约束再生混凝土足尺试件受压应力应变全曲线试验研究

为研究箍筋约束再生混凝土的单轴受压应力应变全曲线,对9个直径为500 mm、高度为1 500 mm的再生混凝土圆形柱进行试验,采用20 000 kN伺服液压试验机进行位移控制加载。试验参数主要为纵筋率、箍筋间距与直径、加载应变速率。试验结果表明,箍筋间距、配箍率对试件延性影响较大。当加载应变速率由0.000 003/s增大到0.003 3/s时,试件的峰值应力增大1.14倍。分析表明,再生混凝土应力应变全曲线与普通混凝土类似,但下降段较普通混凝土陡峭,脆性更为明显。     

冻融损伤喷射混凝土本构关系及微观结构

采用棱柱体试件,通过快速冻融试验方法,对冻融损伤后同配合比普通混凝土、喷射混凝土及钢纤维喷射混凝土单轴受压应力应变全曲线进行研究。对应力应变关系中相关参数进行回归分析,得出冻融循环后试件应力应变全曲线方程。结果表明：随着冻融循环次数增加,受压应力应变曲线趋于扁平;峰值应力降低,峰值应变增大,分别与冻融循环次数呈线性和指数变化。与普通混凝土相比,喷射混凝土峰值应力下降速率小,而钢纤维喷射混凝土的下降速率进一步减小。而后,采用扫描电子显微镜及压汞法,对损伤后试件微观结构和孔结构进行观察分析,发现随着冻融循环次数增加,在渗透压和冻胀压力综合作用下,试件内部微裂纹及气孔增多,孔径增大,试件密实度显著降低;而钢纤维喷射混凝土中仅出现少量连通毛细孔,这与宏观力学性能变化呈现一致性。     

重组竹的单轴与纯剪应力应变关系

重组竹是将竹丝束平行组坯、经高压胶合而成的一种生物质复合材料,是一种极具潜势的建筑结构材料。研究重组竹的基本力学性能和应力应变关系,是建立此类材料本构关系和进行重组竹结构非线性分析的基础。将重组竹理想化为横向各向同性复合材料,通过试验,给出了重组竹各主轴方向的单轴与各主平面的纯剪力学参数,建立了各种应力状态下的应力应变关系。结果表明,重组竹力学性能优于常用的结构用木材,且变异性较小。重组竹顺纹受拉强度约是顺纹受压强度的2倍;横纹受拉强度远远低于横纹受压强度;横切面内的剪切模量及强度远远低于另外两个方向,且横纹剪切强度是顺纹剪切强度的3倍。重组竹的应力应变关系和破坏模式与纤维参与受力程度密切相关。顺纹受拉时,拉应力完全由纤维承担,破坏表现为纤维的脆性拉断,强度最高,应力应变为完全线性关系;其他应力状态下,破坏均发生在基体或纤维-基体界面,若裂纹的扩展受到纤维限制,破坏呈渐进性,强度较低,应力应变曲线由早期的线性关系转入后期的非线性关系;当裂纹的扩展未受到纤维限制,破坏强度最低,应力应变呈线性关系。     

花岗岩残积土的土-水特征曲线参数概率

土-水特征曲线（SWCC）用于描述非饱和土中含水量与基质吸力的关系,在非饱和土力学中具有重要的作用。在SWCC拟合模型中有多个拟合参数,各值通过实验方法获得且具有很大的不确定性。采用贝叶斯理论对拟合参数的不确定性进行分析,将SWCC拟合参数作为随机变量,采用Van Genuchten模型拟合花岗岩残积土的土-水特征曲线试验数据。以马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法的延迟拒绝适应性算法获得模型参数后验分布抽样,获得了不同置信区间的SWCC及其对应参数值。     

基于摩尔库仑准则的膨胀土弹塑性本构模型及其数值实现

膨胀土的应力应变关系与含水量的变化有关,通过室内试验对膨胀土的变形、强度以及膨胀参数与含水量之间的关系进行研究,以湿度应力场理论为基础,提出了一个具有工程实用价值的基于摩尔库仑准则的膨胀土弹塑性本构模型。依据FLAC3D数值模拟软件所提供的二次开发程序,给出了该膨胀土弹塑性本构模型二次开发程序过程的基本原理以及模型的程序框图。结合渗流软件计算的湿度场分布,进行膨胀土基坑边坡实例验算,验证了该本构模型的正确性。     

土壤含水率与像素颜色之间关系的BP人工神经网络模型

建立像素颜色RGB值与土壤含水率之间的数学关系,是染色入渗法的应用基础。结合沟灌染色入渗试验。研究了染色入渗过程中土壤含水率与像素颜色分量之间关系的BP人工神经网络模型。分析土壤含水率与像素颜色分量之间的关系,确定BP人工神经网络的拓扑结构,以像素颜色分量的相对值作为输入因子。土壤含水率作为输出因子,建立了包含1个隐层的BP人工神经网络。结果表明,该模型具有较高的拟合精度和验证精度,优于二次多项式模型。     

建筑垃圾细料生产流动化回填材料的性能

以灰砂比0.03、0.05和0.08,粉砂比0、0.05、0.1、0.15和0.2为设计参数,对建筑垃圾回填材料进行设计。通过试验对回填材料的流动性(流动度、泌水率)、无侧限抗压强度以及应力应变曲线、本构关系模型和弹性模量等进行研究。研究结果表明:回填材料的流动度受水固比影响较大,两者接近线性关系;流动度在200~250 mm范围,泌水率在4%~8%之间;回填材料抗压强度与灰砂比和水固比之间存在很好的幂指数关系;回填材料应力应变曲线形状与普通混凝土的相似,在此基础上提出回填材料的本构关系模型;回填材料无侧限抗压强度与弹性模量之间存在很好的指数关系。     

豫中地区冬小麦临界氮稀释曲线与氮营养指数模型的建立

为了验证小麦临界氮稀释曲线在豫中地区的适用性,选择大穗型品种周麦16和多穗型品种豫麦49-198进行了连续3年(2011年10月至2014年6月)的田间定位试验,设置5个氮水平(纯氮0、120、180、240、360 kghm^-2),分别构建了小麦地上部生物量临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型和氮营养指数模型。结果表明,地上部生物量随着施氮量增加显著提高,而后趋于平缓;小麦临界氮浓度与地上部生物量符合幂函数关系,其R²分别为0.8203 (豫麦49-198, P<0.01)和0.7981 (周麦16, P<0.01),且模型在年度间具有较好的稳定性。根据模型得到的氮营养指数可以较好地评价小麦植株氮营养状况,且小麦氮营养指数和相对茎基部硝酸盐之间具有显著的线性相关。说明本文所构建的小麦临界氮浓度稀释模型适用于本地区,且可以用来估测小麦植株氮素盈亏水平。     

全因果通径模型中主要因素的决策方法

对于自变量之间呈因果关系的通径模型,分析了经典方法在决策主要因素时的优缺点;提出了比较总效应和总决定程度的新方法,并以实例进行了印证     

Method for measuring shear stress-strain relationship of thin adhesive layer

This paper uses the combined bonding disc specimen, with a round end surfaces at both ends of the longitudinal adhesive joint and chamfered steel substrates hither, forms a shear stress distribution of uniform coefficient more than 0.97 and controls the normal tension stress along the bonding surfaces to a very low level. By means of the built-in high accuracy displacement measuring system of uniaxial INSTRON servo equipment, it eliminates the measuring system deformation from the measured total deformation, and then obtains the shear deformation of the joint, and eventually converts into the shear strain of the adhesive joint. The results of experiments using adhesive samples show that the bonding disc specimens are characterized by shear failure of the adhesive joint layers, so it can be thought that the method of combined bonding disc specimens can reveal the right shear properties of adhesives. The measured shear strength can be used as material strength criterion and the measured shear stress-strain relationship can be used in the load capacity analysis of bonded structural members. Because of the simplicity, the combined bonding disc specimen test method is suitable to be adopted in laboratories having displacement-controlled servo systems.     

一维稳态流非饱和土渗透系数垂直分布模型及其线性简化

渗透系数是控制地下水流动的重要参数,对渗透系数的空间分布规律进行研究具有重要的意义。基于Gardner模型获取了一维稳态流非饱和土渗透系数沿垂直分布模型,该模型用指数函数描述,受饱和渗透系数和无量纲的深度与流动率等因素的控制;该模型表明一维稳态流条件下均质典型土类的渗透系数其沿垂直方向变化趋势主要受比流量与饱和渗流系数的负数值二者之间的相对大小影响。分别采用泰勒级数方法和以地下水位处及地表处的渗透系数作为控制条件方法对一维稳态流非饱和土渗透系数沿垂直分布模型进行线性近似简化。采用泰勒级数方法获取的简化模型其计算误差随无量纲的深度增大而增大。简化后的模型具有形式简单、参数少等特点。通过算例对比简化模型与原模型的差异,计算结果表明:采用以地下水位处及地表处的渗透系数作为控制条件的方法进行线性近似简化的模型计算误差比采用泰勒级数方法获得的线性近似简化模型的计算误差小。     

等截面钢管混凝土格构柱骨架曲线的统一算法

介绍了斜缀管式和平缀管式等截面钢管混凝土格构柱骨架曲线的计算方法并进行评价分析。研究表明,不同缀管布置形式的钢管混凝土格构柱,其抗震性能具有共性。借鉴钢管混凝土单肢柱的计算框架,开展等截面钢管混凝土格构柱骨架曲线的统一算法研究,对弹性刚度、水平峰值荷载、峰值荷载位移、下降段刚度等主要参数的计算方法进行了深入探讨和算例分析,并以干海子大桥格构柱墩为研究对象,采用OpenSEES有限元程序,对骨架曲线算法进行工程实例验证。研究结果表明,计算值与试验值及有限元计算结果均吻合良好。最后提出了适合工程应用的等截面钢管混凝土格构柱骨架曲线的统一简化算法,为钢管混凝土计算理论的进一步完善和规程编撰提供参考。     

3种土壤有机碳含量的研究

为了研究土壤呼吸作用产生的CO2量,分别在校花房地、南区野生大豆地和瓦房店人造湿地采集9种不同利用方式的土壤进行了有机碳含量的测定和分析。结果表明：校花房冬小麦地平均有机质含量最高,达到了11.34g/kg,南区野生大豆地有机质含量为8.97g/kg,瓦房店人造湿地有机质含量最低为8.33g/kg。经过方差分析,校花房冬小麦地有机质含量极显著高于南区野生大豆地和瓦房店人造湿地的有机质含量;南区野生大豆地的有机质含量也极显著地高于瓦房店人造湿地的有机质含量。校花房的两期播种冬小麦的土壤有机质含量差异不显著。南区不施盐碱土的有机质含量极显著地高于施盐碱土的土壤有机质含量。瓦房店人造湿地的自然状态和芦苇的有机质含量极显著地高于对照、野生大豆地和水稻地的有机质含量。     

Development of critical nitrogen dilution curve in rice based on leaf dry matter

The critical nitrogen (N_c), defined as the minimum N concentration required for maximum growth, is proposed for diagnosis of the in-season N status in crop plants. It has been established for several crops including rice on whole-plant dry matter (DM) basis but has not been determined for canopy leaf basis. This research was undertaken to develop a new N_c dilution curve based on leaf dry matter (L_DM) and to assess its applicability to estimate the level of N nutrition for Japonica rice in east China. Three field experiments were conducted with varied N rates (0–360 kg N ha⁻¹) and three Japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids, Lingxiangyou-18 (LXY-18), Wuxiangjing-14 (WXJ-14) and Wuyunjing (WYJ) in Jiangsu province of east China. Five hills from each plot were sampled from active tillering to heading for growth analysis and leaf N determination. The N_c dilution curve on leaf N concentration was described by the equation N_c = 3.76W^−0.218, when L_DM ranged from 0.67 to 4.25 t ha⁻¹. However, for L_DM < 0.67 t ha⁻¹, the constant critical value N_c = 4.09%L_DM was applied. This N_c dilution curve on L_DM basis was slightly higher than the curves on plant DM basis in Japonica rice, yet both lower than the reference curve of high yielding Indica rice in tropics. The N nutrition index (NNI) and accumulated N deficit (N_and) of leaves ranged from 0.65 to 1.06 and 79.62 to −6.39 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, during main growth stages under varied N rates in 2010 and 2011. The results indicate that the present N_c dilution curve and derived NNI and N_and adequately identified the situations of N-limiting and non-N-limiting nutrition in two rice varieties and could be used as reliable indicators of N status during growth of Japonica rice in east China.     

半夏属药用植物trnL - F序列与种间遗传关系分析

为了给半夏属物种鉴别和种间遗传关系分析提供分子佐证,对中国半夏属植物5个种共9份材料的trnL-F进行克隆测序,用ClustalX1.81,PAUP4.0软件进行序列分析,采用邻接法(Neighbor-Joining,N-J)构建系统发育树。结果表明所测物种的序列全长1027～1136bp,G+C含量34.6%～36.8%,经排序并两端切平后,序列长994bp,当空位始终做缺失处理时,产物有29个变异位点,6个信息位点。聚类结果显示,半夏属物种总体聚为2大分支,虎掌为1个分支,另外8份材料:滴水珠、盾叶半夏、石蜘蛛以及半夏聚为1个分支。采用邻接法得到的9份半夏属药用植物的分子系统树有一定的差异,表明这9份半夏属药用植物的物种分化不完全,序列进化不一致,是物种鉴别的有效分子标记。     

Relationships between amino acid contents and peroxidase isozymes in leaf blades of mulberry (Morus spp.)

Summary Varietal differences of amino acid contents and total nitrogen content were determined in the leaf blades of mulberry (Morus spp.) which is the food source of the silkworm. Between the peroxidase isozyme genotypes, Px ₁ ¹ Px ₁ ¹ or Px ₁ ¹ Px ₁ ¹ and Px ₁ ² Px ₁ ², there were significant differences at the 1% level in total amino acid content and contents of threonine, aspartic acid and serine, at the 5% levelin contents of isoleucine, glycine and phenylalanine. All of these amino acid contents were higher in Px ₁ ¹ Px ₁ ¹ and Px ₁ ¹ Px ₁ ¹ Px ₁ ¹ than in Px ₁ ² Px ₁ ². But there was no significant difference in contents of the other amino acids and total nitrogen between the genotypes.     

夏玉米不同部位干物质临界氮浓度稀释曲线的构建及对产量的估计

准确和动态地诊断营养生长阶段植株氮状况,对于评估植物氮需求、预测玉米产量以及优化氮素管理至关重要。基于植物的氮诊断工具可优化夏玉米生产中氮素的管理,本研究旨在开发和验证基于玉米地上部不同部位干物质的临界氮浓度稀释曲线,并建立玉米相对产量(relative yield, RY)与不同生长阶段氮素营养指数(nitrogen nutrition index,NNI)和累积氮素亏缺(accumulatednitrogendeficit,AND)的关系。本文以2个不同氮效率的品种为试验材料进行连续4年的田间定位试验,设置4个氮素水平(0、150、225和300 kg hm-2),分析不同施氮量对2个玉米品种营养生长阶段干物质的影响,基于叶干物质(leaf dry matter, LDM)、茎干物质(stem dry matter, SDM)和植物干物质(plant dry matter, PDM),构建不同的临界氮浓度稀释曲线。结果表明,基于LDM、SDM和PDM建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线,均能很好地诊断玉米氮营养状况; 3条临界氮浓度稀释曲线对产量进行预测比较发现, RY与NNI和AND在不同生...     

Inheritance of foliar zingiberene contents and their relationship to trichome densities and whitefly resistance in tomatoes

The sesquiterpene zingiberene, present in leaf glandular trichomes, is reportedly responsible for the high level of arthropod resistance found in Lycopersicon hirsutum var. hirsutum. This paper reports on the inheritance of zingiberene contents and of the various types of glandular trichomes in the interspecific cross L. esculentum × Lycopersicon hirsutum var. hirsutum. Plants of L. esculentum ‘TOM-556’ (= P₁), L. hirsutum var. hirsutum ‘PI-127826’(= P₂), F₁ (P₁ × P₂) and F₂ (P₁ ×P₂) were evaluated for zingiberene contents and densitities of and glandular (types I, IV, VI and VII) trichomes. Broad sense heritabilities were high for all traits studied (0.678, 0.831, 0.996, 0.799 and 0.717 respectively for zingiberene and trichome types I, IV, VI, VII). There were significant positive genetic correlations between zingiberene contents and densities of trichomes types IV, VI and VII. Inheritance of zingiberenecontents can be explained mostly by the action of a single major locus, inwhich the allele from L. hirsutum that conditions high content is incompletely recessive over the allele from L. esculentum. Action of an incompleteley recessive allele in one major locus appears to be evident for densities of trichome types IV, VI and VII, but there is also evidence of the action of other epistatic loci for types IV and VI. F₂ genotypes selected for high zingiberene levels showed higher levels of resistance to the silverleaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii than L. esculentum ‘TOM-556’, levels that were comparable those found in L. hirsutum var. hirsutum ‘PI-127826’ and other whitefly resistant accessions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.