山羊生精上皮细胞分离研究

采用四种酶法分离二月龄关中奶山羊生精上皮细胞,A组:胶原酶Ⅳ;B组:胶原酶Ⅳ +透明质酸酶;C组:胶原酶Ⅳ+透明质酸酶+胰蛋白酶与EDTA;D组:胶原酶Ⅳ+透明质酸酶+胰蛋白酶与EDTA+DnaseI。结果二月龄羔羊曲细精管主要包含Sertoli细胞、精原细胞和管周排列的肌样细胞。每 200mg睾丸实质收获生精上皮细胞总数 (×105 )A,B,C,D组分别为 6. 91±0. 68, 6. 67±0. 80, 5. 94±0. 81, 5. 74±0. 82;细胞存活率 (% )分别为 76. 82±3. 80, 75. 96±1. 61, 94. 19±2. 89, 92. 32±1. 97;圆形细胞比率 (% )分别为 17. 54±1. 68, 16. 70±1. 46, 23. 64±1. 72, 22. 90±2. 38;细胞贴壁率(% )分别为 5. 93±0. 36, 5. 81±0. 54, 26. 94±1. 54, 25. 00±1. 74。C,D组不但组织块解离效果及细胞离散程度均较A,B好,且原代培养细胞团块数少。多重比较C,D组显著优于A,B组 (P<0.05);C组与D组差异不显著(P>0.05),但与A,B组比较细胞存活率、圆形细胞比率及贴壁率差异极显著(P<0.01)。结论认为C组是较简单有效的山羊生精上皮细胞分离酶组合。     

不同加工方法对大熊猫饲粮营养素及能量消化率的影响

选用 3只健康亚成体大熊猫作受试动物 ,采用分期试验法 ,测定A ,B两种不同加工方法的饲粮营养物质与能量的消化率 ,结果以百分数表示为 :干物质 ,37.11± 6 .6 0 (A) ,38.6 4± 6 .94 (B) ;粗蛋白质 ,4 3.93± 1.0 7(A) ,4 6 .99±2 .77(B) ;粗脂肪 ,2 8.33± 5 .82 (A) ,2 6 .5 2± 9.95 (B) ;无氮浸出物 ,4 2 .37± 1.16 (A) ,4 5 .0 3± 2 .13(B) ;粗纤维 ,16 .2 8±1.14 (A) ,18.90± 3.0 8(B) ;GE ,37.2 3± 5 .96 (A) ,4 0 .74± 7.2 0 (B)。经方差分析表明 ,A ,B间无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。鉴于B法加工效率高 ,成品易于保存和运输 ,不易变质 ,故用B法加工大熊猫饲粮为宜。     

第X期至“蚊虫珠”期鸡胚的易壳培养

将发育至第X期的鸡胚转和代用蛋壳内，分为4组分别添加蛋清至满或空余一定气室，正立或倒置孵化，观察鸡胚发育至“蚊虫珠”期胚胎的比较。结果发现鸡胚仅在代用蛋壳气室充盈无气泡、并与壳膜充分接触量，85%（34/40）的鸡胚能发育至“蚊虫珠”期。     

奶牛子宫复旧的B-超影像学研究

应用B型实时超声断层扫描仪 (B -超 ) ,对奶牛子宫复旧过程进行研究。对 38头中国荷斯坦奶牛 ,用B -超和连续检查法监测了子宫复旧过程。结果 ,经连续直肠检查法监测 ,受试牛子宫孕角、空角和子宫颈复旧的平均时间分别为 (37.4± 3.1)、(31.4± 4.9)和 (36 .8± 4.9)d;用B -超监测则为 (35 .5± 4.5 )、(30 .8± 5 .9)和 (37.5± 5 .0 )d。并且B -超监测还发现 ,分娩当天子宫肌层平均厚度为 1.6 5cm ,产后 2 3d时减少到 1.35cm ;产后第 5天在超声影像上可见子宫内膜 ,平均厚度为 0 .3cm ,第 15天为 0 .6cm ,而到产后 2 3d平均增厚到 1.0 2cm ,子宫复旧完成时 ,子宫壁平均厚度为1.0cm ;两子宫角的横切面轮廓清晰 ,大小基本相同 ,超声影像变白。研究表明B -超监测奶牛子宫复旧过程是可行的     

肉毒碱对断奶仔猪生产性能影响的研究

试验选用断奶后 33日龄三元杂 (杜×长×大 )仔猪 84头 ,随机分成A、B、C三组 (每组 2 8头 ) ,进行饲养对比试验。A、B两组在基础日粮中分别添加 1 0 0毫克 /千克和 2 0 0毫克 /千克肉毒碱作为试验组 ,C组不添加作为对照组。经 31天的试验结果表明 :A、B组的日增重比C组分别提高 6.0 6% (P <0 .0 5 )和 1 2 .82 % (P <0 .0 1 ) ;在饲料转化率方面 ,A、B组略优于C组 ,分别节约饲料 4 .1 2 % (P >0 .0 5 )和 5 .2 9% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;A、B组的腹泻率明显低于C组 ,分别下降 9.4 6% (P <0 .0 5 )和 67.84 % (P <0 .0 1 )     

牦牛卵母细胞的体外成熟、种间受精与胚胎培养

探讨了卵母细胞体外成熟时间、卵母细胞质量、精子准备和受精卵培养体系对牦牛卵母细胞种间体外受精效果的影响。结果表明:牦牛卵母细胞随体外成熟培养时间延长,第一极体排出率增加,囊胚发育率以成熟培养24 h最高;A级卵母细胞种间受精后囊胚的发育率(48.77±3.76)%显著高于B级(32.05±5.24)%和C级(7.54±7.18)%(P<0.05);BO液洗涤离心处理的精子受精后卵裂率(82.53±6.54)%显著高于Percoll液分离精子受精后的卵裂率(67.39±4.50)%(P<0.05),而两者囊胚率差异不显著((42.32±4.13)%vs(35.59±5.62)%,P>0.05);荷斯坦奶牛精子浓度在1×106～5×106/mL范围与牦牛卵母细胞受精效果差异不显著。卵丘细胞、输卵管上皮细胞共培养和SOF液培养种间受精卵,其卵裂率差异不显著,但共培养组的桑葚胚、囊胚和孵化胚发育率均显著高于SOF液培养组。     

提高萨福克羊超数排卵的效果研究

对 5 4只 (次 )萨福克羊采用CIDR +FSH +PG法进行超数排卵 (以下简称超排 ) ,发情配种后第 6天从子宫角采胚 ,只均获胚数和只均获可用胚数分别为 (6 89± 2 6 2 )枚 (372 / 5 4 )和 (6 0 7± 2 2 8)枚 (32 8/ 5 4 )。并对不同国家产FSH ,注射LRH -A3 +P4,重复超排 ,左、右侧卵巢等影响萨福克羊超排效果的因素进行研究 ,结果表明 ,以加拿大和日本FSH超排效果最好 ,只均获可用胚分别为 (9 2 0± 1 6 4 )枚 (n =10 )和 (7 75± 1 6 7)枚 (n =16 ) ;注射LRH -A3 +P4组只均获可用胚(7 2 5± 1 18)枚 (n =16 ) ,极显著高于对照组 (4 11± 1 38)枚 (n =9) ;重复超排 (间隔 12月 )第 2次超排只均获可用胚(9 19± 3 39)枚 (n =16 ) ,明显高于第一次只均获可用胚 (6 0 0± 3 2 7)枚 (n =16 ) ;左右侧卵巢对萨福克羊超排效果无显著差异。     

诺氟沙星在鲤鱼体内的药代动力学

按 10 m g/ kg的剂量给鲤鱼肌注、口服诺氟沙星 ,用高效液相色谱法检测用药后不同时间血浆中药物的质量浓度 ,然后用 90 0 0 3P87实用药代动力学软件处理药时数据。结果 ,肌注和口服诺氟沙星在鲤鱼体内的药时数据均符合开放性二室模型。主要药代动力学参数 ,肌注 :t1/2α( 0 .12 79± 0 .0 130 ) h,t1/2β( 3.4 0 32±0 .5873) h,t1/2 ka( 0 .0 0 6 7± 0 .0 0 0 8) h,AU C ( 2 4 .94 81± 6 .314 6 )μg/ ( m L· h) ,CLS( 0 .4 0 0 8± 0 .10 35)mg/ ( kg· h) ,Tpeak( 0 .0 32 2± 0 .0 0 35) h,Cmax( 16 .8992± 4 .372 6 ) mg/ L;口服 :t1/2α( 3.4 0 71± 1.0 6 98) h,t1/2β( 77.12 39± 2 1.3875) h,t1/2 ka( 0 .14 91± 0 .0 130 ) h,K2 1( 0 .0 4 19± 0 .0 0 38) h- 1,K10 ( 0 .0 4 36±0 .0 0 2 1) h- 1,K12 ( 0 .12 70± 0 .0 30 1) h- 1,AU C ( 150 .6 0 2 9± 35.4 2 78)μg/ ( m L· h) ,CLS( 0 .0 6 6 4±0 .0 0 2 1) m g/ ( kg· h) ,Tpeak( 0 .730 0± 0 .0 10 2 ) h,Cmax( 5.7998± 1.36 75) m g/ L。肌注与内服的主要药代动力学参数差异显著 ( P <0 .0 1)。     

免疫球蛋白（IgG）在母猪初乳与仔猪血清中的动态变化

对六窝初生烟台黑猪仔猪,每两窝随机划为一组,共分三组A组自然哺乳(n=12),B组喂牛常乳(n=12),C组喂葡萄糖生理盐水(n=12).从仔猪出生时起每隔8h采取其血样和对应母猪的初乳,提取其中的IgG并纯化.分析表明A组和B组仔猪血液中IgG浓度在24h左右达到峰值,分别为(21.97±1.10)g/L和(17.33±0.74)g/L,以后逐渐下降.C组未检测出IgG.母猪初乳中IgG含量在16h左右为最高(6.34±0.03)g/L,以后逐渐下降.     

肉种鸭蛋重对孵化率的影响

对樱桃谷35周龄SM3肉种鸭蛋按蛋重分4组（A、B、C、D）,相应为：84～87g、88-91g、92～95g、96～99g,使用41所孵化器入孵,在孵化不同时期测定各项孵化指标。测定和分析结果,35周龄不同蛋重各组孵化指标：受精率比较分别为90．7％、90．32％、89．42％、91．80％,统计分析各组差异不显著;入蛋孵化率比较分别为87,53％、87．06％、83．6％、83．07％,统计分析,A、B组与C、D组差异显著（P〈0．05）;受精蛋孵化率比较分别为96．5％、96．32％、93．49％、90．49％,统计分析A、B组与C组差异显著（P〈0．05）,A、B组与D组差异极显著（P〈0．01）,C与D组差异显著（P〈0．05）;受精蛋健雏率比较分别为95．0％、95．09％、88．56％、87．32％,统计分析,A、B组与C、D组差异极显著（P〈0．01）;死胚率比较分别为0．03％、0．03％、0．06％、0．09％,统计分析,A、B组间无差异,A、B组与C组差异显著（P〈0．05）,A、B组与D组差异极显著。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -