花鲈源杀鱼爱德华菌耐药谱及毒力相关性分析

从广东省珠海市养殖花鲈（基因鉴定出87株杀鱼爱德华菌（）。耐药谱分析显示,杀鱼爱德华菌对利福平（98.85%）、麦迪霉素（96.55%）、红霉素（95.40%）、青霉素（68.96%）、磺胺异恶唑（58.62%）、复方新诺明（28.73%）、阿莫西林（21.83%）、庆大霉素（13.79%）、新霉素（10.34%）、呋喃唑酮（3.45%）、诺氟沙星（2.29%）、氯霉素（2.29%）、多西环素（2.29%）、土霉素（1.15%）、氟苯尼考（1.14%）、恩诺沙星（0%）耐药。杀鱼爱德华菌共有32种耐药谱型且均为多重耐药菌株,多重耐药指数为0.423。斑马鱼致死率结果发现,杀鱼爱德华菌是一株中高毒力菌株;进一步的相关性分析揭示,杀鱼爱德华菌毒力与庆大霉素抗性呈正相关（<0.01）呈负相关。综上所述,花鲈源杀鱼爱德华菌为高毒、多重耐药的菌种,其毒力与耐药性多呈现负相关,推测是由于细菌因获得外源DNA而产生额外的生物成本所致。     

Virulence genes,serobiotypes and antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli strains isolated from aquaculture and other sources

In order to determine the prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli, a total number of 155 E. coli isolates from aquaculture, clinical and veterinary sources were screened for seven pathogenic virulence markers and a house‐keeping gene by a polymerase chain reaction. The targeted virulence genes included eaeA of enteropathogenic E. coli, elt and est of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), ipaH of enteroinvasive E. coli, pCVD432 of enteroaggregative E. coli, stx, hlyA and eaeA of shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) and Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli. All the isolates were positive for phoA, the house‐keeping gene for E. coli. Among the 155 isolates, seven numbers (4.5%) harboured the virulence markers belonging to the pathogenic group ETEC and STEC. The virulent genes detected in these groups were elt, est, hlyA and stx. The sources of these virulence genes were fish (hlyA), shrimp (elt), feeder canal water (hlyA and elt) of aquaculture origin and from diarrhoea affected cow (hlyA, est and stx). The isolates with pathogenic traits belonged to the serogroups O6 or O29 and the remaining could not be typed. They showed resistance to two to four antibiotics out of the 12 antibiotics tested. Biotyping revealed that three isolates belonged to a single biotype (7333) and the remaining isolates were of diverse types. In conclusion, a molecular tool such as PCR proves as more effective tool for detection of this pathogen than the conventional methods. Detection of these emerging pathogens in aquaculture samples warrants for strict adherence to hygienic handling at retail outlets and proper cooking by the consumer before consumption.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Determination and transferability of plasmid‐mediated antibiotic resistance genes of the bacteria isolated from rainbow trout

Antibiotic resistance and the presence of resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated in the bacteria isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from different trout farms located in Turkey. The most frequent types of antibiotic resistance were towards β‐lactams (cephalothin [70% of bacterial isolates], amoxicillin [63%], ampicillin [62%], ticarcillin [56%], aztreonam [51%]), macrolide [erythromycin, 68%] and sulphonamide [sulphamethoxazole, 51%]. Of bacterial isolates, 51% were multiple drug resistant (MDR), while 35% of the isolates were extensively drug resistant (XDR). None of isolates were pandrug resistant (PDR). The most common ARGs were ampC (36%) and sul1 (24%). The class 1 integron gene cassette was detected in 51% of the bacteria. There was a strong positive correlation between the antibiotic resistance rate and the presence of ARGs (r² = .932). Gene encodes bla_CTX‐M1, one of the extended spectrum beta‐lactamase enzymes, was first described in Aeromonas caviae, Photobacterium damselae, Pseudomonas luteola and Burkholderia cepacia. It was determined that 35% of the bacteria harboured at least one plasmid. Plasmid‐mediated ARGs were identified to be tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD), sulphonamides (sul1, sul3) and β lactams (ampC, bla_pse). Thus, results suggest that ARG contamination situation deliberates resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, chloramphenicol and sulphonamide. Therefore, the presence and activity of ARGs in fish and in environmental bacteria may play an important role in the spread of resistance genes among bacteria by transposition or integron gene cassettes.     

鲫鱼恶臭假单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏分析

为了探究从鲫鱼中分离菌株SY4的基本特征,采用细菌形态学观察、理化特性、16SrDNA基因扩增及药敏试验对其进行鉴定和分析。结果表明:SY4菌株在硝酸盐还原、丙二酸盐试验中显示为阳性,葡萄糖、甘露醇、枸橼酸盐等试验为阴性,即SY4菌株理化特性与恶臭假单胞菌基本一致。得到16SrDNA序列1424bp(序列登录号为:MH142393),与恶臭假单胞菌序列相似性为99%,系统进化树中亲缘关系最近,从而判定SY4菌株为恶臭假单胞菌。药敏试验:SY4菌株对米诺环素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素和诺氟沙星等4种抗生素高度敏感;对多粘霉素B、头孢曲松等2种抗生素中度敏感;对磺胺甲基异恶唑、氨苄西林、甲氧苄定、复方新诺明、舒巴坦等5种抗生素耐药。     

鱼源气单胞菌的毒力基因检测、分型及致病力

为调查鱼源气单胞菌毒力基因与其致病力的相关性,以2009--2018年从不同患病鱼分离的173株气单胞菌为研究对象,通过检测毒力相关基因、测定溶血活性、腹腔注射感染异育银鲫等方法开展评价.通过管家基因gyrB分子鉴定结果显示,173株气单胞菌中维氏气单胞菌(119/173,68.9％)和嗜水气单胞菌(50/173,28...     

Occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance and genotypic characterization in Edwardsiella tarda isolated from cage‐cultured hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in the Ping River,Northern Thailand

Edwardsiella tarda is a pathogen that causes edwardsiellosis in aquatic animals. The emergence of multiple antibiotic‐resistant strains makes antibiotic treatment difficult. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the genotypic characterization of E. tarda isolated from cage‐cultured red tilapia in Thailand. A total of 30 isolates were identified as E. tarda using biochemical and molecular analysis. The disc diffusion method for testing antibiotic susceptibility showed all the isolates were resistant to colistin sulphate and oxolinic acid. High levels of resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, oxytetracycline and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim were observed as well. The multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged from 0.25 to 0.92, indicating that these isolates had been exposed to high risk sources of contamination where antibiotics were commonly used. All the isolates carried the bla_TEM gene based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The tetA and sul3 genes were detected in 90% (27/30) and 26.7% (8/30) of the isolates respectively. Nine different genetic groups of isolates were obtained using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC‐PCR). A correlation between genetic types and multiple antibiotic‐resistant patterns was found. These results highlight the potential risks of multiple antibiotic‐resistant isolates for humans and the environment.     

Plasmids and antibiotic resistance in Aeromonas hydrophila isolated in Malaysia from healthy and diseased fish

Abstract. Thirty-four A. hydrophila strains isolated from various fish species and several geographical locations in Malaysia were examined for their antibiotic resistance pattern and plasmid carriage. All strains were found to possess multiple resisitance, most commonly to ampicillin and carbenicillin. Six different antibiogroups representing 18 different antibiotic patterns were obtained. There were no differences in the resistance patterns of A. hydrophila isolates from healthy and diseased fish with ulcerative syndrome. Rifampicin was found to be the most active antibiotic against these strains. Isolation of plasmid DNA have a plasmid occurrence rate of only 14·7%. The molecular sizes of these plasmids ranged from 2·6 to 6Mda. Multiple carriage of plasmid is more likely with strains having three of four plasmids.     

Plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland

Abstract. Forty oxytetracycline-resistant isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida obtained from outbreaks of furunculosis in Atlantic salmon in Scotland were tested for their susceptibility to 12 antibacterial agents. There were 10 resistance patterns with multiple resistance to two to six antibacterial agents. Transferable R-plasmids encoding oxytetracycline resistance were demonstrated in 11 out of the 40 isolates. The resistance transferred was multiple; to oxytetracycline, streptomycin, sulphamethoxine and trimethoprim, or to oxytetracycline and one or two of these in combination. Oxytetracycline resistance was transferred in a single, large step, >250-fold increase, and the MICs for individual transconjugants from mating populations were the same.     

养殖环境及贝源溶藻弧菌MLST分型及其毒力基因、耐药性分析

溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)是近年来贝类病害中最常见的细菌性病原之一,对贝类养殖产业的健康发展构成严重威胁。本研究旨在分析不同养殖环境水体和贝类组织中,溶藻弧菌的基因变异、毒力基因、耐药性及其分布规律。对12株溶藻弧菌分离株开展多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST)、毒力因子以及菌株耐药性分析,结果显示,12株溶藻弧菌的序列型(sequence typing, ST)分型互不相同,7株为PubMLST数据库已经收录的ST型,5株因管家基因的等位基因位点变化而形成新的ST型,贝类养殖环境中的溶藻弧菌具有较高的遗传多样性。12株溶藻弧菌都携带tlh、fur和collagenase三种毒力基因,但均未检测到tdh、trh、toxR和tcpA毒力基因。溶藻弧菌携带毒力因子的种类和数量受地区分布等因素的影响。不同来源的溶藻弧菌均具有多重耐药特征,对青霉素和氨苄西林产生抗性。本研究表明,贝类养殖环境中的溶藻弧菌具有种群复杂、遗传多样性高的特点;不同来源菌株在毒力基因携带和耐药性方面存在较大差异。本研究通过探究不同区域内不同来源的溶藻弧菌遗传变异及耐药性差异,对贝源溶藻弧菌的有效防控提供一定理论参考。     

鱼虾贝肝脏sGST去毒酶基因的研究

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutath ione S-transferase,GST)是代谢多种内源或外源毒性物质之解毒酶系统的重要组成部分,有胞液和膜结合两种形式,以胞液GST(sGST)为主。鱼虾贝肝脏sGST去毒酶基因对其体内农药、藻毒素等毒物的去除起关键作用。简要报道本实验室有关海淡水鱼虾贝肝脏sGST去毒酶基因克隆、表达调控及转基因的研究进展,并简述鱼虾贝肝脏sGST去毒酶基因研究对我国海淡水鱼虾贝健康养殖发展与食用安全保障的重大意义。     

6株水产动物源气单胞菌安徽分离株的毒力基因的克隆与序列分析

根据气单胞菌主要黏附素基因（ahal）、溶血素基因（hly）和细胞兴奋性肠毒素基因（alt）完整开放阅读框（0RF）设计3对特异性引物，对6株气单胞菌安徽分离株进行ahal、hly和alt基因的PCR扩增、克隆和测序。测序结果显示，安徽分离株aim、hly和alt基因的ORF大小分别为1056--1068bp、1482bp和1104N1107bp，各编码351-355、493和367-368个氨基酸。序列分析显示：（1）属于alt^＋aim^＋hly^＋毒力基因型的3个安徽分离株间aha1核苷酸序列和推测的氨基酸序列同源性均很高，分别为98.8％-99．3％和97％-97．6％，且与国内参考株mh／Trionyx sinensis／Guangzhou（Guangdong）／AF276639的同源性高达98．5％-99％和96.8％-97．6％。而alt^＋ahal^＋hly^-HA6安徽分离株与国外参考株Ah／Fish／Barcelona（Spain）／AF183931间的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性较高，分别为95.8％和97．2％。（2）不同表型种气单胞菌安徽分离株之间及其与国内外其他分离株之间的hly核苷酸序列和推测的氨基酸序列同源性均较高，分别介于88．4％-100％之间和90.8％-98．7％之间。（3）5个安徽分离株（RA16、CA1、HA6、HA7和GA1）之间及其与惟一参考株之间的alt核苷酸序列和推测的氨基酸序列同源性分别高达93．5％-99．9％和80．2％-98．3％，但与BA17分离株间的核苷酸序列同源性（81．6％-81．7％）和推测的氨基酸序列同源性（77．5％-84．9％）均较低。这些结果表明，气单胞菌ahal和alt基因在不同毒力基因型间存在一定差异性，hly基因在不同表型种间存在较高保守性，该基因可作为研制气单胞菌基因工程亚单位疫苗的候选成分。     

一株致病性溶藻弧菌的多重耐药与毒力基因分子分析

从发病的凡纳滨对虾中分离并经鉴定得到一株溶藻弧菌(命名为:V_A-76),通过对虾回感实验和药物敏感性实验分别对V_A-76菌株的耐药表型和致病能力进行了研究,并运用PCR方法检测了该菌的毒力相关基因、整合子和耐药基因的携带情况。对虾感染实验结果表明,溶藻弧菌V_A-76能够导致凡纳滨对虾发病死亡。经PCR检测发现,该菌携带8种毒力相关基因:tdh、tlh、tox S、collagenase、fla A、omp W、asp A和fur。药敏结果显示,V_A-76对环丙沙星、氯霉素、链霉素、红霉素、磺胺甲噁唑、复方新诺明和利福平7种药物表现出较高的耐药水平,且该菌包含1类整合子、4类超级整合子SXT和1型插入序列共同区(ISCR1)。此外,该菌携带arr-2、dfr A27、str A、str B、floR、cat和qnrv C耐药相关基因。从上述研究结果可知,菌株V_A-76既具有一定的感染能力,同时对多种抗菌药物表现出较高的耐药水平,提示应对养殖源致病性弧菌的耐药性现状予以更多的关注。     

中国对虾糠虾幼体病原哈氏弧菌的鉴定及毒力基因检测

2011年春季对江苏连云港某对虾育苗场中国对虾Fenneropenaeus chinensis病死糠虾幼体分离到优势生长菌,对分离菌进行致病性、形态与生理生化特征及16S rRNA和gyrB基因同源性与系统发育分析。结果显示,引起糠虾幼体大量死亡的病原为哈氏弧菌Vibrio harveyi,菌株kx1对中国对虾仔虾和日本对虾仔虾的半数致死量LD50分别为2.0×106CFU/ml和7.0×105CFU/ml。为进一步明确分离菌株毒力基因的携带情况,进行了分离鉴定的4株病原菌对群体效应调节基因(luxR)、毒力调控基因(toxR)、溶血素基因(vhhA和vhhB)、金属蛋白酶基因(vhpA和vhpB)、毒力相关基因(toxS)、鞭毛结构基因(flaA)及锌金属蛋白酶基因(pap6)共9种毒力基因的检测,结果表明,4株病原菌均可检测到luxR、toxR、vhhA、vhhB和pap6毒力基因,扩增片段大小分别为679、390、1324、216和355 bp,其他4种毒力基因未检测到。分离鉴定的4株病原哈氏弧菌携带相同的毒力基因,这些毒力基因可作为检测致病性哈氏弧菌的生物学标记。     

锦鲤源铜绿假单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

对从发病锦鲤分离出的病原菌主要形态与生理生化特性、16S rRNA基因序列及耐药特性等进行了研究,旨在为锦鲤疾病防治提供理论依据,对铜绿假单胞菌的进一步研究提供基本资料。发病锦鲤体长37~42 cm,体重1.5~2.0kg,眼球脓肿凸出,鳃丝被轻微腐蚀,其上可见附着物,肛门红肿并伴有黄色粘液流出。健康锦鲤体长7~10cm,体重(25±3)g。分离到的1株形态一致优势生长菌株（记为HL2）呈现圆形光滑、边缘整齐、中央隆起、略透明、乳白色,直径约1.4mm。分离菌经革兰氏染色镜检,均为革兰氏阴性、短杆状。肌肉注射感染后,供试健康锦鲤14d内全部死亡,并在试验后期注射部位轻微出血,眼球周边有白浊及化脓的现象。HL2有运动性,精氨酸脱羧酶、鸟氨酸脱羧酶、精氨酸双水解酶阳性,苯丙氨酸脱羧酶阴性,发酵麦芽糖、甘露醇、蔗糖、半乳糖等,不发酵侧金盏花醇与阿拉伯糖等。分离株HL2的序列长度为1461bp(GenBank登录号为KF413420),在系统发育树上与铜绿假单胞菌（KC959478）聚为一支。头孢曲松、卡那霉素、四环素等35种药物有效抑制HL2,庆大霉素、强力霉素、头孢拉定等5种药物具有一定的抑菌作用,青霉素G、氨苄西林、头孢唑林等15种药物无效。使用抗生素时必须更加科学、合理、有效;从药物选择、使用剂量、用药疗程等方面着手,以减少耐药菌株的产生。     

养殖龟鳖源气单胞菌耐药性与质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因分析

为了解养殖龟鳖源气单胞菌的耐药情况及质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药(PMQR)、喹诺酮类耐药决定区(QRDR)与耐药表型之间的关系;实验采用K-B纸片法测定了1996—2013年从广东地区患病龟鳖分离的67株气单胞菌对23种常见抗菌药物的耐药性,并检测5种PMQR基因qnrA、qnrB、qnrS、qepA和aac(6')-Ib-cr,同时分析PMQR基因阳性菌株染色体上gyrA、parC基因QRDR的突变情况。结果显示,67株气单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢噻吩和磺胺复合物的耐药率分别高达100%、92.54%和83.58%,对喹诺酮类药物呈现中等耐药,耐药率介于19.40%~64.18%,而对亚胺培南、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星、头孢噻肟敏感性较高,耐药率低于10%;79.10%(53/67)的菌株对3类或以上抗菌药物具有耐药性。19.40%(13/67)的菌株携带PMQR基因,其中,8.96%(6/67)携带qnrS1基因、5.97%(4/67)携带qnrS2基因、7.46%(5/67)携带aac(6')-Ib-cr基因[其中2株同时携带qnrS2和aac(6')-Ib-cr基因]。13株PMQR基因阳性菌株均分别携带1~4个质粒,大小介于0.8~15 kb;其中6株在gyrA基因及parC基因上均发生变异,3株仅在gyrA基因上发生变异,另外4株未发现QRDR的基因突变。研究表明,广东地区龟鳖源气单胞菌对多种抗菌药物耐药并存在多重耐药现象;而且PMQR机制的存在预示着喹诺酮类耐药性很可能会在水产临床上更加快速而广泛地传播,应引起重视。     

Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolated from cultured rainbow trout,Onchorynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in Spain

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold‐water disease (CWD) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) in salmonids. These diseases are a major problem in the aquaculture industry in Spain, and a better understanding of the epidemiology of F. psychrophilum isolates is necessary to improve management strategies. In this study, to investigate genetic variability of this bacterium, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis after DNA digestion with endonuclease StuI, plasmid profiling analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were undertaken with 25 isolates of F. psychrophilum from Spain. These isolates were classified into 17 patterns by PFGE analysis, which were grouped into four clusters and seven independent branches. Twenty isolates (80%) possessed plasmids of 3.5 kb (n = 13) or 5.5 kb (n = 7). No plasmids were associated with antibiotic resistance to oxytetracycline (OTC) or florfenicol (FLO). Twenty isolates (80%) had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to OTC of between 2.4 and 9.7 μg mL^?1, and all isolates were susceptible to FLO. A relationship between the origin of the isolates and PFGE genotypes was found. Plasmid profile typing correlated with PFGE profile typing, whereas no correlation was found between antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PFGE profiles. These results suggest that the population of F. psychrophilum with pathogenic potential in northern Spain is quite heterogeneous.     

罗非鱼水产品中的喹诺酮类药物耐药菌和耐药基因检测分析

本研究旨在了解水产品中携带的细菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药状况及耐药基因类型,评估水产品中细菌耐药性风险。从广州市14家超市随机购买100条鲜活的罗非鱼,高通量测序分析结果显示,罗非鱼携带的优势菌群为大肠埃希菌(Escherichia hydrophila)和气单胞菌(Aeromonas)。采用大肠埃希菌和气单胞菌筛选培养方法,分别从鳃、肌肉和肠内容物筛选分离出182株大肠埃希菌和280株气单胞菌;运用琼脂二倍稀释法测定了恩诺沙星和环丙沙星对分离菌株的最小抑菌浓度;通过PCR法扩增质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药(PMQR)基因(qnrA、qnr B、qnrC、qnrD、qnrS、aac(6￠)-Ib-cr、qepA、oqxAB)并进行测序和比对分析。结果显示,分离的气单胞菌对恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为2.50%和2.14%;分离的大肠埃希菌对恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为25.82%和18.13%。肌肉中分离的气单胞菌和大肠埃希菌对恩诺沙星和/或环丙沙星的耐药率均低于鳃和肠道的;各组织分离的大肠埃希菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率均远高于气单胞菌。分离菌株中,携带PMQR基因的大肠埃希菌占59.89%,且检出的耐药基因种类较多,包括qnrB、qnrD、qnrS、aac(6?)-Ib-cr和oqx AB;而携带PMQR基因的气单胞菌仅占6.79%,只检出耐药基因aac(6￠)-Ib-cr和qnrS。结论认为,罗非鱼食用部分肌肉携带的耐药菌较少,食品相对安全;肠道和鳃组织携带的耐药菌以大肠埃希菌为主,而且大部分菌株携带有不同类型的PMQR基因,存在一定的耐药传播隐患。     

Genetic and phenotypic comparison of Nocardia seriolae isolated from fish in Japan

The phenotypic and genetic characterizations of 58 isolates of the fish pathogen Nocardia seriolae , from amberjack, Seriolae dumerili , yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata , Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus , and chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, in Japan from 1970–2005, were examined to investigate the epidemiological relationship between isolates. The phenotypic and genetic characterizations were determined by α-glucosidase activity and biased sinusoidal field gel electrophoresis (BSFGE) analysis, respectively. There was no α-glucosidase activity in strains isolated from 2000–05 ( n  = 50) with a few exceptions ( n  = 3), while all strains isolated from 1970–90 ( n  = 8) were positive. In BSFGE analysis, digestions with restriction enzymes Xba  I and Ase  I produced 15 and 16 restriction patterns, respectively. All restriction patterns obtained from 50 strains isolated during 2000–05 were unrelated to those obtained from eight strains isolated during 1970–90, with the exception of two strains isolated during recent outbreaks. Based on the phenotypic and genetic characterizations, recent outbreaks of nocardiosis in Japan are suggested to be epidemiologically unrelated to earlier outbreaks in Japan. Although a low genetic relationship was observed in the restriction pattern between recent and earlier isolates, identity was confirmed between these groups of isolates because five representative strains showed 99.9% homology with N. seriolae ATCC43993^T in the 16S rRNA sequence.     

6株鱼源嗜水气单胞菌的分子鉴定与毒力基因分析检测

为了分子鉴定6株鱼源嗜水气单胞菌,并从分子层面验证通过检测毒力基因以推测嗜水气单胞菌潜在致病性的可行性。实验采用PCR扩增16 S rDNA和gyrB基因并结合系统发育树的构建和分析进行菌种的分子鉴定,检测气溶素（ aerolysin, aer）、溶血素（ haemoly-sin, hly）、丝氨酸蛋白酶（ serine protease, ahp）、热稳定细胞肠毒素（ heat-stable cytotonic enterotoxin, ast）和热敏感细胞肠毒素（ heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin, alt）5种毒力基因,且使用Mega 5．2对核苷酸和氨基酸序列进行分析。结果显示6株菌均为嗜水气单胞菌Aero-monas hydrophila,检测出5种毒力基因中的至少4种,其中均检测出溶血素和2种肠毒素,序列分析表明气溶素、溶血素和丝氨酸蛋白酶的氨基酸序列高度保守。本研究基于16 S rD-NA和gyrB基因可以准确地对嗜水气单胞菌进行分子鉴定,6株菌的毒力基因丰富预示着一定的致病性, aer、 hly和ahp基因相对保守,编码的毒力因子高度同源,在临床分子诊断中建议使用aer、 ahp和hly基因对嗜水气单胞菌的潜在致病性进行检测。