降幅接近(SDC 19.6%, NSC 20.4%),但正常供氮下SDC产量高于NSC (高14.4%),其氮胁迫下的产量也较高(高15.9%)。氮胁迫下, SDC的生物产量、单位面积粒数均高于NSC。开花期,两类品种在2个氮素水平下的叶面积指数(LAI)接近,但在灌浆中后期的降幅SDC小于NSC,花后22d,SDC在高、低施氮水平下的LAI较NSC分别高25.1%和16.0%。开花灌浆阶段, 2个施氮水平下SDC旗叶和倒二叶SPAD始终高于NSC,氮胁迫下二者的差距增大。两类品种的净光合速率(NPR)和群体光合速率(CAP)的差异也主要出现在灌浆中后期,氮胁迫下SDC以上2个参数较NSC均有优势。氮胁迫下,花后功能叶片的硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性糖含量SDC也高于NSC。SDC较NSC有更高的氮素利用效率(NUtE),氮胁迫下,二者NUtE的差距增加。以上结果表明,低氮胁迫下SDC的生产力高于NSC,这与其较高的库容、较长叶片功能期有关。     

Combining ability under drought stress relative to SSR diversity in common wheat

Eight-parental diallel cross and SSR molecular markers were used to determine the combining ability of common wheat lines grown under well-watered (WW) and water-stress (WS) conditions. Analysis of variance of yield indicated highly significant differences among the progenies. General combining ability (GCA) determined most of the differences among the crosses. Specific combing ability (SCA) was also significant but less important. The estimates of GCA effects indicated that one line was the best general combiner for grain yield under drought. Neis genetic distance, measured using SSR markers, differed from 0.20 to 0.48 among the eight genotypes. The correlation of Neis genetic distance with SCA for grain yield and heterosis ranged from 0.4 to 0.5. These results indicate that the level of SCA and heterosis depends on the level of genetic diversity between the wheat genotypes examined. Microsatellite markers were effective in predicting the mean and the variance of SCA in various cultivars combinations. However, selection of crosses solely on microsatellite data would miss superior combinations.     

花后干旱和低氮胁迫下外源葡萄糖对小麦产量性状的影响

为了解葡萄糖对干旱和低氮胁迫下小麦产量的调节作用,在温室盆栽条件下,研究花后干旱和缺氮胁迫下外源葡萄糖对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状的影响。结果表明：花后干旱×低氮互作显著影响小麦的结实率和籽粒的灌浆,明显减少可育小穗数、穗粒数、粒重和籽粒充实度,而且缺氮处理显著降低了籽粒的蛋白质和淀粉产量。在花后干旱×低氮互作下外源喷施葡萄糖处理,明显增加了单穗结实率和籽粒干物质的积累,提高了灌浆中后期旗叶的叶绿素含量,延长了旗叶的光合功能期和灌浆持续期,明显促进了小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,提高了小麦经济产量。试验结果表明,外源喷施葡萄糖处理有利于减轻干旱和低氮胁迫对籽粒发育和灌浆的不利影响。     

Identification of microsatellite markers linked with yield components under drought stress at terminal growth stages in durum wheat

Grain yield and yield components are the main important traits involved in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) improvement programs. The purpose of this research was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with yield components such as 1000 grain weight (TGW), grain weight per spike (GWS), number of grains per spike (GNS), spike number per m² (SN), spike weight (SW), spike harvest index (SHI) and harvest index (HI) using microsatellite markers. Populations of F₃ and F₄ lines derived from 151 F₂ individuals developed from a cross between Oste-Gata, a drought tolerant, and Massara-1, a drought susceptible durum wheat genotypes, were used. The populations were evaluated under four environmental conditions including two irrigation regimes of drought stress at terminal growth stages and normal field conditions in two growing seasons. Two hundred microsatellite markers reported for A and B genomes of bread wheat were used for parental polymorphism analysis and 30 polymorphic markers were applied to genotype 151 F_2:3 families. QTL analysis was performed using genome-wide single marker regression analysis (SMA) and composite interval mapping (CIM). The results of SMA revealed that about 20% of the phenotypic variation of harvest index and TGW could be explained by Xcfd22-7B and Xcfa2114-6A markers in different environmental conditions. Similarly, Xgwm181-3B, Xwmc405-7B and Xgwm148-3B and marker Xwmc166-7B were found to be associated with SHI and GWS, respectively. A total of 20 minor and major QTL were detected; five for TGW, two for GWS, two for GNS, three for SN, five for HI, two for SHI and one for SW. The mapped QTL associated with ten markers. Moreover, some of these QTL were prominent and stable under drought stress and non drought stress environments and explained up to 49.5% of the phenotypic variation.     

Physiological responses of six bread wheat and durum wheat genotypes to water stress

Summary The responses of six wheat genotypes to water stress were analysed. Soil moisture (H), leaf water potential (_w), photosynthesis (P_N), stomatal resistance (r_s) and transpiration (T) were measured during a water stress. The genotypes investigated differed in their stress avoidance (_w-H relationship) and their stress tolerance (P_N-_w and r_s-_w relationships). The most important differences observed concern the mechanisms of tolerance at low leaf water potential: two varieties, Haurani 27 and Baalback, can then maintain a high photosynthetic activity. These observations are in agreement with the drought resistance characteristics already known for these genotypes. Possible applications to wheat breeding are considered     

Improving wheat grain filling under stress by stem reserve mobilisation

Stem reserves from pre-anthesis plant assimilation are being increasingly recognised as an important source of carbon for grain filling when current photosynthesis is inhibited by drought, heat or disease stress during this stage. Genotypic and environmental factors affecting reserve accumulation and utilisation for grain filling are reviewed. The genetic improvement of stem reserve storage and utilisation as a potent mechanism for grain filling under stress is discussed, and practical guidelines for selection work are provided. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Response of four winter wheat cultivars to triallate

Summary Genetic variation among four winter wheat cultivars for response to treatment with triallate was examined. The cultivars showed differential tolerance based on stand count, however, differential tolerance was not seen for any of the other traits examined including visual score, and the mature plant traits, tiller count and yield. Significant effects due to increasing the rate of chemical were observed. An increase in yield was seen at the 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha rates of triallate. This yield increase was paralleled by trends toward increasing seed number/head and tiller number/unit area. The results indicate that the effect of triallate on wheat has two components. The first component, toxicity, is seen on all cultivars, but the extent of damage varies significantly among cultivars. The second component is positive and leads to an increase in yield without interacting significantly with genotype.     

Mapping quantitative trait loci for growth responses to exogenously applied stress induced hormones in wheat

Biotic and abiotic stresses are responsible for much of the variation in wheat production worldwide. The plant, in responding to stress events, increases the endogenous synthesis of hormones such as Abscisic Acid, Ethylene, Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid. This paper was aimed at determining the location of plant-defence genes triggered by treatment with stress-induced hormones in a set of recombinant doubled haploid substitution lines involving variation for a single chromosome, 6A, previously shown to carry genes for aphid resistance. Eighty-three doubled haploid recombinant substitution (DHR) lines for chromosome 6A derived from the F₁ of “Chinese Spring” (CS) × “Chinese Spring (Synthetic 6A)” (S6A) substitution line, were used as a mapping population. Plants of every genotype at the fully expanded 3rd leaf stage were subjected to four hormone treatments: ethylene (E), jasmonic acid (J), salicylic acid (S) and abscisic acid (A), together with an untreated control. The changes in a range of phenotypic traits were measured, aerial fresh weight (AFWC), aerial dry weight (ADWC), root fresh weight (RFWC), root dry weight (RDWC), foliar area (FAC). These were recorded twice: at the onset of the experiment before spraying with hormones and 72 h later. Nine QTLs were detected which were significantly associated with 6A molecular markers, explaining the variation for ADWC, RDWC and FAC. Most of the QTLs were associated with the interval between loci Xgwm459 and Xgwm334a, located in the telomeric region of the short arm of 6A. The dissection of complex agronomic traits such as tolerance to stress and QTLs related to exogenous hormone treatments could be used in marker-assisted selection for breeding wheat with tolerance to stresses.     

Expression and inheritance of tolerance to waterlogging stress in wheat

Approximately 10 million hectares of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) globally experience medium toserious waterlogging. The inheritance of waterloggingtolerance was determined in reciprocal crosses ofthree tolerant (Prl/Sara, Ducula and Vee/Myna), andtwo sensitive (Seri-82 and Kite/Glen) spring breadwheat lines. Parents, F1, F2, F3, and backcrossgenerations were studied under field conditions in Cd.Obregon, State of Sonora, Mexico. Flooding was appliedwhen plants were at the three-leaf and first-internodestages. Basins were drained after 40 days of flooding.Leaf chlorosis was used as a measure of waterloggingtolerance. The sensitive by sensitive cross, Seri-82 × Kite/Glen, showed the highest mean values forpercentage leaf chlorosis and area under chlorosisprogress curve (AUCPC), and the lowest mean values forplant height, biomass, grain yield, and kernel weight.The F3 of the cross between the two tolerant parentsDucula and Vee/Myna had the lowest mean values forpercentage leaf chlorosis and AUCPC, and the highestmean values for plant height, biomass, and grainyield. The expression of waterlogging tolerance wasnot influenced by a maternal effect. The F1 hybridswere intermediate for leaf chlorosis, indicating thattolerance was additive. Quantitative analysis alsoindicated that additive gene effects mainly controlledwaterlogging tolerance in these crosses. Segregationratios of F3 lines indicated that up to four genescontrolled waterlogging tolerance in these crosses,with two genes adequate to provide significanttolerance. Early-generation selection for tolerancewould be effective in these populations.     

小麦种子脱水过程中多胺水平的变化

用高压液相色谱（HPLC）技术检测了小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）种子在成熟脱水过程中（蜡熟期）3种不同形态（游离态free：f；酸可溶性共价结合态acid soluble covalently conjugatcd：ASCC和酸不溶性共价结合态acid insoluble covalently conjugated：AISCC）多胺（腐胺putrescine：Put、亚精胺spermidine：Spd和精胺spermine：Spm）的动态变化。结果表明：在种子成熟脱水过程中，fPut的变化不明显，而fSpd和fSpm的水平明显上升。酸可溶性共价结合态多胺（ASCC-PAs）的变化不明显，而酸不溶性共价结合态腐胺（AISCC-Put）和酸不溶性共价结合态亚精胺（AISCC-Spd）的含量明显升高。这些结果暗示，fSpd、fSpm、AISCC-Put和AISCC-Spa在小麦种子成熟脱水过程中可能起重要作用。     

盐胁迫下粳稻品种南粳9108分蘖特性及其与群体生产力的关系

旨在明确盐胁迫下水稻分蘖发生与成穗规律及其优势叶位,为沿海滩涂水稻高产栽培的分蘖合理利用与调控提供依据。以江苏沿海滩涂大面积种植的常规粳稻南粳9108为试材,设置对照(盐浓度0)、中盐(盐浓度0.15%)和高盐(盐浓度0.3%)环境,比较研究盐逆境下水稻分蘖发生与成穗特性及其对群体产量的贡献。结果表明,对照、中盐和高盐处理的两年平均产量(t hm–2)分别为9.7、7.4和4.2;中盐和高盐处理的穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重均显著低于对照。与对照相比,中盐和高盐处理下拔节、抽穗和成熟期群体茎蘖数和成穗率均较低。对照的分蘖利用以一次分蘖和二次分蘖为主,一次分蘖发生在第3至第7叶位,第4至第6叶位是分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位,二次分蘖则以1/4和1/5蘖位优势较强;盐胁迫的分蘖利用以一次分蘖为主,第4至第6叶位是分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位。盐胁迫下各蘖位的穗长、每穗粒数、着粒密度、一次枝粳数及粒数、二次枝粳数及粒数均低于对照。与对照相比,盐胁迫下水稻单株成穗数少、个体和群体生长协调性差、穗型小,最终单株和群体产量低。     

黄化曲叶病毒病胁迫下番茄生化参数光谱响应特性

在黄化曲叶病毒病条件下,分析比较番茄的感病品种和抗病品种叶片生理生化参数变化趋势,并进行了生化参数的显著性检验,发现木质素、PPO、PAL、TAL、总酚的活性都随着取样时间增加。分析特征光谱反射率、光谱植被指数的变化,显著性检验分析表明除了760 nm处的反射率之外,480 nm、552 nm、680 nm以及光谱指数NDVI、GNDVI、BNDVI、GRNDVI、GBNDVI、RBNDVI、PNDVI都具有显著差异。进而运用归一化方法分析光谱指数,特征光谱反射率与生理生化参数之间的相关性,研究结果表明,木质素与光谱指数和特征光谱反射率间拟合度最高,并且木质素与特征波段480 nm、552 nm光谱指数RVI、NDVI、GRNDVI、GNDVI、GBNDVI、RBNDVI、PNDVI具有较好的拟合效果。     

外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下大豆鼓粒期生理和产量的影响

干旱胁迫降低大豆产量,探究提高大豆耐旱能力和降低产量损失的机制对大豆生产具有重要意义。施褪黑素能缓解干旱胁迫对植株生长的抑制和氧化损伤。本试验于2017—2018年研究叶面喷施褪黑素对干旱胁迫下大豆鼓粒期叶片光合、抗逆、碳氮代谢和产量的影响表明,外源褪黑素提高干旱胁迫下大豆叶片抗氧化酶活性,抑制活性氧的产生和细胞膜损伤,缓解干旱胁迫对光合能力的抑制,提高碳氮同化能力,最终缓解干旱胁迫造成的产量损失。与干旱胁迫相比,褪黑素处理下单株荚数、单株粒数和百粒重两年平均提高了2.9%、0.8%和17.2%,产量(单株粒重)平均提高了14.7%。     

Accumulation and remobilization of assimilates in different genotypes of durum wheat under terminal drought stress

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - The present research was conducted to examine the accumulation and remobilization of some promising lines of durum wheat assimilates using a randomized...     

Expression of seed storage proteins responsible for maintaining kernel traits and wheat flour quality in common wheat under heat stress conditions

Heat stress during grain filling has been documented to decrease wheat grain yield and quality in arid regions worldwide. We studied the effect of heat stress on wheat flour quality in heat tolerant cultivars to define the effects of heat stress on flour quality and to identify germplasm combining traits for heat tolerance and good flour quality. We studied the kernel phenotypic traits, the expression of seed storage proteins (SSPs), and the resulting flour quality under heat and normal conditions. Under heat stress, all cultivars yielded narrow-shaped seeds, and increased protein contents as compared to the control plants grown under normal conditions. The specific sedimentation values used to estimate the gluten quality varied between cultivars. We identified cultivars that could maintain good flour quality under heat stress conditions: ‘Imam’, which possessed the Glu-D1d allele responsible for the suitable bread-making; ‘Bohaine’, which displayed high expression level of SSPs; and ‘Condor’, which possessed slight variations in the ratio of each SSP under heat stress conditions. Combining the desirable traits from these cultivars could yield a wheat cultivar with heat tolerance and good flour quality.     

Phenotyping of productivity and resilience in sweetpotato under water stress through UAV-based multispectral and thermal imagery in Mozambique

Sweetpotato is a crucial crop to guarantee food security in sub-Saharan Africa, and drought events are considered one of the most critical factors affecting sweetpotato productivity in this region. In this study, airborne imagery based on reflectance (NDVI, CI_red-edge) and canopy temperature minus air temperature (dT) indices was used to characterize sweetpotato genotypes under drought treatments in Mozambique. Two field experiments established in rainy/hot (Trial A) and dry/cool (Trial B) seasons were assessed. In Trial A, 24 genotypes were subjected to early- (ESD), mid- (MSD) and late-season (LSD) drought stress treatments and compared against a control. In Trial B, 120 genotypes were subjected to LSD only. The percentage of reduction in vine weight (PR_VW) under drought was related primarily to temporal variation of NDVI and CI, regardless of drought treatment and seasons. dT in relation to control (dT_Amp) was associated with PR_VW in ESD-Trial A and LSD-Trial B, whereas under LSD-Trial A, dT_Amp was related to total fresh storage root weight (TRW). During the rainy/hot season, higher TRW reduction was promoted under ESD; however, under LSD, it was possible to identify productive genotypes able to withstand drought stress, highlighting their relevance for drought-tolerance selection purposes.     

Partnering with farmers to accelerate adoption of new technologies in South Asia to improve wheat productivity

There are many socioeconomic and technological constraints that affect the production of wheat and other staple cereals in South Asia. Wheat production is one of the economic mainstays in South Asia, but the yield gap between farmers’ fields and experimental yields is wide across the region. For the last 3 years, CIMMYT and the CAZS-NR have been collaborating with farmers, NARS, and other South Asian partners to promote improved wheat varieties and new resource conservation technologies (RCTs) in farmers’ fields. Participation fostered among farmers, scientists, extension specialists, NGOs and the private sector included variety selection (PVS), and evaluation of agronomic practices. Through PVS, several farmer-preferred technologies have been identified including wheat varieties for adverse conditions in eastern Uttar Pradesh (India) and for boron deficiency in parts of Nepal. There has been considerable improvement in the access of farmers to new varieties and technologies in the rural areas. Yield increases (15–70%) have been achieved by resource-poor farmers over the existing varieties through the adoption of new varieties and RCTs. The farmers have also made substantial cost savings and achieved higher yields through resource-conserving agronomic techniques such as zero till. Seed of the new farmer-selected cultivars has been multiplied by groups of collaborating farmers and widely distributed.     

抗旱性不同的甘薯品种对渗透胁迫的生理响应

用不同浓度的PEG对甘薯进行根际渗透胁迫处理,测定结果表明,质膜透性增大,MDA、总氨基酸和游离脯氨酸含量增加,CAT活性升高,POD活性下降,抗旱性不同的品种间的变化趋势相似,但变化幅度存在明显差异。SOD活性表现出品种抗旱适应特性。在相同的渗透胁迫条件下,抗旱性较强的渝薯20能维持较高的光合磷酸化活力。